<p>This thesis concerns the development and validation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods aimed for two industrially important areas: (i) analysis of biotechnological synthesis and (ii) determination of adsorption isotherm parameters. There is today a lack of detailed recommendations for analytical procedures in the field of biotechnological production of drugs. Therefore, guidelines were given for analytical development and validation in this field; the production of 9α-hydroxyprogesterone was used as model. In addition, a rapid method using HPLC coupled with diode-array-detection (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS), was developed for the preliminary identification and quantification of the product. In addition, requirements and recommendations were developed for the selection of the internal standard and for its inclusion in the process liquid. By using this approach the precision and accuracy of the quantitative method were considerably improved. </p><p>Preparative chromatography is a powerful separation method for the purification of pure compounds from more or less complex sample mixtures. One such mixture can be the process liquid from a fermentation, another example can be a racemic mixture of compounds whose enantiomeric constituents must be isolated. Computer-assisted modeling can be used to optimize preparative chromatography. However, competitive adsorption isotherm parameters are required as input data for the computer simulations. In this thesis, a new injection technique, based on a firm theoretical basis, was developed for the peak perturbation (PP) method allowing the determination of binary competitive adsorption isotherm parameters from a broad concentration range. With the new method the determination of adsorption isotherm parameters from a quaternary mixture could be done for the first time. The profiles simulated with these parameters showed excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental profiles, validating the accuracy of the adsorption isotherm parameters derived by the new method.</p>

<p>In this thesis, methods for studying different aspects of proteomics were developed with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance, (FTICR), mass spectrometry. The FTICR technique provides ultra-high mass resolving power, mass accuracy at sub ppm level and sensitivity in the attomole region.</p><p>Methods for quantifying biomarkers in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, (CSF), and plasma were developed. Two sets of global markers with different properties were used for quantitative analysis; S-Methyl Thioacetimidate, (SMTA), and S-Methyl Thiopropionimidate, (SMTP), and [H₄]- and [D₄]-1-Nicotinoyloxy succinimide ester. Reduced ion suppression and higher sensitivity was obtained by coupling a High Performance Liquid Chromatography, (HPLC), system to the FTICR mass spectrometer.</p><p>In body fluids, proteins and peptides are present in a broad dynamic concentration range. Therefore, depleting abundant proteins prior to analysis results in decreased ion suppression and increased sensitivity. Two commercial depletion kits were evaluated with the SMTA- and SMTP-markers.</p><p>For both types of global markers, the experimental error for quantitative analysis of abundant proteins was less than 30%. This provides a lower limit for the protein up- and down regulations in complex solutions that can be monitored with HPLC-FTICR mass spectrometry.</p><p>Together with the identity and quantity of selected proteins the structure, dynamics and interactions with other molecules are of great importance. The later can be elucidated with Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange, (HDX), mass spectrometry. Structural information at high resolution can be obtained with Collision-Induced Dissociation, (CID), HDX mass spectrometry. In this thesis, exchange rates of amide hydrogens in peptides were in excellent agreement with NMR results.</p><p>In some cases, the CID-fragments have different gas-phase exchange properties and as a consequence the solution phase exchange process can not be monitored. By applying Electron Capture Dissociation, (ECD), at ultra-high vacuum, the exchange process at a specific residue could be monitored.</p>

This thesis concerns the development and validation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods aimed for two industrially important areas: (i) analysis of biotechnological synthesis and (ii) determination of adsorption isotherm parameters. There is today a lack of detailed recommendations for analytical procedures in the field of biotechnological production of drugs. Therefore, guidelines were given for analytical development and validation in this field; the production of 9α-hydroxyprogesterone was used as model. In addition, a rapid method using HPLC coupled with diode-array-detection (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS), was developed for the preliminary identification and quantification of the product. In addition, requirements and recommendations were developed for the selection of the internal standard and for its inclusion in the process liquid. By using this approach the precision and accuracy of the quantitative method were considerably improved. Preparative chromatography is a powerful separation method for the purification of pure compounds from more or less complex sample mixtures. One such mixture can be the process liquid from a fermentation, another example can be a racemic mixture of compounds whose enantiomeric constituents must be isolated. Computer-assisted modeling can be used to optimize preparative chromatography. However, competitive adsorption isotherm parameters are required as input data for the computer simulations. In this thesis, a new injection technique, based on a firm theoretical basis, was developed for the peak perturbation (PP) method allowing the determination of binary competitive adsorption isotherm parameters from a broad concentration range. With the new method the determination of adsorption isotherm parameters from a quaternary mixture could be done for the first time. The profiles simulated with these parameters showed excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental profiles, validating the accuracy of the adsorption isotherm parameters derived by the new method.

In this thesis, methods for studying different aspects of proteomics were developed with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance, (FTICR), mass spectrometry. The FTICR technique provides ultra-high mass resolving power, mass accuracy at sub ppm level and sensitivity in the attomole region. Methods for quantifying biomarkers in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, (CSF), and plasma were developed. Two sets of global markers with different properties were used for quantitative analysis; S-Methyl Thioacetimidate, (SMTA), and S-Methyl Thiopropionimidate, (SMTP), and [H4]- and [D4]-1-Nicotinoyloxy succinimide ester. Reduced ion suppression and higher sensitivity was obtained by coupling a High Performance Liquid Chromatography, (HPLC), system to the FTICR mass spectrometer. In body fluids, proteins and peptides are present in a broad dynamic concentration range. Therefore, depleting abundant proteins prior to analysis results in decreased ion suppression and increased sensitivity. Two commercial depletion kits were evaluated with the SMTA- and SMTP-markers. For both types of global markers, the experimental error for quantitative analysis of abundant proteins was less than 30%. This provides a lower limit for the protein up- and down regulations in complex solutions that can be monitored with HPLC-FTICR mass spectrometry. Together with the identity and quantity of selected proteins the structure, dynamics and interactions with other molecules are of great importance. The later can be elucidated with Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange, (HDX), mass spectrometry. Structural information at high resolution can be obtained with Collision-Induced Dissociation, (CID), HDX mass spectrometry. In this thesis, exchange rates of amide hydrogens in peptides were in excellent agreement with NMR results. In some cases, the CID-fragments have different gas-phase exchange properties and as a consequence the solution phase exchange process can not be monitored. By applying Electron Capture Dissociation, (ECD), at ultra-high vacuum, the exchange process at a specific residue could be monitored.

The thesis combines laboratory experiments and field expeditions to study production, transfer and consumption of non-enzymatic antioxidants and thiamine in an aquatic food web. In particular, I (1) documented spatial and seasonal variation of tocopherols and carotenoids in the Baltic Sea pelagic food web, and (2) examined the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on tocopherol, carotenoid and thiamine concentrations in phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. Moderate differences in temperature and salinity affected α-tocopherol, β-carotene and thiamine production in microalgae. Furthermore, the results suggest that acute stress favors the expression of non-enzymatic antioxidants rather than enzymatic antioxidants. Because production of α-tocopherol, β-carotene and thiamine differ markedly between microalgae, the availability of non-enzymatic antioxidants and thiamine is likely to be highly variable in the Baltic Sea and is difficult to predict. The transfer of non-enzymatic antioxidants from phytoplankton to zooplankton was biomass dependent. The field expeditions revealed that phytoplankton biomass was negatively associated with α-tocopherol concentration in mesozooplankton. Thus, increased eutrophication of the Baltic Sea followed by an increase in phytoplankton biomass could decrease the transfer of essential biochemicals to higher levels in the pelagic food web. This could lead to deficiency syndromes, of the kind already observed in the Baltic Sea. Astaxanthin is synthesized from precursors provided by the phytoplankton community. Thus biomass dependent transfer of astaxanthin precursors from phytoplankton to zooplankton could be responsible for astaxanthin deficiency in zooplanktivorous herring. Astaxanthin in herring consists mostly of all-Z-isomers, which are characterized by low bioavailability. Therefore, astaxanthin deficiency in salmon could be explained by the low concentration of this substance and its isomeric composition in herring.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein industriell genutzter Metallreiniger auf Basis nichtionischer Tenside untersucht. Dabei werden ausschließlich Messmethoden verwendet, die sich auch für eine industrielle Fertigung eignen. Zu Anfang enthält die Arbeit kurze Abrisse zum gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand bezüglich der Inhaltstoffe industriell genutzten Reiniger, der Analytik von Tensiden in Reinigern und der Adsorption der Tenside auf Feststoffoberflächen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht neben der Charakterisierung und Analyse des Reinigers die quantitative Bestimmung der im Reiniger enthaltenen Tenside in industriellen Reinigungsbädern. Mit Hilfe der Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatografie mit einem Verdampfungs - Lichtstreudetektor wird die quantitative Verteilung der Tenside in Reinigungsbädern unter verschiedenen der industriellen Fertigung entsprechenden Bedingungen untersucht. Die Adsorption der im Reiniger enthaltenen Tenside auf der Metalloberfläche unter Fertigungsbedingungen wird mit Fluoreszenzspektroskopie und IR-Spektroskopie quantitativ bestimmt. Im letzten Kapitel wird auf die Umsetzung der gefundenen Ergebnisse in die industrielle Praxis eingegangen.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

In this study, a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed to separate and determine Pt and Pd after formation of their chelates with N,N-diethyl-N&#039 / -benzoylthiourea (DEBT). With the aim of reducing the number of steps in treating the samples, the method developed does not require the elimination of excess chelating reagent before the analysis of metal chelates. The different physical and chemical parameters affecting separation were examined in details. The whole analysis was completed on a C18 column in 16 min at 280 nm, with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-water (80:10:10, v:v:v) containing 0.20 mol l-1 pH 5.0 acetate buffer at a flow rate of 0.8 ml min-1. Detection limits of the method, based on 3s, were found as 14.2 ug l-1 for Pd and 0.77 mg l-1 for Pt using a 20-ul sample loop. Reproducibility of the method for ten repeated measurements was found as 2.36 % for 0.60 mg l-1 Pd and 2.58 % for 10.0 mg l-1 Pt as % RSD. The proposed method is a rapid, simple and highly selective method for the simultaneous determination of Pt and Pd by HPLC without the need for any interference elimination process.

The adulteration of phytotherapic formulations has been increasing considerably in the recent years in several countries, by the fact that there is not an established efficient monitoring for the control of the manipulation and commercialization of the so called natural medicines . As the possibility of adulteration is relatively wide in terms of compound classes, the need of analytical methods with good sensitivity and selectivity, which are able to identify and quantify simultaneously more than one pharmaceutical in the same phytotherapic formulation, is very important. Considering the well known effects of these adulterants and its use and abuse in the formulations for weigh loss, two separations methods were developed in this study to enable the study of benzodiazepines alprazolam, clonazepam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, medazepam and midazolam as possible adulterants in phytotherapic formulations. For the electrophoretic method the optimized conditions were: buffer phosphate 100 mM, 15% acetonitrile (pH 2,0) as an electrolyte; fused silica capillary coated with a 60 cm layer of polymida (9,5 cm to the detector window) with 75 Um of internal diameter, operating at 25 °C; 15 kV of applied voltage, UV detection at 200 nm and anodic hydrodynamic injection for 2 seconds with a pressure of 30 mbar. The chromatographic method was optimized as the following conditions: eluent acetonitrile: water 40:60 (v / v) (pH 4,0) at flow 0,5 mL/min, UV detection at 230 nm and injection of 20 μL. The adulteration in these phytotherapic formulations occurs usually with the use of only one pharmaceutical class: a benzodiazepine, a anorexic and a antidepressant. It is not expected to find in the same sample more than one benzodiazepine. Therefore, the eletroforetic and chromatography proposed methods do not have the objective to detect all of benzodiazepines together in a same sample, but rather to promote the individual identification of all in a sample. The RP-HPLC method was validated for the determination of these benzodiazepines and applied for the determination of the adulterants in phytotherapic formulations used in the treatment of obesity, which have been commercialized as natural medicines by Brazilian pharmacies. The recovery experiments promoted recoveries values higher than 84,25 % for all the analyzed adulterants. The developed methods introduced high sensitivity, analytical precision, low cost and rapid analysis, confirming the applicability of the methods as an alternative for the control and monitoring of abuse use of these pharmaceuticals in phytotherapic formulations passible of adulteration. / A adulteração de formulações fitoterápicas tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos em alguns países, pelo fato de que ainda não há uma fiscalização eficiente estabelecida para o controle da manipulação e comercialização dos chamados medicamentos naturais . Como a possibilidade de adulteração é relativamente ampla em termos de classes de compostos, surge assim, a necessidade de métodos analíticos de boa seletividade e sensibilidade, capazes de identificar e quantificar simultaneamente mais de um fármaco na mesma formulação fitoterápica. Sabendo-se dos efeitos indesejados que esses adulterantes podem causar, além da necessidade de alertar a sociedade sobre os perigos do uso e abuso desses adulterantes nas formulações para emagrecimento, desenvolveu-se neste trabalho dois métodos de separação, para possibilitar o estudo da presença dos benzodiazepínicos alprazolam, clonazepam, clordiazepóxido, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, medazepam e midazolam como possíveis adulterantes em produtos fitoterápicos: eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência por fase reversa (RP-HPLC). Para o método eletroforético as condições otimizadas foram: eletrólito de trabalho tampão fosfato 100 mM, 15% acetonitrila (pH 2,0); capilar de sílica fundida revestido de poliimida de 60 cm de comprimento (com 9,5 cm da janela do detector) com diâmetro interno de 75 Um, operando a 25°C; voltagem aplicada de 15 kV; detecção UV em 200 nm e injeção hidrodinâmica anódica durante 2 segundos com pressão de 30 mBar. O método cromatográfico foi otimizado na seguinte condição: eluente acetonitrila:água 40:60 (v/v) (pH 4,0) em fluxo 0,5 mL/min; detecção UV em 230 nm e injeção de 20 μL. As adulterações nestas formulações fitoterápicas ocorrem, geralmente, com o uso de somente uma classe de fármacos: um benzodiazepínico, um anorexígeno e um antidepressivo. Não se espera encontrar em uma mesma amostra mais de um benzodiazepínico, portanto, os métodos eletroforéticos e cromatográficos propostos não têm como objetivo detectar todos os benzodiazepínicos juntos em uma mesma amostra e sim, promover a identificação individual de todos em uma amostra. O método de RP-HPLC foi validado para a determinação desses benzodiazepínicos e empregado na análise de formulações fitoterápicas utilizadas no tratamento da obesidade, as quais são comercializadas como medicamentos naturais por farmácias de manipulação brasileiras. Os ensaios de recuperação realizados promoveram recuperações acima de 84,25 % para todas as espécies de adulterantes analisadas. Os métodos desenvolvidos apresentaram alta sensibilidade, precisão analítica, baixo custo e análises rápidas, comprovando a aplicabilidade dos mesmos como uma alternativa para o controle e fiscalização do uso abusivo destes fármacos presentes em formulações fitoterápicas passíveis de adulteração.

O pró-fármaco olmesartana medoxomila (OLM) é um anti-hipertensivo representante da classe dos bloqueadores seletivos dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA). No Brasil, encontra-se disponível sob a forma de comprimidos revestidos (Benicar®). Foi aprovado pelo FDA em 2002. Não existe monografia disponível para este fármaco em nenhum código oficial. Desse modo, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para quantificação da OLM na substância química de referência (SQR) e forma farmacêutica, estabelecer a cinética de dissolução in vitro para os comprimidos revestidos deste fármaco e por fim investigar a presença de diferentes estruturas polimórficas da SQR deste anti-hipertensivo. A determinação da faixa de fusão, a espectrofotometria na região do infravermelho (IV), assim como a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C permitiram a identificação da SQR. Os métodos por espectrofotometria na região do ultravioleta (UV), cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (CLAE) e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar (MECC) foram utilizados para análise qualitativa do fármaco no produto acabado. A determinação quantitativa foi realizada através do desenvolvimento e validação de método indicativo da estabilidade por CLAE e MECC, avaliando-se os parâmetros descritos pelas guias de validação como: especificidade, robustez, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão e exatidão. Determinou-se ainda, a intercambialidade dos mesmos, através de análise estatística por ANOVA (p = 0,05), e comprovou-se que ambos podem ser utilizados para análise qualitativa e quantitativa da OLM em matéria-prima e produto acabado. O teste de dissolução foi desenvolvido e validado de acordo com o guia proposto pelo USP Fórum, utilizando como meio de dissolução 900 ml de uma solução a 0,5% (p/V) de lauril sulfato de sódio pH 6,8, a 37 ± 0,5 °C, pás a 50 rpm e quantificação por CLAE e espectrofotometria na região do UV. A análise do teor de OLM dissolvida, realizada por ambos os métodos, não apresentou diferença estatística (p > 0,05). Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar®, medicamento referência, e do Olmetec®, outra formulação disponível no mercado, foram considerados semelhantes, após aplicação do método modelo-independente (f1 e f2) e eficiência de dissolução. Avaliou-se, também, a cinética de dissolução de ambas as formulações através da aplicação de métodos modelo-dependentes. Os perfis de dissolução do Benicar® e Ometec® foram descritos pelos modelos propostos por Hixson-Crowell e de ordem zero, respectivamente. Os valores calculados para t50% e t80%, obtidos através da aplicação da equação de ordem zero, foram semelhantes aos valores experimentais encontrados no perfil de dissolução de ambos os produtos. As técnicas de espectrofotometria por reflexão difusa no IV com transformada de Fourier (ATRFTIR), difração de raios-X de pó (XRPD), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TGA) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram a identificação de uma forma amorfa e outra polimórfica da SQR da OLM, diferentes daquela descrita na literatura. Logo, de acordo com os resultados obtidos, todos os métodos propostos podem ser utilizados para no controle de qualidade da OLM em SQR e produto acabado. / The prodrug olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is a selective angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). In Brazil, it is available as coated tablets (Benicar®). It was approved by FDA in 2002. There is no monograph available for this drug in any official code. According to this, the main purpose of this study was to develop a quality control analytical methodology for OLM in bulk material and dosage form, to establish in vitro dissolution kinetic for OLM coated tablets, and to investigate the crystalline behavior of OLM bulk material. The investigation of melting range and application of techniques such as infrared spectrophotometry (IR), as well as the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify OLM. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), highperformance liquid chromatography (LC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were used for qualitative analysis of the drug in coated tablets. The quantitative determination was carried out through the development and validation of a stability-indicating LC and MEKC methods, evaluating the parameters described in the guidelines such as: specificity, robustness, linearity, detection and quantitation limits, precision, and accuracy. The results were compared statistically by ANOVA (p = 0.05), and no difference was found between them for both bulk material and coated tablets. A dissolution test was developed and validated according to the guideline proposed by the USP Forum, using 900 ml of dissolution medium containing 0.5% of sodium lauryl sulfate (w/V) pH 6.8, at 37 ± 0.5 °C, paddle at 50 rpm, and quantitation by LC and UV spectrophotometry. The resulting dissolution profiles did not show statistical difference (p > 0.05) between methods. The dissolution profiles of Benicar®, reference formulation, and Olmetec®, another commercial formulation available, were considered similar, using model independent (f1, f2, and dissolution efficiency) methods. The dissolution kinetic of both formulations, using model dependent approaches, revealed that Benicar® followed the Hixson-Crowell model, while Olmetec® the zero-order model. The calculated values of t50% and t80%, obtained from zero-order equation, were similar of experimental values found in the dissolution profile for both products. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrophotometry, along with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed to identify one amorphous and other polymorphic forms of OLM. According to the obtained results, all proposed methods could be used in the quality control of OLM bulk material and coated tablets.