Diplomová práce analyzuje a doporučuje vhodné nástroje pro zajištění proti kurzovému riziku. Obsahuje teoretické poznatky z oblasti podnikových financí a zajištění kurzového rizika, analýzu mezinárodní firmy a návrh vhodného finančního nástroje pro zajištění kurzu měny.

Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2014. / Corporate Risk management has become very important for firms who are exposed to markets risks. A firm that manages the market risks it is exposed to efficiently can ensure it remains solvent in times of extreme market volatility. This paper looks at the hedging activities of South African Airways over a 10 year period where the airline experienced significant losses due to volatility in the Rand Exchange Rate and Crude Oil prices.

This thesis treats aspects of two fundamental problems in applied financial mathematics: calibration of a given stochastic process to observed marketprices on financial instruments (which is the topic of the first paper) and strategies for hedging options in financial markets that are possibly incomplete (which is the topic of the second paper). Calibration in finance means choosing the parameters in a stochastic process so as to make the prices on financial instruments generated by the process replicate observed market prices. We deal with the so called local volatility model which is one of the most widely used models in option pricing across all asset classes. The calibration of a local volatility surface to option marketprices is an ill-posed inverse problem as a result of the relatively small number of observable market prices and the unsmooth nature of these prices in strike and maturity. We adopt the practice advanced by some authors to formulate this inverse problem as a least squares optimization under the constraint that option prices follow Dupire’s partial differential equation. We develop two algorithms for performing the optimization: one based on techniques from optimal control theory and another in which a numerical quasi-Newton algorithmis directly applied to the objective function. Regularization of the problem enters easily in both problem formulations. The methods are tested on three months of daily option market quotes on two major equity indices.The resulting local volatility surfaces from both methods yield excellent replications of the observed market prices. Hedging is the practice of offsetting the risk in a financial instrument by taking positions in one or several other tradable assets. Quadratic hedging is a well developed theory for hedging contingent claims in incomplete markets by minimizing the replication error in a suitable L2-norm. This theory, though, is not widely used among market practitioners and relatively few scientific papers evaluate how well quadratic hedging works on real marketdata. We construct a framework for comparing hedging strategies, and use it to empirically test the performance of quadratic hedging of European call options on the Euro Stoxx 50 index modeled with an affine stochastic volatility model with and without jumps. As comparison, we use hedging in the standard Black-Scholes model. We show that quadratic hedging strategies significantly outperform hedging in the Black-Scholes model for out of the money options and options near the money of short maturity when only spot is used in the hedge. When in addition another option is used for hedging, quadratic hedging outperforms Black-Scholes hedging also for medium dated options near the money. / Den här avhandlingen behandlar aspekter av två fundamentala problem i tillämpad finansiell matematik: kalibrering av en given stokastisk process till observerade marknadspriser på finansiella instrument (vilket är ämnet för den första artikeln) och strategier för hedging av optioner i finansiella marknader som är inkompletta (vilket är ämnet för den andra artikeln). Kalibrering i finans innebär att välja parametrarna i en stokastisk process så att de priser på finansiella instrument som processen genererar replikerar observerade marknadspriser. Vi behandlar den så kallade lokala volatilitets modellen som är en av de mest utbrett använda modellerna inom options prissättning för alla tillgångsklasser. Kalibrering av en lokal volatilitetsyta till marknadspriser på optioner är ett illa ställt inverst problem som en följd av att antalet observerbara marknadspriser är relativt litet och att priserna inte är släta i lösenpris och löptid. Liksom i vissa tidigare publikationer formulerar vi detta inversa problem som en minsta kvadratoptimering under bivillkoret att optionspriser följer Dupires partiella differentialekvation. Vi utvecklar två algoritmer för att utföra optimeringen: en baserad på tekniker från optimal kontrollteori och en annan där en numerisk kvasi-Newton metod direkt appliceras på målfunktionen. Regularisering av problemet kan enkelt införlivas i båda problemformuleringarna. Metoderna testas på tre månaders data med marknadspriser på optioner på två stora aktieindex. De resulterade lokala volatilitetsytorna från båda metoderna ger priser som överensstämmer mycket väl med observerade marknadspriser. Hedging inom finans innebär att uppväga risken i ett finansiellt instrument genom att ta positioner i en eller flera andra handlade tillgångar. Kvadratisk hedging är en väl utvecklad teori för hedging av betingade kontrakt i inkompletta marknader genom att minimera replikeringsfelet i en passande L2-norm. Denna teori används emellertid inte i någon högre utsträckning av marknadsaktörer och relativt få vetenskapliga artiklar utvärderar hur väl kvadratisk hedging fungerar på verklig marknadsdata. Vi utvecklar ett ramverk för att jämföra hedgingstrategier och använder det för att empiriskt pröva hur väl kvadratisk hedging fungerar för europeiska köpoptioner på aktieindexet Euro Stoxx 50 när det modelleras med en affin stokastisk volatilitetsmodell med och utan hopp. Som jämförelse använder vi hedging i Black-Scholes modell.Vi visar att kvadratiska hedgingstrategier är signifikant bättre än hedging i Black-Scholes modell för optioner utanför pengarna och optioner nära pengarna med kort löptid när endast spot används i hedgen. När en annan option används i hedgen utöver spot är kvadratiska hedgingstrategier bättre än hedging i Black-Scholes modell även för optioner nära pengarna medmedellång löptid. / <p>QC 20141121</p>

Submitted by Odilon Jose de Oliveira Neto (professorodilon@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-27T20:34:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ODILON.pdf: 885119 bytes, checksum: 460d85982ff9b027e21ee9ef445337e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2013-09-27T20:50:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ODILON.pdf: 885119 bytes, checksum: 460d85982ff9b027e21ee9ef445337e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T21:19:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ODILON.pdf: 885119 bytes, checksum: 460d85982ff9b027e21ee9ef445337e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-20 / Several attempts of negotiation of future contracts and price indexes of beef cattle in Argentina and in Uruguay were frustrated along the years. The derivatives issued failed in a short period of time due to lack of liquidity. That scenery and other particularities of the live cattle spot market turned the administration of risk of prices into a problem for the economical agents of the meat chain. In this context, the following question emerged: the cross hedging with future contracts of Brazilian live cattle in the Brazilian Securities, Commodities and Futures Exchange (BM&FBovespa) is effective for the administration of risk of prices of beef steers in the Argentinian and Uruguayan spot market? In an effort to answer this question, it was proposed to verify if it is possible to mitigate the risk of the price volatility of the spot market of Argentinian and Uruguayan beef steers through of cross hedging in the futures market for Brazilian live cattle in the BM&FBovespa. For this, it was used static and dynamic models to estimate of the optimal cross hedge ratio and effectiveness of risk mitigation. The results of the hypothesis test of risk mitigating allow to assure that there are strong empirical evidences of effectiveness of the futures market of Brazilian live cattle in protection against the prices risk of the spot market of Argentinian and Uruguayan steers. Complementarily, it was analyzed the hypothesis of the futures market efficiency. The results present empirical evidence of a stochastic relationship common in long-term between spot and futures prices, and efficiency in predicting short-term price, which suggest that the future contracts of Brazilian live cattle in the BM&FBovespa allow adequate hedge of price for the Argentinian and Uruguayan steers in spot market. / Na Argentina e no Uruguai, diversas tentativas de negociação de contratos futuros e de índice de preços de carne bovina foram frustradas ao longo dos anos, tendo os derivativos lançados fracassado, em um curto espaço de tempo, por falta de liquidez. Esse cenário, somado a outras particularidades do mercado físico da carne bovina, torna o gerenciamento de risco de preços um problema para os agentes econômicos que atuam nessa cadeia produtiva. Nesse contexto, emergiu a seguinte questão: a proteção cruzada com contratos futuros de boi gordo brasileiro da Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros de São Paulo (BM&FBovespa) é efetiva para a administração do risco de preços dos novilhos de corte no mercado a vista argentino e uruguaio? Com a finalidade de responder a essa questão, propôs-se a verificar se é possível mitigar o risco da volatilidade de preços no mercado a vista dos novilhos de corte argentinos e uruguaios por meio do cross hedging no mercado futuro do boi gordo brasileiro na BM&FBovespa. Para tanto, foram utilizados modelos estáticos e dinâmicos de estimação da razão de cross hedge ótima e efetividade em mitigação do risco. Os resultados do teste de hipóteses de mitigação do risco permitiram assegurar que são fortes as evidências de efetividade do mercado futuro do boi gordo brasileiro na proteção contra o risco de preços do mercado a vista dos novilhos argentinos e uruguaios. Complementarmente, verificou-se a hipótese de eficiência do mercado futuro. Os resultados apresentaram evidências de um relacionamento estocástico comum no longo prazo entre os preços a vista e futuros, e de eficiência na predição dos preços no curto prazo, o que sugere que os contratos futuros de boi gordo brasileiro da BM&FBovespa permitem uma trava adequada de cotação-preço para os novilhos argentinos e uruguaios no mercado a vista.

University, Diss--Köln, 2005.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-10T13:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-10T13:36:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-10T13:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This paper aims to analyze the results of an operation to hedge a diversified credit portfolio through the use of equity. Initially, a reference to the main theoretical aspects of this dissertation with their definitions and literature review will be made. Furthermore, there will be an explanation about the basic parameters of the selection of the sample used and the period during which such protection strategy will be implemented. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os resultados de uma operação de hedge de um diversificado portfólio de crédito de empresas brasileiras através do uso de ativos de equity. Inicialmente, faz-se uma alusão aos principais aspectos teóricos da presente dissertação com suas definições e revisão bibliográfica. Posteriormente, são apresentados os parâmetros básicos da seleção da amostra utilizada e do período durante o qual tal estratégia de proteção será implementada.

Using a sample of 141 U.S. small-cap industrial firms, I examine the firm characteristics that influence its use of foreign exchange derivatives to hedge exchange rate risk. Companies in the industrial sector produce goods and services that are used for the production of another final product. The performance of this sector is closely correlated to the level of demand from the final consumer. I find firm size, the amount of foreign sales, and firm liquidity influence the firm's decision to use foreign exchange derivatives to hedge exchange rate risk. For those firms that hedge exchange rate risk using derivatives, a second test examines the firm characteristics that influence the extent of its hedging activities. I find the extent of hedging is influenced by the amount of foreign sales, the amount of foreign assets, and the number of foreign subsidiaries the firm operates. A final test examines whether certain firm characteristics influence its decision to use options as part of its hedging operations. I find no evidence that the firm characteristics examined herein influence that decision.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Ted C. Schroeder / Risk management decision makers face significant price risk when purchasing or selling wholesale beef. Previous research has identified cross-hedging wholesale beef in Live Cattle futures as a plausible means of reducing this risk. Changes in the way beef is marketed have led to poor performance of cross-hedging programs. Unlike earlier research, more recent studies have shown that Live Cattle futures are a poor venue for effective cross-hedging. This study replicates previous research to evaluate the current state of traditional cross-hedging performance. Focus then shifts to improving cross-hedging methods. Hedge ratios derived from a traditional cross-hedging methodology exhibit a great deal of sensitivity to season, estimation technique, and quality grade. Basis risk is abundant for this type of cross-hedging. To reduce the basis risk inherent with cross-hedging wholesale beef, bundling is proposed. This involves combining two or more cuts together in a single unit to be cross-hedged. Firms merchandising meat from a whole carcass would be able to provide a valuable risk management service if the basis risk faced when hedging a bundled product is less than the basis risk faced when cross-hedging the corresponding products independently. This research found that bundling has neither a positive or negative effect on basis risk. Therefore bundling is a plausible practice, but will not offer reduced basis risk to decision makers.

Most firms are actively assessing the financial risks exposure and do determine a policy for the hedging activities. It is not solely the risk aversive attitude from the managers that need to be overlooked, but to provide sufficient information to the shareholder is desirable for minimizing the gap of information asymmetry, which is by itself considered a tool for value creation (Bergstrand et al. 2009:45-47). To narrow this gap, listed Swedish companies have since 2005 been required to disclose their financial risk in their Annual Reports.  By using a quantitative approach the researcher will review the financial risk note in Annual Reports of 2008 to identify characteristics and determinant variables on firms depending on whether they utilize currency derivatives or not. An independent two-sample t-test has showed statistical significance that there difference of the means regarding size, FX exposure and leverage between users and non-users of currency derivatives. The means of currency derivatives users were higher for Size and FX exposure, while lower for leverage. A positive correlation between a firm’s size and FX exposure was found, suggesting that the determinant for hedging FX exposure could be explained by the size of the firm and vice versa.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When hedging with futures contracts the hedge ratio is one of the fundamental figures needed to set up a successful hedging strategy. The Mean Variance framework has been used for some time to calculate hedge ratios for this exact purpose. Certain assumptions are implicit in the Mean Variance framework such as the assumed normality of returns and assumed quadratic utility functions of investors. The validity of these assumptions has been questioned in the literature. The Mean Gini framework is first and second order stochastically dominant implying that there is no assumption regarding the return process or the utility function of investors. This study compares these two frameworks regarding the hedge ratios generated by each and their subsequent hedging effectiveness. The results indicate that neither one of the two frameworks generate the most effective hedge ratios all the time. The Mean Gini framework is, however, preferred above the Mean Variance framework for a significant number of futures contracts evaluated. It can therefore be concluded that making use of the Mean Variance framework for all futures contracts would have resulted in numerous ineffective hedging situations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer verskansing met termynkontrakte gedoen word is, die verskansingsverhouding een van die fundamentele veranderlikes waaroor 'n besluit geneem moet word. Vir 'n geruime tyd word die Minimum Variansie verskansingsverhouding vir hierdie doel gebruik. Implisiet in die Minimum Variansie raamwerk is die aannames dat opbrengste normaal verdeel is en dat die beleggersnutsfunksie kwadraties van aard is. Die geldigheid van hierdie aannames het reeds heelwat kritiek in die literatuur ontlok. Die Gemiddelde Gini raamwerk is eerste en tweede graads stochasties dominant, wat impliseer dat geen aannames aangaande die opbrengs of die beleggersnutsfunksie gemaak word nie. Die studie vergelyk beide raamwerke rakende die verskansingsverhoudings deur elk gegenereer en die gepaardgaande verskansingdoeltreffendheid. Die resultate toon dat nie een van die twee raamwerke vir alle kontrakte die mees effektiewe verskansingsverhouding genereer nie. Die Gemiddelde Gini raamwerk word egter vir 'n beduidende aantal van die termynkontrakte bestudeer bo die Minimum Variansie raamwerk verkies.