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This report describes the development, deployment, and analysis of an experimental instructional unit using applied constructivism instructional design (ID). The ID template was used to integrate a high-fidelity simulator into an undergraduate health care degree curriculum in a private, not-for-profit university. A switching-replications experimental design was used with random assignment of volunteer participants to initial treatment and control groups. Quantitative analysis of learning outcomes using standardized assessments was performed, including correlational analysis for knowledge transfer of simulator skills to clinical skills. Statistically significant positive effects were found for the educational outcomes of participants when measuring both the knowledge and application of heart anatomical structures and views for examination of the heart with ultrasound. Mild positive correlations were found between performance on the simulator and performance in an actual clinical setting, with limited predictive value between the two. The switching-replications experimental design helped to control for potentially strong social effects that could have endangered internal validity and to maximize the data available for analysis. Many of the constructivist-based ID features of the educational unit resulted in positive feedback and participation from participants. However, cautionary findings relating to the ID features included the need to carefully evaluate their use, as there was a tendency for participants to not value the performance of certain features if they were not going to be graded, despite their likely educational benefit. Future research suggested includes repetition across similar institutions with disparate student populations, and use of the educational unit ID template to implement simulation technology in other educational realms. Other possibilities include determining the effects on learning outcomes of a more-realistic user interface (UI) design and/or increased realism (difficulty) in the simulation itself. Related qualitative-based research could include structured interviews to determine participant satisfaction and learning outlooks, and investigation of the learners’ thoughts and perceptions as they use actual ultrasound machines after practicing on the simulator through think-aloud and active interview techniques.

INTRODUÇÃO: A educação neurocirúrgica requer muitos anos de treinamento prático e supervisionado. O desenvolvimento de plataformas de simulação cirúrgica é, portanto, essencial para reduzir o risco de erros intraoperatórios potencialmente graves decorrentes da inexperiência. Este estudo considera o treinamento cirúrgico para tratamento de hidrocefalia e cranioestenose. OBJETIVOS: Propor uma nova ferramenta para a educação neurocirúrgica, associando à simulação virtual e realística (realidade mista), para a correção da cranioestenose (tipo escafocefalia) e treinamento neuroendoscópico. MÉTODOS: Os simuladores físicos foram confeccionados com um silicone emborrachado termorretrátil e termossensível. Para validar os modelos de neuroendoscopia e cranioestenose, cirurgiões experientes participaram deste estudo usando vídeos de reconstrução tridimensional desenvolvidos pelo programa 3DS Max. Questionários sobre o papel dos simuladores virtuais e realísticos foram aplicados aos neurocirurgiões em relação à aplicabilidade da simulação de realidade mista para ambos os treinamentos cirúrgicos. O modelo virtual craniano foi criado com a obtenção de imagens no formato DICOM. Esta informação foi então processada usando um algoritmo de computação para gerar um biomodelo tridimensional em resina. O modelo e suas possibilidades de treinamento também foram avaliados qualitativamente por uma equipe de neurocirurgiões. Posteriormente, os especialistas avaliaram a aplicação da ferramenta para residentes em neurocirurgia. RESULTADOS: Os cirurgiões experientes consideraram a simulação mista como uma ferramenta potencial para o treinamento de novos residentes em neurocirurgia. Mais de 94% deles julgaram os simuladores adequados considerando aspectos como peso, posicionamento cirúrgico, dissecção por planos e reconstrução craniana. Em relação à experiência do modelo, cinco neurocirurgiões especialistas e 12 residentes de neurocirurgia participaram da avaliação. Todos consideraram a ferramenta positiva para o treinamento proposto. Os especialistas comentaram sobre quão interessante o modelo pode ser, instigando a compreensão das razões de cada etapa cirúrgica e de como atuar nelas. Os residentes apresentaram melhor clareza na visualização tridimensional, auxiliando indiretamente na compreensão da técnica cirúrgica. Além disso, eles notaram uma notável redução de erros em cada tentativa de montar o modelo. Os residentes consideraram ser um método de ensino cuja avaliação é objetiva e clara. CONCLUSÃO: Uma mistura de simulação física e virtual fornece previamente as habilidades psicomotoras e cognitivas necessárias, que são adquiridas apenas durante a aprendizagem prática cirúrgica. Finalmente, o quebra-cabeça pode ser uma importante ferramenta complementar, permitindo graus variados de imersão e realismo. Forneceu uma noção de realidade física, oferecendo informações dinâmicas simbólicas e geométricas, com rica visualização tridimensional. O uso de simuladores pode potencialmente melhorar e abreviar a curva de aprendizado dos cirurgiões / that requires many years of supervised hands-on training. The development of surgical simulation platforms is therefore essential to reducing the risk of potentially serious intraoperative errors arising from inexperience. This study considers the surgical training for hydrocephalus and craniosysnostosis treatment. OBJECTIVES:To propose a new tool for neurosurgical education, associating virtual and realistic simulation (mixed reality), for craniosynostosis correction (scaphocephaly type) and neuroendoscopic training. In addition, we sought to develop a \"puzzle\" to simulate the scaphocephaly surgical correction using Renier\"s \"H\" technique and to evaluate the learning impact for neurosurgery residents. METHODS: Physical simulators were made with a synthetic thermo-retractile and thermosensible silicone rubber. In order to validate the neuroendoscopy and craniosynostosis models, experienced surgeons participated in this study using tridimensional reconstruction videos developed by 3DS Max program. Questionnaires regarding the role of virtual and realistic simulators were applied to experienced neurosurgeons regarding the applicability of the mixed reality simulation for both surgery training. The puzzle cranial model was created by obtaining images through a multi slice CT scan DICOM format. This information was then processed using a computing algorithm to generate a three-dimensional biomodel in resine. The puzzle and its training possibilities were also evaluated qualitatively by a team of expert neurosurgeons. Subsequently the experts evaluated the application of the tool for residents in neurosurgery and the residents also evaluated the experience. RESULTS: The experienced surgeons considered the mixed reality simulation as a potential tool for training new residents in neurosurgery. More than 94% found the simulators appropriate considering aspects such as weight, surgical positioning, dissection by planes, and cranial reconstruction. Regarding the puzzle experience, five experts neurosurgeons and 12 neurosurgery residents participated in the evaluation. All considered the tool positive for the proposed training. The experts have commented on how interesting the model may be by instigating the understanding of the reasons for each surgical step and how to act in them. Residents presented better clarity in the three-dimensional visualization of the step by step, indirectly aiding in the understanding of the surgical technique. In addition, they noted a notable reduction of errors with each attempt to assemble the puzzle. Residents considered it to be a teaching method that makes assessment objective and clear. CONCLUSION: A mixture of physical and virtual simulation provide the required psychomotor and cognitive skills previously acquired only during practical surgical apprenticeship. Finally, puzzle in cranial shape may be an important complementary tool, allowing varying degrees of immersion and realism. It provided a notion of physical reality, offering symbolic, geometric and dynamic information, with rich tridimensional visualization. The simulators use may safely improve and abbreviate the surgeons learning curve

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Secondary infusions is a common method to deliver short infusions of intravenous (IV) drugs and fluids. Errors associated with this infusion method have led to patient safety concerns. This study's objective was to empirically evaluate interventions to mitigate secondary infusion risks. Three interventions, including a technology-based intervention (clamp detector on a smart pump), a training-based intervention (educational module), and a practice-based intervention (use of a separate pump for short infusions), were tested in a simulated inpatient unit. The technology-based intervention significantly decreased secondary clamp errors whereas the training-based intervention reduced complex pressure differential errors. The practice-based intervention was the only intervention that significantly decreased both secondary clamp errors and pressure differential errors, but introduced new risks due to mismanagement of residual volume in IV tubing. Study results highlight the need for a combination of mitigation strategies and can help guide the selection of interventions to reduce secondary infusion errors.

Secondary infusions is a common method to deliver short infusions of intravenous (IV) drugs and fluids. Errors associated with this infusion method have led to patient safety concerns. This study's objective was to empirically evaluate interventions to mitigate secondary infusion risks. Three interventions, including a technology-based intervention (clamp detector on a smart pump), a training-based intervention (educational module), and a practice-based intervention (use of a separate pump for short infusions), were tested in a simulated inpatient unit. The technology-based intervention significantly decreased secondary clamp errors whereas the training-based intervention reduced complex pressure differential errors. The practice-based intervention was the only intervention that significantly decreased both secondary clamp errors and pressure differential errors, but introduced new risks due to mismanagement of residual volume in IV tubing. Study results highlight the need for a combination of mitigation strategies and can help guide the selection of interventions to reduce secondary infusion errors.

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Electrification and energy efficiency are two important aspects in present scenarios describing a sustainable future. Electric motors constitute a large fractionof industry’s electricity demand today, and it is expected to remain high inthe future. Electrification of the transport sector is expected in a sustainabledevelopment scenario, leading to a large increase in electric vehicles. Theirpropulsion systems will contain one or several motors.Development of new energy efficient motors and generators requires highresolution methods for studying and describing heat transfer phenomena. Thissince temperature level affects a motors efficiency and effective and efficientcooling allows for using less active material in the motor.In this work simulations of temperature distribution in a motor for tractionapplications are performed with different specifications of the loss distributionand distribution of coolant flow. Simulation results are compared to measuredvalues. The comparison shows how the simulation results differ in comparisonto the measurements. It can be concluded that attention needs to be paid tohow the simulation is defined when comparing to measured data.In establishing high resolution simulation approaches, the heat transfersystem constituting of an impinging jet on a flat plate is considered as aprototype problem. A Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach is employed tostudy the heat transfer and gather heat transfer data. Statistical analysis ofsampled heat transfer data shows behavior which is previously unpublished.The application of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), on the heattransfer field, and Extended Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (EPOD), linkingheat transfer modes with fluid flow modes, regarding the impinging jet systemis performed for the first time. The results show a clear correlation betweenstructures in the heat transfer field and structures in the fluid flow field.The investigated simulation methods and approaches can be employed instudies of heat transfer in electric machines.