A alimentação é um objeto de estudo de extrema complexidade que envolve várias áreas do saber científico, entre elas a sociologia, a antropologia, a psicologia e a nutrição que se dedicam a investigar este instigante fenômeno. Até o momento, sabe-se que ela assume função social e afetiva entre os seres. O caráter simbólico dos alimentos se insere no contexto das relações sociais, sendo a família um importante instrumento de transmissão de rituais e de regras dietéticas. Do ponto de vista afetivo, a alimentação, primeiramente pela amamentação, é considerada o primeiro elo entre a mãe e o bebê e este processo acontece naturalmente quando existe uma relação harmoniosa entre a dupla. Considerando os estudos sobre as heranças psíquicas, em especial aquelas advindas de elementos transgeracionais, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender o significado e as experiências emocionais da alimentação para as mães com filhas portadoras de transtornos alimentares. O percurso teórico baseou-se na pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória. Participaram do estudo cinco mães de jovens com transtornos alimentares que frequentaram o grupo de apoio psicológico aos familiares do Grupo de Assistência em Transtornos Alimentares do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (GRATA-HCFMRP-USP) no ano de 2008. Como instrumento de coleta de dados foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado, sendo as entrevistas audiogravadas e transcritas na íntegra. A partir da análise dos dados emergiram aspectos relacionados à alimentação e seu caráter socioculturais e emocionaisl com os seguintes temas: a alimentação materna, a alimentação e o afeto e a alimentação após o transtorno alimentar da filha. Observou-se que vivências destas mães com a própria alimentação influenciaram seus desejos, a manutenção de tradições alimentares ou a transformação dessas, assim como a construção dos vínculos com suas filhas. As recordações infantis trouxeram lembranças da família e da organização da rotina alimentar considerando como personagens fundamentais deste processo suas avós e suas mães, caracterizando a presença de, pelo menos, duas gerações responsáveis pela transmissão dos hábitos, costumes alimentares e sentimentos. Ficou evidente que as necessidades alimentares destas mães não se basearam somente no caráter nutritivo dos alimentos, mas também buscaram afeto, cuidado e atenção. Elas ensaiaram tentativas de modificar as tradições e os costumes herdados com a finalidade de vivenciar outra maneira de receber e oferecer o alimento. Contudo, observou-se que os significados que a alimentação assumiu para estas mães estavam pautados nas referências e valores transmitidos por suas próprias mães. Todas apresentaram alguma restrição alimentar, seja pela dificuldade financeira familiar ou pela resistência em ingerir determinados alimentos durante a infância. Diante desses resultados, pode-se pensar que as dificuldades das mães referentes à alimentação e aos vínculos construídos a partir da relação com suas próprias mães tenderam a se repetir com as filhas, sugerindo a existência de uma herança que as antecede e atravessou gerações. Sem a pretensão de encontrar ou apontar culpados ou vítimas que justifiquem a existência da herança transgeracional nos transtornos alimentares, outros ou novos estudos serão necessários para ampliar os conhecimentos sobre este fenômeno que muitas vezes impede o viver criativo. / Feeding is a very complex object of study that involves many scientific areas, including sociology, anthropology, psychology and nutrition that investigate this interesting phenomenon. Up until now, it is known that it assumes a social and affective function among people. The symbolic quality of foods is inserted in the social relation context, considering the family a very important instrument to teach rituals and dietetic rules. From the affective point of view, feeding, first having breast feeding, is considered the first link between the mother and the baby, and this process happens naturally when there is a harmonious relation between both. Considering the studies about psychic heritage, specially the one that comes from transgenerational elements, the goal of this research was to understand the meaning and the emotional experiences of feeding of mothers who have daughters with eating disorders. The theory was based on qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research. Five mothers of young people who suffer from eating disorders took part in this study and they attended meetings to have psychological support at Grupo de Assistência em Transtornos Alimentares do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (GRATA-HCFMRP-USP) during the year of 2008. A semi-structured guide was used as an instrument to collect the data, and the interviews were recorded and written out verbatim. From the data analysis some aspects related to feeding and its social-psychocultural quality appeared with the following themes: breast feeding, feeding and affection, and feeding after a daughter\'s eating disorder. It was seen that these mothers\' life experiences considering their own feeding influenced their wishes, the keeping of feeding traditions or the change in them as well as the building of bonds between them and their daughters. The childhood memories brought up family memories and also memories of feeding routine having their grandmothers and their mothers as very important characters in this process, showing that at least two generations are responsible for transmitting eating habits and feelings. It was evident that these mothers\' nutritional necessities were not only based on the foods nutritional qualities, but also sought for affection, care and attention. They tried to change traditions and customs they inherited so they could try another way to give and receive food. However, it was seen that the meanings and importance of feeding to these mothers were related to the values taught by their own mothers. All of them presented some feeding restriction because of family financial difficulty or because of some resistance to the idea of eating certain kinds of food during childhood. According to these results, it is thought that the difficulties these mothers have concerning feeding and the bonds built from the relation to their own mothers tended to be repeated with their daughters. This suggests the existence of heritage that preceded them and crossed generations. There is no pretension to find or point victims or anyone to blame who could justify the existence of transgenerational heritage of feeding disorders, other studies are needed to increase the knowledge about this phenomenon that many times impede a creative living.

La thèse analyse les trajectoires de trois secteurs situés en Champagne-Ardenne, sur longue période. Ces secteurs sont 1) la métallurgie 2) les industries connexes au vin de Champagne 3) les activités de production d’agro-ressources. Du point de vue théorique, la thèse mobilise les approches issues de la théorie de la régulation pour construire une périodisation des trajectoires des secteurs analysés. Au-delà de ces repères temporels, la thèse s’intéresse particulièrement aux mécanismes de régulation à l’échelle territoriale. Par ailleurs, l’analyse est conduite en mobilisant les concepts de patrimoine immatériel territorial et de ressources territoriales. Ainsi les analyses proposées prennent la forme d’analyse des processus de patrimonialisation et des dispositifs de mobilisation dudit patrimoine. La thèse met ainsi en évidence un processus de spécialisation des activités métallurgiques champardennaises vers l’industrie automobile durant la période d’après-guerre. Cela conduit à un enfermement sectoriel des projets territoriaux concernant les activités métallurgiques. Concernant les industries connexes au vin de Champagne, nous voyons une difficulté majeure pour les acteurs de ses industries connexes à faire émerger des projets territoriaux les concernant : les représentations et la présence au sein des institutions territoriales du vignoble et du négoce. Ainsi le patrimoine de ces ICPVC s’érode inéluctablement, et les acteurs concernés peinent à mobiliser. Enfin pour les agro-ressources, même s’il y a bien un patrimoine riche en constitution, nous percevons une difficulté pour les acteurs de ces activités de dépasser le cercle des membres du pôle de compétitivité IAR. / The thesis analyze three sector's historical trends. Those sectors are based in the former Champagne-Ardenne region. The sectors are : 1) metalworking industries 2) Industries linked with the Champagne wine production 3) agro-ressources production industries. For its conceptual framework, the thesis mobilize approach from the french Theorie de la Régulation to elaborate the analysed sectors' chronology. In addition, the thesis is particulary focused on the regulation process at an infranational scale. The three sectors analyzis is also based on the immaterial heritage and the territorial ressources concepts. The trend analysis built are presented as heritage constitution process analysis. The thesis also focus on the institutional displays that refer to this local heritage. The thesis highlights a specialisation process toward automobile industries concerning the metalwork. This specialisation took place prinicipally during the 1940s - 1950s. This specilisation led to a sectorial dead end for every of the metalwork industries' local projects. About the industries linked to the Champagne wine production, there is a specific difficulty for them to halt their local heritage's erosion. These industries faces the overwhelming representations of the welthy Champagne industries and the institutional presence of the Champagne industries' actors. At last, for the Agro ressources industries it appears that a rich and sturdy heritage is currently building. But it also appears that this heritage lacks to reach other actors than those already involved in the project.

Cette recherche est consacrée aux pratiques de protection des monuments à Athènes, et ce depuis l’Indépendance. Elle est ainsi associée à une analyse précise de la législation, des débats qui l’ont accompagnée et des pratiques de sauvegarde des monuments historiques et des sites archéologiques de la capitale. Ce travail espère contribuer ainsi à une meilleure connaissance de l’évolution de la notion de patrimoine en Grèce. Une évolution qui est ponctuée par les évènements politiques qui ont mené à la construction de l’État grec pendant tout un siècle, mais aussi par les différentes ratifications des conventions européennes et internationales relatives à la protection du patrimoine. Cependant, la traduction de ces instruments normatifs s’avère contraignante dans un pays où l’héritage culturel est associé essentiellement aux témoignages matériels conformes à l’histoire nationale. Le régime patrimonial grec s’orchestre de ce fait, non sans difficultés, à une notion de patrimoine en perpétuelle évolution. Cet héritage qui était un bien national à l’image d’un peuple homogène héritier de la Grèce antique et de l’Empire byzantin devient aujourd’hui synonyme de legs diversifiés et produits de différentes « communautés ». Athènes à qui l'on a réfuté les témoignages « post-byzantins » inaugure aujourd’hui son premier « archontikó » ottoman. / This research is devoted to the practical conservation of monuments in Athens since Independence. It is thus associated with a precise analysis of the legislation, debates that accompanied it, as well as practical conservation of historical monuments and the capital of archaeological sites. This work hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of the concept of heritage in Greece. This evolution is punctuated by political events that led to the construction of the Greek State for a whole century, but also by the different ratifications of European and international conventions concerning the heritage protection. However, the translation of these normative instruments proves compelling in a country where cultural heritage is associated primarily with material evidence in accordance with the national history. Greek patrimonial regime orchestra thus not without difficulty, to a notion of heritage in constant evolution. This legacy was a national asset for the image of a homogeneous people heir of ancient Greece and the Byzantine Empire now becoming synonymous with diverse legacies and products of different "communities". Athens who are denied the "post-Byzantine" testimony today inaugurated its first "archontikó" Ottoman.

O trabalho busca avaliar e verificar as influências da transgeracionalidade nas mães primigestas. A minha experiência clínica e hospitalar com gestantes pôde propiciar a percepção de como as mães da família, no caso, as avós, têm influência sobre os novos pais, principalmente sobre a nova mãe. Neste trabalho, a transgeracionalidade pode ser vista como essencial na formação da identidade materna e em toda sua carga psíquica, como costumes, ideias, valores, traumas, fardos e segredos que envolvem a gestante e que terão influências nessa identidade em constituição. As gestantes selecionadas têm as avós da criança vivas e presentes, tanto materna quanto paterna, para possibilitar a diferenciaçãoda influência que cada família exerce sobre essas gestantes. Foram realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas às gestantes, elaboradas pela pesquisadora, e aplicação de quatro pranchas do T.A.T. Posteriormente, foi feita a análise de conteúdo de cada entrevista. A partir das entrevistas, nota-se que as gestantes sofrem muita influência maternal, poisa presença, as ideias e os costumes fazem a gestante abdicar com frequência dos seus conceitos para seguir os da família, o que, muitas vezes, traz frustração à nova mãe, por não se sentir livre para exercer o seu papel materno no seu modelo ideal. Portanto, comumente é indicado que, nesse processo, a gestante busque um acompanhamento psicológico, a fim de conseguir reconhecer o seu psiquismo e diferenciá-lo do de sua família / This work aims to evaluate and verify the influences of transgenerationality in primiparous mothers. My clinical and hospital experience with pregnant women can provide insight into how mothers in the family, in this case grandparents, have influence on new parents, especially on the new mother. In this work, transgenerationality can be seen as essential in the formation of the maternal identity and in all its psychic load, such as customs, ideas, values, traumas, bundles and secrets that involve the pregnant woman and that will have influences in the construction of this identity in constitution. The pregnant women selected have the grandparents of the child alive and present, both maternal and paternal, in order to differentiate the influence that each family exerts on these pregnant women. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with the pregnant women, elaborated by the researcher, and the application of four planks of T.A.T. Subsequently, the content analysis of each interview was done. From the interviews, it is noticed that the pregnant women suffer a lot of maternal influence, and indeed the presence, the ideas and the customs make the pregnant woman frequently abdicate of its concepts to follow those of the family, which often brings frustration to the new mother, for not feeling free to play their maternal role in their ideal model. Therefore, it is usually indicated that, in this process, the pregnant woman seeks psychological support in order to be able to recognize her psyche and differentiate it from her family

Oyster tongers are a cultural icon of Florida's maritime heritage and geography. Challenged for generations by the vagaries of weather, including catastrophic storms and years-long droughts, and economic uncertainties this maritime heritage is fading fast. While Florida's north and west coasts produce 90 percent of the Florida oyster harvest and ten percent of oysters consumed in the United States, the industry is at risk today for reasons including a declining demand for Florida oysters because of health concerns; water pollution; population growth and its accompanying development of condominiums, gated communities, and retail shopping centers; and declining interest in the hard work of oystering as a livelihood. This work investigates those challenges to Florida's Gulf Coast oyster industry through the lens of a twenty-first century consumer. I examine why the U.S. Department of Agriculture considers raw oysters a significant challenge to public health and how local, state, and federal government regulations, along with cooperative efforts of the seafood industry, offset the potential for oysters to convey foodborne illness to human consumers. The fact that raw oysters carry a high propensity for conveying bacterial disease makes them a unique marketing challenge, especially outside of months that have an r in them. As a subject of culinary tourism, Florida oystering maintains an iconic maritime heritage. The labor force of the commercial oystering business has ranged widely-from migrant mothers working with toddlers at their side and their school-age children forgoing education for shucking oysters at the turn of the twentieth century to a new, Hispanic work force whose strong work ethic heartily satisfies oyster processors as local interest for the hard work in the industry declines. The threat to sustainability of both the working traditions of the Apalachicola oyster folk, and the oysters themselves as a bountiful resource, grows in direct proportion to the environmental pressures fostered by rapid and poorly-regulated population growth. A legitimate question might be, given the difficulties of the work and challenges to the industry, is it worth the state's effort to help sustain this industry?

Little is known about the effectiveness of district plans in protecting built heritage, which is a matter of national importance under New Zealand's Resource Management Act 1991 (RMAct). This is despite the fact that the RMAct directs planning agencies to evaluate the effectiveness of plan provisions. This lack of evaluation is not unique to New Zealand or merely symptomatic of heritage planning. Instead, it is a shortcoming in planning theory and practice internationally; a well recognised impediment being that planning lacks a suitable evaluation approach. This thesis aims to address this deficiency by proposing a methodology for evaluating plan effectiveness and applying it to the built heritage provisions of two district plans. The methodology adopted has been shaped by the theory-based and realist evaluation approaches, as developed in the field of programme evaluation. Both approaches share a common ontology regarding claims of causality, which stresses 'knowledge in context'. Thus, a central endeavour of the research is not only to identify the environmental outcomes arising from plan implementation, but also to understand how and why the implementation context promoted or inhibited the achievement of plan goals. In so doing, the causal and implementation theories underpinning the plans' heritage provisions are exposed, modelled and tested. The findings reveal that plan implementation failed to prevent the loss of built heritage values in many instances. While the plans' causal theory was largely sound, key aspects of the implementation theory were not realised during the development control process. Plan quality was a significant factor, as was the commitment and capacity of developers to comply with the plans. The institutional fixation on consent processing speed rather than environmental outcomes was a further impediment. Overall, the theory-based approach provided a useful framework for determining plan effectiveness and holds promise for evaluating plan issues other than built heritage.

This thesis explores the desirability of Australia???s State museums to be inclusive of diverse cultures. In keeping with a cultural studies approach, and a commitment to social action, emphasis is placed upon enhancing the ability of State museums to fulfil obligations and expectations imposed upon them as modern collecting institutions in a culturally diverse nation. By relating the desirability and ability of State museums to attaining social justice in a multicultural Australia through broadening the concept of Australia???s heritage, the thesis is firmly situated within post-colonial discourse. The thesis analyses State multicultural, heritage, and museum legislation, in New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland, with regard to State museums as agents of cultural policy. Results from a survey, Greeks and Museums, conducted amongst Australia???s Greeks in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, reveal an anomaly between their museum-going habits and the perception of those habits as expressed by government policies promoting the inclusion of Australians of a non-English speaking background in the nation???s cultural programmes. In exploring the issue of inclusiveness, the thesis highlights the need for cultural institutions to shift the emphasis away from audience development, towards greater audience participation. The thesis outlines an initiative-derived Queensland Model for establishing an inclusive relationship between museums and communities, resulting in permanent, affordable, and authoritative collections, while simultaneously improving the museums??? international reputation and networking capabilities. By using the example of one of the nation???s non-indigenous communities, and drawing upon material obtained through the survey, and a catalogue containing photographs and lists of Greek textile collections found in the Powerhouse Museum (MAAS), Sydney, the National Gallery of Victoria and the Immigration Museum, Melbourne, the Queensland Art Gallery and the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, as well as collections owned by private individuals, the thesis focuses on the role played by museums in constructing social cohesion and inclusiveness.

Aboriginal Australian heritage forms a significant and celebrated part of Australian heritage. Set within the institutional frameworks of a predominantly ??white?? European Australian heritage practice, Aboriginal heritage has been promoted as the heritage of a people who belonged to the distant, pre-colonial past and who were an integral and sustainable part of the natural environment. These controlled and carefully packaged meanings of Aboriginal heritage have underwritten aspects of urban Aboriginal presence and history that prevail in the (previously) colonial city. In the midst of the city which seeks to cling to selected images of its colonial past urban Aboriginal heritage emerges as a significant challenge to a largely ??white??, (post)colonial Australian heritage practice. The distinctively Aboriginal sense of anti-colonialism that underlines claims to urban sites of Aboriginal significance unsettles the colonial stereotypes that are associated with Aboriginal heritage and disrupts the ??purity?? of the city by penetrating the stronghold of colonial heritage. However, despite the challenge to the colonising imperatives of heritage practice, the fact that urban Aboriginal heritage continues to be a deeply contested reality indicates that heritage practice has failed to move beyond its predominantly colonial legacy. It knowingly or unwittingly maintains the stronghold of colonial heritage in the city by selectively and often with reluctance, recognising a few sites of contested Aboriginal heritage such as the Old Swan Brewery and Bennett House in Perth. Furthermore, the listing of these sites according to very narrow and largely Eurocentric perceptions of Aboriginal heritage makes it quite difficult for other sites which fall outside these considerations to be included as part of the urban built environment. Importantly this thesis demonstrates that it is most often in the case of Aboriginal sites of political resistance such as The Block in Redfern, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra and Australian Hall in Sydney, that heritage practice tends to maintain its hegemony as these sites are a reminder of the continuing disenfranchised condition of Aboriginal peoples, in a nation which considers itself to be postcolonial.

This thesis argues that the legal ordering of the natural environment represents a culturally contingent 'order of things'. Within this process of categorisation, Nature is constructed as an 'other' to the human subject. This opposition allows nature to be conceived as either an object of control, as found in property law, or as a wilderness to be preserved apart from human society. This latter view is implicit to the principles informing early environmental laws for the protection of natural heritage in international law and within Australia. More recently, this distinctively western legal ordering has been challenged to be more culturally inclusive and to include concepts that incorporate human interaction with the natural environment. In making this argument, the thesis adopts a theoretical framework derived from Foucault's 'Order of Things'. Modem western understanding of the natural environment is directly informed by western science. Scientific discourses, with origins in the Enlightenment, have been extremely influential in determining the legal ordering of the natural environment. In this context, the thesis provides an overview of the conceptual shift from a pre-scientific, organic conception of the relationship between people and nature to a people/nature dichotomy that persists as the nature/culture meta-narrative in modern society. The rise of a more holistic conception of the natural environment, based in ecological principles, has only partially displaced the latter view. The thesis also examines the manner in which property law constitutes the 'proper' order of the natural world within western culture. The bundle of rights concept, implicit to modern conceptions of property, finds resonances in western scientific understanding of the natural world. In particular, property law replicates the subject /object distinction that is central to modern western thought. The positing of nature as an object of control through the property relationship has been a resilient ordering of the natural environment. It has directly contributed to an instrumental perception of the natural environment. Indeed, the property concept was the central way of 'constructing' the Australian natural environment at law from colonisation to well into the twentieth century. The initial legal designation of Australia as 'terra nullius' allowed received English property law to form the template for ordering the occupation of the Australian natural environment by British civilisation. In the second half of the 20th century the wilderness ideal, in concert with ecological 'balance' concepts, gained currency in international and domestic law as the foundation for the protection of natural heritage. Natural heritage protection was a high profile aspect of early environmental laws in Australia. Thus the World Heritage Convention assumed an importance for natural heritage protection within Australia due to specific historical, political and constitutional factors. The adoption of 'holistic' definitions of environment in many pieces of Australian legislation has served to partially displace the instrumental, proprietary view of nature. However, the legal recognition of natural heritage, when based around wilderness ideals, remains predicated upon the western people/nature dichotomy. More recently, reforms to early environmental laws have been instituted and case law reveals a state of flux in how natural heritage areas are to be identified and valued. The traditional western legal constructions of nature have served to occlude Aboriginal and Tones Strait Islander peoples' relationships with 'country'. Such legal frameworks continue to be problematic if a more culturally inclusive and holistic conception of heritage, such as cultural landscapes, is to be adopted. Further, while the recognition of native title has led to a re-examination of many fundamental legal principles, reexamination of our western legal constructs remains incomplete. One of the crucial areas yet to be fully worked through is how to accommodate western dualistic notions of the relationship between people and the natural environment with the legal requirements to establish native title. The need for accommodation has direct practical ramifications in that many world heritage, national estate and other 'wilderness' areas are, or may be, subject to native title claims. Therefore, the thesis considers the need to re-assess western, scientifically derived conceptions of natural heritage as the prevailing principles for environmental preservation. Finally the thesis discusses the contingency of any legal ordering of the natural world. Western representations of nature have exerted tremendous influence upon the legal regimes that have regulated and ordered nature across the Australian continent. These classifications are embedded within a particular cultural narrative. Parts of the Australian natural environment that are designated as property, as natural heritage, as native title, or as cultural heritage do not achieve this legal characterisation due to any inherent value or features of the natural environment itself. These areas are not necessarily property or heritage or native title until incorporated within, or recognised by, western legal frameworks. As such, any decision to ascribe a given legal status to the natural environment as part of the legal ordering needs to be seen as involving issues of choice that have direct distributive justice implications.

This thesis represents the first effort to catalogue extant timber slab houses of 19th century Canberra and its outlying regions. From an archaeological viewpoint, it looks at slab houses as above-ground artefacts that possess ingrained information about the culture that built them and analyses them as material culture through an investigation of their: history, material, construction, function and design. It is inspired by the work of folk historian, Henry Glassie, and focuses on form and pattern, through a comparison of floor plans, in order to understand the needs, minds and behaviours of early Canberrans. The thesis also draws on the historic documentary record of a similar local group of houses, those resumed by the Commonwealth in 1912-13.