Positionné dans le champ de la géographie sociale, ce travail porte sur les formes et les logiques des processus de patrimonialisation engagés dans les territoires ruraux. Il fait l'hypothèse que les acteurs engagent simultanément des processus de patrimonialisation et de territorialisation pour reconstruire une durabilité territoriale. En donnant à l'espace une référence temporelle et au temps une emprise spatiale, ce couple nouveau, à penser ensemble dans un espace/temps refondateur, permet aux sociétés de se réapproprier leur être au monde. Cette thèse s'articule autour de quatre parties. En s'appuyant sur les concepts de patrimonialisation et de territorialisation, la première partie fixe le cadre théorique général en mettant en avant que les rapports au temps et à l'espace ne vont pas de soi. Elle aboutit à la formalisation de régimes d'historicité et de géographicité capables de traduire ces inscriptions sociétales différenciées. Puis, la deuxième partie s'attache à analyser ce fonctionnement autour de deux objets symétriques, la grotte Chauvet et le viaduc de Millau, qui révèlent des processus de patrimonialisation identiques mais inversés. Les modalités de construction de ces deux objets montrent que la patrimonialisation et la territorialisation ne peuvent pas être dissociées et qu'elles se nourrissent mutuellement. Cela met aussi en avant le fait que la construction de l'objet s'accompagne d'une valorisation qui perturbe la lecture non marchande stricte. C'est pourquoi, la troisième partie s'appuie sur la notion de ressource territoriale et à partir d'une définition renouvelée, montre qu'elle permet de dépasser les oppositions classiques, objet/sujet et marchand/non marchand, non opérantes dans le cas du patrimoine. De là, l'horizon de mobilisation de ces dynamiques, le développement durable, est questionné et sa formalisation conceptuelle est critiquée. Le patrimoine devient alors le lieu de construction d'une durabilité territoriale maitrisée. La quatrième partie démontre cela en s'appuyant sur l'analyse du couple patrimoine/territoire dans la mise en œuvre de politiques publiques de développement, au sein de contextes culturels différenciés, les Pôles d'Excellence Rurale français et les Pôles d'Economie du Patrimoine marocains. Cela amène à conclure à la nécessité de reconsidérer le développement durable selon une approche pragmatique et non normative, la seule capable de suivre les dynamiques actuelles de réappropriation de l'espace et du temps. Au final, dans un contexte sociétal marqué par des préoccupations fortes en matière de durabilité, cette thèse permet d'apporter une réflexion inédite sur les interactions contemporaines entre patrimoines et territoires, en testant leur fonctionnement dans des rapports distincts à la modernité. / Positioned in the social geographic field this study deals with the logical processes and methods of the heritage process in rural territories. He raised the hypothesis that the main actors are launching simultaneously heritage and territorial processes to rebuild a long-term territoriality. By giving to the space a temporal dimension and to the time a spatial influence, this new match rebuilds a new space-time conception, allowing societies to reconsider and to re-appropriate their own state to the world. This study is based on four different parts. Relying on the patrimonial and territorial concepts the first part establishes the general theoretical aspect by highlighting the fact that the space and time link is not self explanatory and is far to be obvious. This thesis ends with the formalization of systems based on historicity and geographicity, capable of translating these differentiated societal fundamentals. Then the second part analyzes this functioning around two sites : “the Chauvet cave” and “the viaduct of Millau” that disclose identical but inverse heritage processes. The practical details of construction of these two objects show that heritage process and territorialization cannot be dissociate and mutually support each other. This also highlights the fact that the construction of the object is associated with a valorization that interferes with a strict non valuable interpretation. That's why the third part is based on the notion of territorial resource. It shows, from a renewed definition that the territorial resource allow to overtake the classical oppositions, object/ subject and valuable/ non valuable, inoperating in the case of heritage. From there the horizon of mobilization of these dynamics, the sustainable development, is questionned and this conceptual formalization is criticized. Then, heritage process becomes a place of construction for a controlled territorial sustainability. The Fourth part demonstrates this, relying on the analysis of the pour-match heritage/territory implemented by the Public policies for development within differentiated cultural context, the french “Pôles d'Excellence Rurale” et the morocco “Pôles d'Economie du Patrimoine”. Lastly that leads up to conclude to the necessity to reconsider the sustainable development according to a pragmatic and non normative approach, the only one capable of following actual dynamics of reappropriation of time and space. Finally, in a societal context influenced by important concerns in terms of durability, this thesis brings a completely new thinking on the contemporary interactions between heritage and territories, testing their functioning in distinctive connections to the modernity.

This paper studies the cultural heritage revitalization of a building named Army Infirmary from Jaguarão, city, which will be the base for the Understanding Pampas Center construction, a complementary organ of the Universidade Federal do Pampa. The proposal is to contrast the building history from the architecture point of view, memory and analysis of the Understanding Pampas Center project and its impact on the local community. From this view, this paper intents to suggest alternatives to nullify the impact, through the community heritage education and supervisors, aiming to improve its usage and appropriation of the cultural complex. / Este trabalho visa estudar a revitalização do patrimônio cultural constituído por um prédio denominado: Enfermaria Militar de Jaguarão, o qual será a base para a construção do Centro de Interpretação do Pampa, órgão complementar da Universidade Federal do Pampa. Esse estudo constará de pesquisa sobre a história do prédio do ponto de vista da arquitetura, usos e também da memória constituída, bem como de análise do projeto do Centro de Interpretação do Pampa e de seu impacto na comunidade local. A partir desses olhares, o presente trabalho pretende propor alternativas para dirimir o impacto causado, através da educação patrimonial da comunidade e gestores, com a finalidade de melhor utilização e apropriação do complexo cultural.

Orientador: Célia Reis Camargo / Banca: Marly Rodrigues / Banca: Áureo Busetto / Resumo: A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objeto de estudo as propostas de tombamento de bens culturais apresentadas por agentes políticos e sociais dos municípios do oeste paulista ao CONDEPHAAT (Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Artístico, Arqueológico e Turístico), órgão que institui e preserva o patrimônio paulista. No trabalho foram analisados os guichês e processos de tombamento onde foi abordado o ideário que esteve presente nas discussões e decisões do CONDEPHAAT, nas manifestações dos envolvidos e nas iniciativas das sociedades locais ao solicitar o tombamento, argumentando sobre seu valor. Foi possível identificar os embates pela preservação do patrimônio entre os diversos agentes do processo, com ênfase para os técnicos e conselheiros do CONDEPHAAT. A região oeste de São Paulo foi à última a ser ocupada e integrada ao restante do estado, sendo formada por municípios que se constituíram nas primeiras décadas do século XX sob o signo da modernidade e do progresso e esses conceitos acabam por conflitar com a noção de história enquanto visão de passado e pode-se considerar que a história presente não é reconhecida como objeto de preservação, nem pelo poder público nem pela sociedade local. / Abstract: The present master's degree dissertation has for study object the protection proposals of cultural goods presented by political and social agents of the municipal districts in western São Paulo State to Condephaat (Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Artístico, Arqueológico e Turístico), organ that institutes and preserves the heritage from São Paulo. In the work, windows and protection processes were analyzed where was approached the ideary that was present in the discussions and decisions of Condephaat, in the manifestations of those involved and in the initiatives of the local societies when requesting the protection, arguing on in value. It was possible to identify the resistences for the preservation of the heritage among the several agents of the process, with emphasis for the technicians and counselors of Condephaat. The western region of São Paulo was the last to be occupied and integrated into the rest of the state, being formed by municipal districts that were constituted in the first few decades of the XX century under the sign of the modernity and of the progress and those concepts conflict with the history notion while past vision and it can be considered that the present history is not recognized as preservation object, neither by the public power nor by the local society. / Mestre

A instituição do patrimônio no Brasil, compreendida enquanto práticas de preservação, constitui-se a partir de conexões estabelecidas entre distintos atores e organizações. Divergências, disputas, negociações e consenso conformam tal processo. O estudo aqui exposto compreende a identificação e análise de fragmentos da referida instituição, relativos especificamente ao lugar do patrimônio arqueológico na trajetória e nas práticas do Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). / Cultural Heritages institution in Brazil, of established connections between different actors and organizations. Disagreements, disputes, negotiations and consensus are part of this process. This study consists of identification and analysis of that institution heritage fragments, related specifically to the archaeological heritage place in the history and practices of the Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN).

A pesquisa busca avaliar possíveis relações entre o projeto arquitetônico e o restauro de bens culturais. Tendo em vista que esse leque de relações é bastante amplo, procurou-se delimitar o estudo à atuação de dois arquitetos contemporâneos que tenham optado pela aproximação dos critérios de projeto com a análise das preexistências e a observação da cidade histórica. Dentro desse universo foram escolhidos Aldo Rossi (1931-97) e Lina Bo Bardi (1915-92). Rossi, com sua obra A arquitetura da cidade (1966), desperta interesse pelo questionamento aos preceitos do movimento moderno e pela busca de estruturas essenciais permanentes presentes nas cidades em seu devir histórico. Lina Bardi chama atenção pela tentativa de superação da fratura histórica entre o antigo e o moderno e pela ativação de um pertinente exercício crítico aplicado na intervenção relacionada a preexistências de valor documental. O estudo procura explorar os vínculos que os dois arquitetos estabelecem com os respectivos contextos de formação e com a tradição crítica italiana de modo mais amplo. A investigação adota uma abordagem histórica a partir de um recorte temporal que privilegia três momentos específicos: traça inicialmente um panorama do século XIX e da origem das teorias e práticas de conservação dos bens culturais; analisa, a seguir, a década de 1930 como momento de tensão entre duas posturas antagônicas a conservação e a inovação mediante a análise dos seguintes documentos: Carta de Restauro de Atenas (1931) e Carta de Atenas CIAM (1933); por fim, enfoca o período do pós-guerra com ênfase nos anos 1960 como época de reconciliação entre memória e invenção, tendo como pano de fundo o ambiente cultural italiano, com atenção especial à revisão do movimento moderno no que se refere à relação com a história, bem como às discussões ligadas aos temas da conservação dos bens culturais e os desdobramentos desse debate na obra de Aldo Rossi e de Lina Bardi. Entre os objetos de estudo do campo do patrimônio arquitetônico, relacionados à produção de Lina Bardi, destacam-se: a Carta de Veneza (1964), as noções do restauro científico e restauro crítico, além da Teoria del Restauro de Cesare Brandi (1963). O enfoque dos debate recentes sobre a ampliação da noção de patrimônio e suas implicações na cidade contemporânea suscita questionamentos quanto às abordagens centradas em aspectos econômicos e turísticos que relegam a segundo plano as ações de cunho cultural. / This study aims to evaluate possible relations between architectonic design and cultural heritage restoration. In the light of the wide range of relations, this study has been limited to the work of two contemporary architects who opted for approaching design criteria to both pre-existence analysis and historical city observation. Within such universe, Aldo Rossi (1931-97) and Lina Bo Bardi (1915-92) are the object of this study. Rossi, with his work The Architecture of the City (1966), (L\'architettura della Citta) shows interest in both questioning the principles of modern movement and searching for permanent essential structures in the cities related to their historical future. Lina Bo Bardi stands out for her attempt to overcome the historical fracture between the old and the modern as well as, the activation of a pertinent critical exercise applied to the intervention related to the preexisting documental values. This study tries to explore the bounds that both architects establish with their respective upbringing contexts and with the Italian critical traditions in a broader manner. The investigation adopts a historical approach from a time period which privileges three specific moments: first delineates a panorama of 19th century and the origin of theories and practices of cultural heritage preservation; then, it examines the 1930s as a moment of tension between the two opposite approaches preservation and innovation upon the following documents analysis: Athens Charter (1931) and Charter of Athens CIAM (1933); and finally, it focuses the post-war period with emphasis on the 1960s as a reconciliation time between memory and invention, having as background the Italian cultural environment, with special attention to the modern movement reviewing in addressing History as well as to the discussions related to cultural heritage preservation and the unfolding of such debate in the work of Aldo Rossi and Lina Bardi. Among the studied objects in the field of architectonic heritage, related to the production of Lina Bardi, stands out: the Venice Charter (1964), the notions in the scientific restoration and critical restoration, in addition to the Teoria del Restauro by Cesare Brandi (1963). The recent debates focus on the expansion in heritage notions and its implications in the contemporaneous city trigger questionings on the approaches focused on economical and tourism aspects which relegate to second plan the cultural character efforts.This study aims to evaluate possible relations between architectonic design and cultural heritage restoration. In the light of the wide range of relations, this study has been limited to the work of two contemporary architects who opted for approaching design criteria to both pre-existence analysis and historical city observation. Within such universe, Aldo Rossi (1931-97) and Lina Bo Bardi (1915-92) are the object of this study. Rossi, with his work The Architecture of the City (1966), (L\'architettura della Citta) shows interest in both questioning the principles of modern movement and searching for permanent essential structures in the cities related to their historical future. Lina Bo Bardi stands out for her attempt to overcome the historical fracture between the old and the modern as well as, the activation of a pertinent critical exercise applied to the intervention related to the preexisting documental values. This study tries to explore the bounds that both architects establish with their respective upbringing contexts and with the Italian critical traditions in a broader manner. The investigation adopts a historical approach from a time period which privileges three specific moments: first delineates a panorama of 19th century and the origin of theories and practices of cultural heritage preservation; then, it examines the 1930s as a moment of tension between the two opposite approaches preservation and innovation upon the following documents analysis: Athens Charter (1931) and Charter of Athens CIAM (1933); and finally, it focuses the post-war period with emphasis on the 1960s as a reconciliation time between memory and invention, having as background the Italian cultural environment, with special attention to the modern movement reviewing in addressing History as well as to the discussions related to cultural heritage preservation and the unfolding of such debate in the work of Aldo Rossi and Lina Bardi. Among the studied objects in the field of architectonic heritage, related to the production of Lina Bardi, stands out: the Venice Charter (1964), the notions in the scientific restoration and critical restoration, in addition to the Teoria del Restauro by Cesare Brandi (1963). The recent debates focus on the expansion in heritage notions and its implications in the contemporaneous city trigger questionings on the approaches focused on economical and tourism aspects which relegate to second plan the cultural character efforts.

Ações de proteção da natureza engendradas nos órgãos responsáveis pela execução de políticas culturais, frequentemente, trazem à tona questionamentos sobre a extrapolação das dimensões e das limitações sobre o que deva se entender como patrimônio cultural. Entende-se que a natureza pode ser considerada como um dos objetos de defesa e de proteção na esfera cultural. O Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo, o Condephaat, por exemplo, apresenta inúmeras Áreas Naturais Tombadas (ANTs) na amplitude dos seus objetos de tombamento. Este trabalho analisou a incorporação da natureza às práticas de preservação do patrimônio cultural, sobretudo, ao considerar a paisagem como o pressuposto para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que justificasse o reconhecimento da natureza no universo das políticas culturais. Verificou-se a importância do atributo geomorfológico que, em grande parte dos tombamentos naturais, efetuados no Estado de São Paulo, constituiu-se como o estruturador da paisagem e se apresentou como o principal elemento simbólico para embasar a proteção da dimensão natural do ambiente. Por se tratar de um espaço territorial especialmente protegido, as ANTs poderiam ser consideradas como unidades de conservação da natureza, no seu sentido jurídico, ou seja, uma das categorias do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (SNUC). Por isso, efetuou-se o levantamento sobre o histórico da criação das diferentes tipologias de áreas naturais protegidas. Tais espaços, que foram concebidos, inicialmente, no contexto de um discurso preservacionista, diversificaram-se sob a influência teórica da vertente conservacionista, no qual o ser humano passou a ser considerado na constituição de novas categorias de manejo. Dessa forma, o estabelecimento de ANTs veio ao encontro de uma prática de preservação da natureza que se baseia na sua valorização cultural. A participação social na defesa e na criação desses espaços naturais no domínio cultural apresentou diferentes conflitos de interesse e foi procedida por um processo de desregulamentação, caracterizado por não respeitar a rica contribuição teórica e metodológica das experiências, até então, empreendidas. / Action plans for nature protection conducted by cultural policies agencies often bring some questions about the typological limits of cultural heritage. Nature can also be considered as a object of cultural protection. The Condephaat, for instance, has several nature areas considered as cultural heritage. This study analyzed how nature became an important element in cultural heritage practices, and how the landscape was considered as a methodology for recognition of nature in the field of cultural policies. Geomorphology was an important reference in the landscape structure in most of the nature heritages, in the State of São Paulo. The relief was considered as symbolic element for cultural protection. The nature heritage areas are territorial spaces with special protection, but these places not are conservation units, in legal sense, that is, a category in national conservation system of nature. Then, it was also studied the process of creation of the different protection nature areas. Initially, these areas were created based on a preservationist discourse. After, they were designed by a conservationist theory that included human occupation in creation of new management categories. Thus, the nature heritage areas in the cultural sphere are consistent with the current theoretical bases. Social participation in defense and for creation of these natural spaces presented conflicts of interest, and was preceded by a deregulation process that did not consider the rich theoretical and methodological contribution of the experience undertaken.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise e registro das construções históricas e contribuições culturais de uma colônia de imigrantes ainda desconhecida do meio acadêmico, com base no atual contexto de recuperação do patrimônio cultural. Considerando que este contexto constitui parte de um fenômeno contemporâneo de retomada da historicidade nas cidades e na arquitetura, com ênfase no pluralismo e diversidade cultural, a problemática do patrimônio bucovino reflete conflitos e questões bastante emblemáticas de nosso tempo. A noção de autenticidade das construções históricas torna-se essencial na preservação do patrimônio, diante da proliferação de réplicas e reconstruções e a preservação espetacularizada das mesmas, em que o restauro é atrelado ao consumo de massa do turismo cultural. A colônia alemã-bucovina no Paraná, cuja arquitetura peculiar contém importantes características para melhor se compreender a história, cultura e etnia da região, encontra-se em iminente extinção e é objeto de estudo representativo desta problemática. As cidades-gêmeas de Rio Negro (PR) e Mafra (SC) constituem-se como a única colônia oficial deste povo no Brasil, e os descendentes bucovinos vêm se organizando e retomando sua cultura e história, registrando suas memórias, adotando símbolos e eventos festivos. Sua arquitetura centenária, bastante representativa desta região, ainda é pouco identificada e valorizada, contando com apenas um exemplar restaurado e protegido legalmente. Através de registros fotográficos e levantamentos técnicos in loco, entrevistas e pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, procurou-se fazer um estudo da arquitetura bucovina, fornecendo suporte para uma possível conservação futura que mantenha íntegra sua autenticidade. / The following research intends to analyze and register the historic buildings and cultural contributions of a settlement of immigrants yet relatively unknown in the academic milieu, based on the present context of recuperation of cultural heritage. Considering that this context is part of a contemporary phenomenon where the historicity of cities and architecture is regaining importance, with emphasis on pluralism and cultural diversity, the problematics of the Bukovinian heritage reflects emblematic conflicts and questions of our time. The notion of authenticity of historic buildings becomes essential in the preservation of our cultural heritage, in face of the multiplication of replicas and reconstructions, and the gradually widespread notion of spectacularized conservation, where restoration is linked to the mass consumption of cultural tourism. The german-bukovinian colony in the State of Paraná, whose peculiar architecture withholds important characteristics to better comprehend this region?s history, culture and ethnicity, is in imminent extinction and are an illustrative case study of this problem. The twin cities of Rio Negro (State of Paraná) and Mafra (State of Santa Catarina) constitute the sole settlement of these people in Brazil, where the descendents of bukovinians have been organizing themselves and revitalizing their culture and history, registering their memory, adopting symbols and festive events. Their centenary architecture, very representative of this region, is still insufficiently identified and valued, of which only one specimen has been restored and is legally protected. By means of photographic documentation and technical surveys on site, interviews and documental and bibliographic research, a study of bukovinian architecture in Brazil was achieved, supplying a solid basis for a possible future intervention on these sites, where its authenticity can be kept intact.

Heritage is a concept that has received abundant critical attention within the academy. This study seeks to extend this critique by demonstrating the value of long-term ethnographic research and analysis of heritage processes on the Main Islands of Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). As the FSM staff cultural anthropologist for 23 months, the author utilizes interview and participant observation data collected during a total of over 2 years in the field to uncover and analyze the production of cultural heritage discourses on Yap’s Main Islands. With a central goal to understand locally produced views and values of stakeholders toward their heritage, including what exactly it is they wish to preserve and why, findings were analyzed to generate culturally informed strategies that local communities can consider in order to best meet their heritage interests. Local discourses on heritage being produced by Yapese Main Islander stakeholders in Yap demonstrate views and values toward preserving primarily intangible elements of their heritage within the sphere of Chambers’ (2006) private heritage construct. Attending to the processes that facilitate private heritage transmission should therefore be a central strategy in preservation efforts. Additionally, a political economy approach to investigating the production of local discourses on heritage emerges as a productive alternative to the critical discourse analysis (CDA) paradigm that largely discounts the locally contingent historic, economic, social and political structures that are daily mediated as stakeholders look to the past to confront their presents and futures.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons au phénomène d'émergence du patrimoine européen. Dans une démarche interdisciplinaire, il s'agit d'aborder les processus d'appropriation, de médiation et de transmission du patrimoine comme européen dans le cadre particulier des Itinéraires Culturels du Conseil de l'Europe et selon une posture interculturelle. Grâce à un ensemble d'analyses communicationnelles et organisationnelles du Programme des Itinéraires Culturels du Conseil de l'Europe, mais aussi de trois cas d'Itinéraires Culturels (Via Regia, Via Francigena et Saint Martin de Tours), il s'agit d'appréhender le processus de patrimonialisation à l'échelle européenne en questionnant notamment les enjeux de sens, de visibilité et de lisibilité, de représentation et de légitimation qu'une construction européenne du patrimoine commun aux membres de réseaux transnationaux peut comprendre. Enfin, il s'agit de comprendre aussi comment, dans le cadre d'une labellisation de projets européens, la publicisation du patrimoine peut être le lieu de résistances vis-à-vis des institutions, qui peuvent alors influencer les discours sur les éléments patrimonialisés. / In this dissertation, we are focusing on the phenomenon of the emergence of European cultural heritage. In an interdisciplinary and intercultural approach, it is about getting into the processes of appropriation, mediation and transmission of cultural heritage considered as European in the specific framework of the Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe. Based on a set of communicational and organisational analyses of the Program of the Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe, but also of three cases of Cultural Routes (Via Regia, Via Francigena and Saint Martin of Tours), this works aims at comprehending the process of making heritage at a European level by questioning, among others, the meanings, the visibility and legibility plans, and the representation and legitimation strategies that are at stakes when members of transnational networks build a European sense of common heritage. Finally, it is also about understanding how, in the framework of the procedure of giving a label to European projects, publicizing heritage can be a place of resistance against institutions that can then influence the discourses about the heritage items.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In 1998 the University of the Western Cape together with the University of Cape Town, and the Robben Island Museum introduced a Post-graduate Diploma in Museum and Heritage Studies. This programme was innovative in that not only did it bring together two universities in a programme where the inequalities of resources derived from their apartheid legacies was recognised, but it also formally incorporated an institution of public culture that was seeking to make a substantial imprint in the post-apartheid heritage sphere as part of its structure. In 2003 this programme attracted substantial funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and was rebranded as the African Program in Museum and Heritage Studies (APMHS). While this rebranding of the programme might seem to be innocently unproblematic and commendable as part of the effort at re-insertion of South Africa into Africa after the isolation of apartheid, an analysis of the concepts employed in the rebranding raises serious theoretical, conceptual, and disciplinary questions for heritage studies as an academic discipline and for its connections with other fields, especially the interdisciplinary study of Africa. What are the implications of a programme that brings together the concepts of 'African-Heritage-Studies'? Does the rebranding signify a major epistemological positioning in the study of Africa or has it chosen to ignore debates on the problematic of the conjunction of the concepts? This study address these issues through a historical and philosophical analysis of the programme, exploring how it was developed both in relation to ideas of heritage and heritage studies in Africa and, most importantly by re-locating it in debates on the changing meaning of 'Africa' in African studies. / South Africa