O litoral norte de São Paulo é caracterizado por registros de uma história geológica relacionada à amalgamação e fragmentação do Supercontinente Gondwana Ocidental, sua evolução está relacionada à formação da Serra do Mar e a abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul. Trata-se de uma região potencialmente atraente para o desenvolvimento de atividades geoturísticas e de divulgação científica, sendo as formas da paisagem, resultantes de fenômenos geológicos, importantes atrativos turísticos concentrados principalmente nas praias. A região possui uma rica herança cultural advinda das comunidades tradicionais. Com base nesses aspectos e visando a relevância científica e cultural dessa região verifica-se a necessidade de realizar um estudo de forma a descrever e identificar aspectos relevantes da geodiversidade e da cultura, e elaborar um mapa geoturístico integrado para o litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo inventariar e avaliar quantitativamente o patrimônio geológico de Caraguatatuba e os sítios da geodiversidade do litoral norte de São Paulo; inventariar os sítios do patrimônio construído no litoral norte de São Paulo; e integrar todos os sítios inventariados para elaborar o mapa geoturístico do litoral norte de São Paulo, propondo-o como uma estratégia de geonconservação para a região. Este estudo utilizou métodos pré-existentes e desenvolveu métodos de seleção de sítios da geodiversidade e do patrimônio construído para alcançar o resultado obtido. O mapa geoturístico resultante neste trabalho consiste em um produto que fundamenta a importância do geoturismo para a conservação da geodiversidade. O presente trabalho oferece uma alternativa para a descentralização do turismo na região, com uma abordagem geológica levando em conta o turismo sustentável e destaca a importância da percepção e compreensão da paisagem geológica e da geoconservação como parte importante da conservação do patrimônio natural / The northern coast of the state of São Paulo is characterized by records of a geological history related to the amalgamation and fragmentation of the Western Gondwana Supercontinent. Its evolution is related to the formation of Serra do Mar and the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. As a potentially attractive region for the development of geotourism activities and popularization of science, its landscape forms, resulting from geological phenomena, are important tourist attractions concentrated mainly on the beaches. In addition, the region has a rich cultural heritage of the local traditional communities. Based on these aspects and aiming at the scientific and cultural relevance of this region, it is necessary to carry out a study in order to describe and identify relevant aspects of geodiversity and culture, and to elaborate an integrated geotourism map of the northern coast of São Paulo. The purpose of this work is the inventory and quantitative evaluation of the geological heritage of Caraguatatuba town and of the geodiversity sites of the northern coast of São Paulo; inventory of the built heritage sites on the northern coast of São Paulo; integration of all the inventoried sites for the purpose of elaborating the geotouristic map of the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, proposing it as a strategy of the region\'s geonconservation. This study used pre-existing methods as well as developed the new ones, those of the geodiversity and built heritage sites selection in order to achieve the result obtained. The geotourism map resulting from this research, is a product that substantiates the importance of geotourism for the conservation of geodiversity. The present work offers an alternative for the decentralization of tourism in the region, with a geological approach taking into account the sustainable tourism, and emphasizes the importance of the perception and understanding of the geological landscape and the geoconservation as a part of the conservation of the natural heritage.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the entwined roles of schooling, family support and investment, and community contact in Heritage Language Learning (HLL), Heritage Language Maintenance (HLM) and identity formation among two groups of North American Latvians. One is made up of 49 teenagers at Gaŗezers language camp in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The other comprises 25 parents, other adult Latvian speakers and camp staff members. I explore differences and similarities among them by age, gender and self-stated national identity and language proficiency. Primary data consist of some 70 questionnaires completed by youths and adults and six 30- to 90-minute interviews conducted and transcribed by me. Six more were conducted via e-mail. Based on aggregate analysis of multiple-choice and short-answer questions, supplemented by participants’ individual responses to longer-form survey questions and to my questions during interviews, findings demonstrate a connection between self-stated national identity (Latvian, Latvian-American or Latvian-Canadian, or American or Latvian) and self-assessment of Latvian language proficiency among the youths. Among the adults, men were more likely to identify simply as Latvian than were women, and adults of both genders who identified as Latvian averaged slightly lower in self-assessment of proficiency, even though most of them grew up speaking Latvian at home. Additionally, my research shows a community proud of its HLM accomplishments alongside those of displaced peoples from other nations—a community now at home in North America, although 60 years ago members were determined to return to Latvia. Keywords: L2, Latvian heritage language revitalization, third space, lingua franca, language immersion, heritage language maintenance.

Heritage tourism is a fast growing sector in the recreation arena. Research into multiple aspects of heritage tourism has increased during the last few decades as it has been recognized as a distinct form of tourism and promoted around the globe. This study was conducted in an effort to better understand multiple aspects of heritage tourism in the Bear River Heritage Area of northern Utah and southeastern Idaho. The following aims to provide Bear River Heritage Area leadership with baseline data on their visitors and build upon the base of literature in the areas of recreation specialization, and importance-performance analysis. Attempts to apply the recreation specialization continuum in the context of heritage tourism were relatively unsuccessful in this case. Potential problems with applying recreation specialization to heritage tourism are discussed and implications for future studies are explored. In addition, emerging trends in importance-performance research are applied to respondent ratings of attribute importance and satisfaction in order to provide the best possible suggestions for Bear River Heritage Area management improvements and build upon existing research. Specifically, traditional importance-performance analysis is compared to analyses that incorporate grand means, segmentation, and confidence intervals.

L’urbanisme s’intéresse principalement à l’espace et aux temporalités urbaines. Les dynamiques socio-spatiales sont en perpétuelle interaction. La ville s’apprécie en regard des dynamiques y afférentes ; lesquelles résultent des effets réciproques de l’espace et la société. L’espace est un produit de la société ; la relation à ce propos n’est ni totalement causale ni subséquente, elle est plutôt interactionnelle. La médina peut être considérée comme une arène où des intérêts sont en conflit. Malheureusement, depuis longtemps, les intérêts collectifs ont subi la loi des intérêts individuels qui ne voient que le court terme. Si aucune issue n’est envisageable, la médina ira tout droit, à long terme, vers sa ruine voire sa disparition. Et pour trouver une issue à cette situation, il est donc essentiel de proposer une nouvelle urbanité à la médina, c’est-à-dire un horizon de développement intégré correspondant aux besoins d’une agglomération moderne, mais dans une ville gardienne de son histoire et de son patrimoine. Et pour y arriver, il est urgent de procéder à un processus de mise en valeur et de sauvegarde de cet héritage urbain de plus en plus menacé. Il est temps donc d’entamer des pistes de réflexion et de collaboration dans le but d’arriver à asseoir un plan d’action dédié à mettre en valeur la médina pour lui redonner vie et non pas de la considérer comme un simple quartier parmi d’autres / Urban planning is mainly concerned with urban space and temporalities. Socio-spatial dynamics are in perpetual interaction. The city is assessed in terms of the dynamics involved; which result from the reciprocal effects of space and society. Space is a product of society; the relationship in this respect is neither totally causal nor subsequent, it is rather interactional. The medina can be considered as an arena where interests are in conflict. Unfortunately, for a long time, collective interests have been subject to the law of individual interests that only see the short term. If no way out is possible, the medina will go straight, in the long term, to its ruin or even its disappearance. And to find a solution to this situation, it is therefore essential to propose a new urbanity to the medina, that is to say, a horizon of integrated development corresponding to the needs of a modern agglomeration, but in a city guardian of its history and its heritage. And to achieve this, it is urgent to proceed with a process of enhancement and safeguard of this urban heritage increasingly threatened. It is therefore time to start thinking and collaborating in order to come up with a plan of action dedicated to highlight the medina to give it life and not to consider it as a simple neighborhood among 'other

As pequenas centrais hidrelétricas construídas na primeira metade do século XX, no município de Espírito Santo do Pinhal, são exemplos representativos do período inicial da eletrificação no Estado de São Paulo. Constituem-se de três usinas de pequeno e médio porte instaladas nas margens do Rio Mogi-Guaçu com grande potencial de patrimonialização em virtude dos valores histórico, arquitetônico, paisagístico, tecnológico de uma tipologia industrial pouco reconhecida no âmbito cultural. A pesquisa tem como objetivo propor um delineamento dos limites paisagísticos desse conjunto hidrelétrico, considerando os resultados de parâmetros ecológicos da paisagem como área, número de fragmentos de habitat, índice de fragmentação maior, distância do vizinho mais próximo, forma e área núcleo, analisados a partir do mapeamento de uso e cobertura da terra na escala 1:5.000. Também foram considerados aspectos de visibilidade da paisagem, calculados a partir de pontos determinados na barragem e na casa de máquinas das usinas, para verificar o alcance e direção do panorama a partir desses locais. A área de estudo foi delimitada com auxílio de cartas topográficas na escala 1:10.000 e ortofotos coloridas de 2010 considerando as características físicas e culturais da paisagem. Foram identificadas 17 classes de uso e cobertura da terra, recobrindo área total de 2.075,96 hectares. Apesar da predominância de classes de origem cultural, verificou-se que os remanescentes de vegetação nativa da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) ocupam 45,47% do total da paisagem. O limite proposto para proteção da paisagem hidrelétrica abrange as PCHs Salto de Pinhal, Pinhal e Eloy Chaves; significativos remanescentes da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, diversos cursos d água e nascentes das subbacias do Rio Mogi-Guaçu, significativos fragmentos de vegetação nativa, totalizando 1.185,37 ha. / Small hydropower plants (SHP) built in the first half of the 20th century, in the municipality of Espírito Santo do Pinhal, are representative examples of the initial electrification process in São Paulo State. This complex of SHPs comprises three small and medium-scale plants installed on the margins of the Mogi-Guaçu River, with a high patrimonialization potential due to the historical, architectural, landscape and technological values of an industrial building type scarcely understood within the cultural scope. The research aims to propose a delineation of the limits of this hydroelectric set landscape, considering landscapes ecological parameters results, such as area, number of fragments of habitat, fragmentation index largest, average nearest neighbor, form index, and core area, analyzed from land use and cover maps at a scale of 1:5,000. Landscape visibility aspects, calculated from certain points located on the dam and the powerhouse, were also considered in order to verify the extent and direction of the panoramic view of these sites. The study area was delimited using 1:10,000 scale topographic maps and colored orthophotos of 2010, considering physical and cultural aspects of the landscape. Seventeen (17) classes of land use and cover have been identified, with a total area of 2,075.96 ha. Despite the predominance of cultural classes, it was found that the remaining native vegetation of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) covers 45.47% of the current landscape. The limits proposed for the hydropower landscape protection encompasses the Salto de Pinhal, Pinhal and Eloy Chaves Small Hydropower Plants, as well significant remaining native vegetation of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, several water bodies and sources of Mogi-Guaçu River sub-basin, and significant native vegetation fragments, totaling 1,185,37 ha.

Os elementos abióticos da natureza têm sido usados desde as primeiras civilizações para benefício do homem. Tais elementos são formados por processos desenvolvidos em uma escala de tempo que extrapola a escala humana, o que lhes permite a suposição de aspectos duráveis e resistentes. Contudo, em muitos casos, os locais de interesse geológico estão sujeitos a ameaças, dentre elas a urbanização. Os municípios da Baixada Santista enfocados nesta pesquisa - Santos, São Vicente e Cubatão - possuem locais de interesse geológico que constituem importantes registros do passado e da história evolutiva da região. A área de estudo é fortemente urbanizada e tais locais não são levados em consideração nos planos de ordenamento do território. Neste contexto, fez-se o inventário e a avaliação quantitativa dos geossítios e sítios da geodiversidade e um estudo das rochas locais e exóticas utilizadas nas edificações dos municípios em questão. Seis geossítios e três sítios da geodiversidade foram definidos, os quais representam a história geológica da região no período do Neoproterozoico ao Quaternário. Verificou-se uma forte relação do patrimônio geológico com a urbanização, representada por um rico patrimônio construído, constituído por vinte e oito edificações em Santos, seis em São Vicente e oito em Cubatão. Nas primeiras construções utilizaram-se principalmente as rochas disponíveis no entorno e, com o passar do tempo, foram introduzidas rochas exóticas. Com base nos resultados foram elaboradas propostas de gestão e valorização para os locais de interesse geológico e edificações, sob a forma de roteiros temáticos englobando tanto os aspectos naturais quanto os construídos. / The abiotic elements of nature have been used since the earliest civilizations for the benefit of man. The formation processes of these elements occur in a time scale much longer than that of humans, allowing the assumption that they possess durable and resistant aspects. However, in many cases, sites of geological interest are subject to threats, including urbanization. In the municipalities, situated in Baixada Santista, studied herein - Santos, São Vicente and Cubatão - there are sites of geological interest that are important records of the past and of the evolutionary history of the region. The study area is highly urbanized and such sites are not taken into account in land use planning. In this context, inventory and quantitative assessment of the geosites and geodiversity sites were performed, and a study of the local and exotic rocks used in buildings of the above-cited municipalities was carried out. Six geosites and three geodiversity sites were defined, which represent the geological history of the region from the Neoproterozoic to the Quaternary. A strong relationship between geological heritage and urbanization was found, represented by a rich built heritage, consisting of twenty-eight buildings in Santos, six in São Vicente and eight in Cubatão. The early buildings were constructed using mainly rocks from the surroundings, and exotic rocks were introduced over time. Based on the results, management and valorization proposals were made for the sites of geological interest and for the buildings, in the form of thematic guides covering both natural and built heritage aspects.

This thesis depicts the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972), an international law for the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites, as an example of the multiple practices within international policy making. By analysing its transnational constitution, I show how the Convention is constructed in and between locales through bureaucratic and diplomatic procedures characterised by intersecting political and economic interests. Using neo-institutional theory, I argue that organisations such as UNESCO frame problems as global, provide solutions, and organise the actions of states, organizations, and individuals; furthermore, my research not only illustrates how this occurs but also explores the preconditions of international policy making. While adhering to its officially proclaimed aspirations, states, organisations, and individuals also use the Convention for other purposes such as international prestige, career advancement, publicity, identity, development, tourism – even war. Such contending interests raise the question of explaining the success of the Convention and thereby the preconditions of policy making at the international level. A conclusion reached by this study shows that growing interest in the Convention can be regarded to result only partially from the general acceptance of its global rhetoric and morally vested perspective or the need for states to gain legitimacy by engaging in international relations. My thesis proposes that rather than by its official aims and formal procedures, the Convention is constituted primarily through complex informal relations, concurring contexts, and external structures. Data for this ethnographic study consists of field notes from participant observations during UNESCO meetings in France, Morocco, Australia, and at the Convention’s secretariat. A case study of the Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland, a Swedish World Heritage site, is also included, along with interviews, documents, and media.

<p>In 1998 the University of the Western Cape together with the University of Cape Town, and the Robben Island Museum introduced a Post-graduate Diploma in Museum and Heritage Studies. This programme was innovative in that not only did it bring together two universities in a programme where the inequalities of resources derived from their apartheid legacies was recognised, but it also formally incorporated an institution of public culture that was seeking to make a substantial imprint in the post-apartheid heritage sphere as part of its structure. In 2003 this programme attracted substantial funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and was rebranded as the African Program in Museum and Heritage Studies (APMHS). While this rebranding of the programme might seem to be innocently unproblematic and commendable as part of the effort at re-insertion of South Africa into Africa after the isolation of apartheid, an analysis of the concepts employed in the rebranding raises serious theoretical, conceptual, and disciplinary questions for heritage studies as an academic discipline and for its connections with other fields, especially the interdisciplinary study of Africa. What are the implications of a programme that brings together the concepts of ʹAfrican-Heritage-Studiesʹ? Does the rebranding signify a major epistemological positioning in the study of Africa or has it chosen to ignore debates on the problematic of the conjunction of the concepts? This study address these issues through a historical and philosophical analysis of the programme, exploring how it was developed both in relation to ideas of heritage and heritage studies in Africa and, most importantly by re-locating it in debates on the changing meaning of&nbsp / ʹAfricaʹ in African studies.</p>

American-born Korean-Americans show one of the highest rates of heritage language attrition among immigrant groups in the United States. This literature review aims to identify factors that influence Korean heritage learners' motivation to maintain or disengage from heritage language learning, particularly focusing on language learning settings, learning opportunities, and learners' experiences and perceptions about the language and learning. First, it reviews research that informs about the current status of Korean mainly as a heritage language in American K-16 schools where learner motivation and language learning are positioned. The second section explores the circumstances of Korean language use and exposure taking place in the Korean community setting. The third section explores the ways in which heritage language maintenance is influenced by Korean heritage learners' diverse experiences in association with the perceived language vitality, ethnic and linguistic identity formation, and individual differences in learning goals and backgrounds. On the basis of the literature review, the last section discusses the argument that the systemic relations of the K-16 education community, the Korean community, and individual learners are critical in understanding Korean heritage learners' involvement in language learning and development. Finally, this Report concludes with recommendations for the enhancement of learning opportunities and motivation for Korean learners and with suggestions for future research in the nascent field of Korean education and research in the United States. / text

The term heritage language (HL), which only emerged in the context of language policy during the 1990’s, refers to immigrant, refugee, and indigenous languages whose target group of learners have either previously learned the language as a first language (L1) or home language, or have some form of heritage connection to the language (Cummins, 2005). The bilingual nature of these individuals is ambiguous, as variables related to literacy and oral proficiency in the first language are significantly influenced by geographical, cultural, academic, and sociolinguistic factors prevalent to the context in which the speaker is situated. The topic of HL is the subject of a growing number of studies in second language acquisition as well as bilingual education. Given that an increasing number of immigrants from around the world continue to make the United States their place of permanent residence, the country’s educational focus needs to take into account the needs of heritage language learners (HLL), especially as that focus shifts from the exclusive teaching of foreign languages to incorporating the maintenance and linguistic competence of our multilingual inhabitants. / text