This study describes the development of operational strategies for an exhaust air heat pump system that supplies space heating and domestic hot water. The system combines photovoltaic power production with two different storage types. These are electrical storage using batteries and thermal storage in using a domestic hot water tank and in form of the thermal capacity of the building. The investigation of the control strategies is carried out for a detailed single family house model in Sweden in the simulation software TRNSYS. The overall aim of the control strategies is to improve the performance of the energy system in terms of self-consumption, self-sufficiency, final energy and seasonal performance factor. Three algorithms are developed and compared to a base case without additional control. The first algorithm only uses the thermal storage in the hot water tank and the building. The second uses only the battery to store the photovoltaic electricity. The third control algorithm combines both storage types, electrical and thermal. The simulation results show that for the studied system the energetic improvement is higher with the use of electrical storage compared to using thermal storage. The biggest improvement however is reached with the third algorithm, using both storage types in combination. For the case of a photovoltaic-system with 9 kW and battery store with 10.8 kWh and a 180 l hot water store the self-consumption reaches up to 51% with a solar fraction of 41 %. The reduction in final energy consumption for this case is 3057 kWh (31 %) with the heat pump having a seasonal performance factor of 2.6. The highest self-consumption is reached with a photovoltaic-system of 3 kW and battery store with 3.6 kWh, which comes to 71 %.

Solar heat pump systems (SHPs) are systems that combine solar energy and heat pumps. SHPs have been investigated for several decades and have been proven to increase the share of renewable energy and reduce electric energy demand in residential heating applications. Many solar thermal heat pump systems have become market-available in recent years; however these systems are still not widely employed in the residential sector. This is due mainly to the high initial costs (investment and installation costs) of solar thermal heat pump systems, which limits their cost-effectiveness. Enhancing cost-effectiveness of solar thermal heat pump systems is necessary for a more effective and broader market penetration. In this thesis, solar thermal and photovoltaic systems combined with heat pumps for heating applications are treated. The overall aims of the thesis are to: 1) investigate techno-economics of SHPs and 2) investigate possible solutions for improving system performance of a reference solar thermal and heat pump system for residential heating applications. In the first part of the thesis, the influence of climatic boundary conditions on economic performance of SHPs has been investigated by means of: a) an economic comparison of SHPs found in the relevant literature and b) system simulations of the reference solar thermal heat pump system. In the second part of the thesis, potential solutions for improving system performance of the reference solar thermal heat pump system with limited change in system’ costs are investigated. A systematic approach was used for investigating cost-effectiveness of the system improvements in the reference system. Based on results of the cost-effectiveness analysis, some of the investigated system improvements were chosen for being included in the design of a novel solar thermal and air source heat pump system concept. The novel system was designed for a house standard with relatively high operating temperatures (55°C/45°C) in the space heating distribution system and for high space heating demand (123 kWh/m2·year). Finally, the thesis ends with a cost-effectiveness analysis of the novel system. / <p>QC 20170918</p> / MacSheep / iNSPiRe

Cette thèse est une contribution au problème du contrôle et de la gestion de l'énergie dans le cadre des systèmes hybrides à base de pompe à chaleur à entrée variable. Après un état de l'art sur les systèmes énergétiques et les pompe à chaleur, une présentation des outils expérimentaux, conçus et exploités tout le long de la thèse, est donnée. La troisième partie est constituée de la modélisation physique de la pompe à chaleur. Il s'agit du composant central utilisé pour le contrôle du système hybride. Ensuite, la stratégie de contrôle est décrite et validée à travers des résultats de simulation puis des expérimentations. La dernière partie est dédiée à la gestion d'énergie du système hybride. Plus précisément, un algorithme permettant d'optimiser l'énergie produite est proposé, puis, validé sur des sites représentatifs en France ; le cas d'étude considéré. / This thesis is a contribution to the problem of control and management of energy within the heat-pump-based hybrid systems with variable input power. After a state of the art on energy systems and heat pump, a presentation of experimental tools, designed and operated throughout the thesis is given. The third part consists of the physical modeling of the heat pump. This is the central component used for the control of the hybrid system. Then, the control strategy is described and validated through the simulation results and the experiments. The last part is dedicated to the energy management of hybrid system. Specifically, an algorithm to optimize the energy produced is proposed and validated on representative sites in France ; the study-case of this work.

Buildings contribute a significant part to the electricity demand profile and peak demand for the electrical utilities. The addition of renewable energy generation adds additional variability and uncertainty to the power system. Demand side management in the buildings can help improve the demand profile for the utilities by shifting some of the demand from peak to off-peak times. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning contribute around 45% to the overall demand of a building. This research studies two strategies for reducing the peak as well as shifting some demand from peak to off-peak periods in commercial buildings: 1. Use of gas heat pumps in place of electric heat pumps, and 2. Shifting demand for air conditioning from peak to off-peak by thermal energy storage in chilled water and ice. The first part of this study evaluates the field performance of gas engine-driven heat pumps (GEHP) tested in a commercial building in Florida. Four GEHP units of 8 Tons of Refrigeration (TR) capacity each providing air-conditioning to seven thermal zones in a commercial building, were instrumented for measuring their performance. The operation of these GEHPs was recorded for ten months, analyzed and compared with prior results reported in the literature. The instantaneous COPunit of these systems varied from 0.1 to 1.4 during typical summer week operation. The COP was low because the gas engines for the heat pumps were being used for loads that were much lower than design capacity which resulted in much lower efficiencies than expected. The performance of equivalent electric heat pump was simulated from a building energy model developed to mimic the measured building loads. An economic comparison of GEHPs and conventional electrical heat pumps was done based on the measured and simulated results. The average performance of the GEHP units was estimated to lie between those of EER-9.2 and EER-11.8 systems. The performance of GEHP systems suffers due to lower efficiency at part load operation. The study highlighted the need for optimum system sizing for GEHP/HVAC systems to meet the building load to obtain better performance in buildings. The second part of this study focusses on using chilled water or ice as thermal energy storage for shifting the air conditioning load from peak to off-peak in a commercial building. Thermal energy storage can play a very important role in providing demand-side management for diversifying the utility demand from buildings. Model of a large commercial office building is developed with thermal storage for cooling for peak power shifting. Three variations of the model were developed and analyzed for their performance with 1) ice storage, 2) chilled water storage with mixed storage tank and 3) chilled water storage with stratified tank, using EnergyPlus 8.5 software developed by the US Department of Energy. Operation strategy with tactical control to incorporate peak power schedule was developed using energy management system (EMS). The modeled HVAC system was optimized for minimum cost with the optimal storage capacity and chiller size using JEPlus. Based on the simulation, an optimal storage capacity of 40-45 GJ was estimated for the large office building model along with 40% smaller chiller capacity resulting in higher chiller part-load performance. Additionally, the auxiliary system like pump and condenser were also optimized to smaller capacities and thus resulting in less power demand during operation. The overall annual saving potential was found in the range of 7-10% for cooling electricity use resulting in 10-17% reduction in costs to the consumer. A possible annual peak shifting of 25-78% was found from the simulation results after comparing with the reference models. Adopting TES in commercial buildings and achieving 25% peak shifting could result in a reduction in peak summer demand of 1398 MW in Tampa.

In the household appliance industry, heat pump systems have been used for a long time in refrigerators and freezers to cool food, and the industry has driven the development of small, high-quality, low-price heat pump components. In the last few decades, heat pump systems have been introduced in other household appliances, with the express purpose of reducing electricity consumption. Heat pump tumble dryers have been on the market since 2000 and dominate the market today. A heat pump dishwasher was introduced on the market in 2014 and a heat pump washing machine in 2016. The purpose of adding a heat pump system in these three products was to decrease electricity consumption. Papers I and II used a methodology where transient simulation models were developed and used to increase knowledge about how to decrease electricity consumption for a tumble dryer and a dishwasher by adding a heat pump system. Papers II to V showed that a lower electricity consumption and lower global warming potential together with an energy-efficient drying method, where no humid air evacuates to the kitchen, give a heat pump dishwasher competitive advantages compared to any conventional dishwasher currently on the market. Using simulations, this dissertation concludes that a future commercial heat pump dishwasher, using R600a as a refrigerant, will reduce electricity consumption and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) by 50% compared to the conventional dishwasher. The willingness from the customer chain to pay extra for this heat pump dishwasher is because of the decreases electricity consumption and the fact that no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. This willingness makes the heat pump dishwasher to a variant which have possibility to succeed on the future market. The challenge for the manufacturer is to develop and produce a high-quality heat pump dishwasher with low electricity consumption, predict future willingness to pay for it, and launch it on the market at the right moment with the right promotion in order to succeed. / The competition in the household appliances industry is strong. Manufacturers are continuously trying to develop, produce and sell product functions and features with good profit. To continually develop new features that the customer chain is willing to pay for is a key factor for a manufacturer to survive. In this study has a heat pump system been added as a new feature to a dishwasher. The first heat pump dishwasher was introduced on the market in 2014 and the heat pump system was only used to heat the dishwasher. Comparing that first heat pump dishwasher was a new closed drying method introduced in this study where no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. Experiments and simulations showed that a dishwasher with an added heat pump system can decrease the total electricity consumption by 50% when cleaning and drying the dishware comparing to an on market conventional dishwasher. The willingness from the customer chain to pay extra for this heat pump dishwasher is because of the decreases in electricity consumption and the fact that no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. This willingness makes the heat pump dishwasher to a variant which have possibility to succeed on the future market.

Les systèmes de pompes à chaleur pour la climatisation, la réfrigération ou le chauffage domestique sont de plus en plus utilisés car ils possèdent un rendement énergétique plus grand que les moyens de réfrigération et de chauffage conventionnels. Malheureusement ces systèmes contiennent des fluides frigorifiques néfastes pour l'environnement (gaz à effet de serre, nocifs pour la couche d'ozone) dont les plus utilisés vont bientôt être interdits d'utilisation (protocole de Copenhague). C'est pourquoi de nombreuses recherches ont été menées ces dernières années sur l'alternative que constituent les pompes à chaleur magnétiques. Ces recherches se sont principalement focalisées sur la réfrigération proche de la température ambiante, or des systèmes de pompes à chaleur magnétiques peuvent être aussi efficaces pour le chauffage domestique. La famille de composés magnétocaloriques La(Fe,Si)13 (Cout limité, non toxique, adaptable) fait partie des familles les plus favorables à intégrer une pompe à chaleur magnétique. Or jusqu'à maintenant la température de travail de ces composés, par insertion d'hydrogène, était limitée à 350K. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer la possibilité de d'utiliser les matériaux magnétocaloriques de type La(Fe,Si)13 dans une pompe à chaleur magnétique fonctionnant au-dessus de la température ambiante voir au-delà de 350K. Dans ce but, nous avons choisi de combiner deux approches déjà utilisées pour augmenter la température de Curie : l'insertion d'hydrogène et la substitution du fer par le cobalt. Les propriétés structurales, thermiques et magnétiques des composés La(Fe1-xCoxSi1.5)Hy (0 ≤x≤ 1 et 0≤ y ≤ 1.6) ont donc été étudiés afin de quantifier les effets de la substitution et de l'insertion sur la température de Curie (TC) et sur l'effet magnétocalorique. . Les alliages ont été synthétisés par méthode originale, broyage mécanique suivi d'un recuit de courte durée, qui pourrait être valorisée en vue d'une production à grande échelle de ces composés. De plus, afin d'obtenir des géométries compatibles avec l'application la mise en forme des matériaux par la méthode de frittage flash a été étudiée. Cette étude prépare donc le développement d'une pompe à chaleur magnétique pour le chauffage domestique en soulignant l'intérêt et les contraintes d'utiliser les composés La(Fe,Si,Co)13Hy comme matériaux magnétocaloriques actifs / Heat pumps devices for air conditioning, refrigeration, domestic heating are increasingly used because they have greater energy efficiency than conventional means of heating and cooling. Unfortunately, these systems contain refrigerants harmful to the environment (greenhouse gases), and the most used are soon to be banned from use (Copenhagen Protocol). Therefore many researches have been conducted in recent years on the environment friendly magnetic heat pumps. Research focused mainly on refrigeration near room temperature, but magnetic heat pump devices can also be effective for heating. One of the most promising family of compounds favorable to incorporate magnetic heat pump is the La(Fe,Si)13 family. However until now, the maximum operating temperature of these compounds obtained by hydrogen insertion was limited to 350K. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the possibility of using the magnetocaloric materials La(Fe,Si)13 in a magnetic heat pump operating above room temperature and beyond 350K by combining cobalt for iron substitution and hydrogen insertion. Therefore structural, thermal, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of La(Fe1-xCoxSi1.5)Hy (0 ≤x≤ 1 et 0≤ y ≤ 1.6) have been measured. The ball milling synthesis process followed by short annealing treatment could be used in the context of a large-scale production. Then to obtain a shape compatible with the application, shaping of the materials by the spark plasma sintering method have been investigated. This study prepares development of a magnetic heat pump for heating underlying values and limitations of using La(Fe,Si,Co)13Hy compounds as the active magnetocaloric material

Sedan oljekrisen på 1970-talet har västvärlden strävat efter att hitta energieffektiva     metoder för uppvärmning i fastigheter. I EU står bostadssektorn för ca 40% av det totala energibehovet och den enskilt största delen i människans ekologiska fotavtryck är koldioxidutsläpp, främst via förbränning av fossila bränslen där energisektorn historiskt stått för en stor del av dess utsläpp. Oljan har som uppvärmningsmedel så gott som fasats ut och på ventilationssidan har det de senaste 30 åren hänt fantastiskt mycket där man hela tiden strävar efter att hitta effektivare och miljömässigt hållbara system. Man har så gott som helt lyckats att få bort fossila bränslen som uppvärmningskälla från bostadssektorn och på ventilationssidan har man kommit så långt att man till och med börjar återgå från stora komplexa system till de något enklare systemen som man lyckats optimera  bl.a frånluftsvärmepumpar. Just frånluftsvärmepumpar spås en fortsatt god framtid där effektiviteten på pumparna, det så kallade COP-värdet (coefficient of performance) tros kunna fördubblas. Kv. Bordsgossen är ett flerfamiljsbostadshus i centrala Gävle och består av fem huskroppar fördelade på 53 lägenheter och därutöver kontors- och butikslokaler på bottenplan. Fastigheten som är från 1963 saknar helt energiåtervinning och fastighetsägaren Svedinger Fastigheter vill nu ändra på detta. Denna rapport tar vid där en tidigare energikartläggning slutar och i denna rapport har det undersökts om det finns lönsamhet i frånluftsvärmepump för fastighetens lägenheter, samt lönsamheten i värmeväxlare för fastighetens garage och en värmeväxlare för den butikslokal som inhyser företaget Arkitektkopia. Resultatet visar att det vid uppskattad installationskostnad finns god ekonomi i att installera frånluftsvärmepump i fastigheten samt att installera värmeväxlare för den lokal som inhyser Arkitektkopia och för fastighetens garage. Det som fastighetsägaren måste ta hänsyn till är att den uppskattade installationskostnaden nödvändigtvis inte är korrekt, utan bör ses som en fingervisare. Svedinger Fastigheter bör även hålla ett öga på den eventuella flödestaxa som den lokala fjärrvärmedistributören funderar på att tillämpa, som om den tas i anspråk antas kunna ha stor påverkan på den ekonomiska vinning som finns att hämta i energieffektivisering. Vidare behöver ventilationen i fastigheten injusteras och om fastighetsägaren beslutar att skrida till verket med ett fönsterbyte ska man ha klart för sig att det kommer att påverka fastighetens termiska komfort och energibehov. / Since the oil crisis in the 1970’s the western world has sought to find energy-efficient methods for heating in real estate. In the EU, the housing sector accounts for about 40% of the total energy demand, and the single largest part of man's ecological footprint is carbon dioxide emissions, primarily through the use of fossil fuels in which the energy sector has historically accounted for a large part of its emissions. Oil has in the terms of heating almost entirely been phased out and over the last 30 years the ventilations development has seen a great deal of progress where the market constantly strives for better efficiency and environmentally friendly techniques. The industry has managed to almost at full extent to remove fossil fuels as a source of heating for housing. On the ventilation side, the technique has come so far that systems start returning from large complex systems to the simpler systems that is optimized, for example, exhaust air heat pumps (EHAP). Exhaust air heat pumps are expected have a good future ahead where the efficiency of the pumps, the so-called COP-value (coefficient of performance), is predicted to be doubled.  Kv. Bordsgossen is a multi-family house in central part of the city of Gävle and consists of five houses divided into 53 apartments and on the ground floor consists of offices and retail premises. The property, which dates back to 1963, has no energy recovery and the property owner, Svedinger Fastigheter wants to change this.  This report has investigated whether there is profitability for a exhaust air heat pump in the property's apartments, as well as the profitability of heat exchanger for the property's garage as well as for the premises that accommodate the company Arkitektkopia. The result shows that, at the estimated installation cost, there is a good economy in installing exhaust air heat pump in the property as well as installing heat exchanger in the part  inhabited by Arkitektkopia, and in the facilities garage. What the property owner needs to take into consideration is that the estimated installation costs necessarily isn’t correct, but should be considered  as a direction point. Svedinger Fastigheter also needs to keep an eye on the possible flow rate that the local district heating distributor is considering applying. Should it be applied it is predicted to have a huge impact on the economical earnings in energy efficient technology. Furthermore, the ventilation is in needs of a adjustment and if the property owner decides to move on  with a window change it will affect the property's thermal comfort and energy needs.

En Amérique du Nord, le chauffage de l'espace, l'eau chaude, et l'utilisation de la climatisation énergie secondaire plus que toute autre activité au sein de bâtiments, émettant ainsi la majorité des gaz périmètres 1 et 2 serre (GES). La pompe à chaleur géothermique (PCG) utilise un tiers de l'énergie des technologies traditionnelles de fournir un espace de services d'eau chaude et de climatisation. Bien géothermique est une technologie bien établie, les économies d'énergie et les émissions de GES ne sont pas traduits dans leur adoption généralisée. Les mesures de politique publique et les incitations financières adoptées pour promouvoir PCG ont échoué à conduire à une large adoption ou de réduire les coûts. Cette thèse examine l'adoption de pompes à chaleur géothermiques en réponse aux politiques de soutien parmi les adopteurs résidentiels, institutionnels, et la ville-échelle. Données au niveau détaillé du site et des panneaux permettent expériences naturelles sur la réponse des adoptants résidentiels au Canada et aux États-Unis à l'évolution des incitations. À des échelles supérieures, les procédures réglementaires relatives à l'offre de services de l'énergie thermique (TES) a fourni une étude de cas pour l'analyse des modèles d'utilité pour financer géothermique pour les clients commerciaux et institutionnels. Au Canada et aux États-Unis, les incitations financières ont échoué à soutenir l'adoption de la pompe à chaleur géothermique à travers ou après la période de la subvention pour les ménages résidentiels. Pas plus que les incitations conduisent à une diminution des prix dans le temps. Problèmes de resquillage au Canada et une incapacité à faire des incursions dans les zones desservies par le gaz naturel ont brin technologie géothermique. En outre, le coût en capital de pompes à chaleur géothermiques en résulte un coût de cycle de vie plus élevé que la plupart des solutions de rechange. Les avantages de l'économie à l'échelle d'incitations financières pour les pompes à chaleur géothermiques sont limitées au Canada, où la plupart des pompes à chaleur sont importés. TES fournissent innovations convaincantes pour combler les obstacles à des échelles supérieures. TES surmonter équilibrer les contraintes de bilan sur la dette commune aux organisations du secteur public par le financement de biens d'équipement et de rénovation que les paiements de services publics. TES peut surmonter les contraintes de capitaux rencontrés par les développeurs en finançant des équipements à l'intérieur du bâtiment en réduisant les coûts de construction. Cependant, notre étude des marchés publics de cas révèle TES être une approche coûteuse dans le long terme. Les perspectives de cette recherche sont traduits dans les meilleures pratiques et des conseils stratégiques pour améliorer la passation des marchés, accroître la sensibilisation, et aligner les incitations pour une plus grande efficacité. / In North America, space heating, hot water, and air conditioning use more secondary energy thanany other activity within buildings, thus emitting the majority of scope 1 and scope 2 GreenhouseGases (GHG). The Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) uses one-third the energy of traditionaltechnologies to provide space conditioning and hot water services.While GSHP is a well-established technology, the energy savings and lower GHG emissionshave not translated into their widespread adoption. Public policy measures and financialincentives adopted to promote GSHP have failed to lead to broad adoption or lower costs. Thisthesis examines the adoption of GSHP in response to supportive policies among residential,institutional, and city-scale adopters.Detailed site-level and panel data permit natural experiments on the response of residentialadopters in Canada and the US to changing incentives. At higher scales, regulatory proceedingsconcerning the offering of Thermal Energy Services (TES) has provided a case study for analysisof utility models to finance GSHP for commercial and institutional clients.In Canada and the US, financial incentives failed to sustain the adoption of GSHP throughout orafter the period of subsidy among residential households. Neither did incentives lead to adecrease in price over time. Free-ridership problems in Canada and an inability to make inroadsto areas served by natural gas have stranded GSHP technology. Further, the capital cost ofGSHP results in a higher lifecycle cost than most alternatives. The economy-wide benefits offinancial incentives for GSHP are limited in Canada, where most heat pumps are imported.iiiTES provide compelling innovations to bridge barriers at higher scales. TES overcome balancesheet constraints on debt common to public sector organizations by financing capital equipmentand renovations as utility payments. TES can overcome capital constraints faced by developersby financing equipment inside the building lowering construction costs. However, our casestudy of public procurement reveals TES to be a costly approach in the long run. The insightsfrom this research are translated into best practices and policy advice to improve contracting,increase awareness, and align incentives for greater efficiency.

The purpose of the thesis is to draw up a model of the energy and material balance using technical and technological analysis of the current state of production of waste heat in the process of distillation. Using these results, subsequently evaluate the energy potential of individual streams and propose optimal energy savings using waste heat. Emphasis is placed on the modelling of the process and the various proposed savings options. The result is also an evaluation of the potential of the proposed savings based on the results of the calculation.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of ecological heating for a family house. The main objective is to find the most advantageous variant of the heating and water heating system using a heat pump in cooperation with an alternative heating system. Thermal losses are calculated for the selected object, and several heating designs are made based on the calculations. Then the economic return of the designs is calculated.