Studies on work-related skeletal lesions are a vital part of answering questions about how animals were used by prehistoric populations. In Sweden, this sort of research has mainly been done on cattle. Horse (equus) bones are simply to uncommon to find and the osteometric methods are severely lacking. This essay aims to use previous Swedish as well as foreign research on the subject, as a basis for a new study focusing on horse bones from different contexts. The aim is to find indications of whether or not the relationship between humans and horses has affected the way these animals were treated, and later disposed of after death. A new perspective of theory and methodology will be used to tackle the problems that have previously haunted osteological research on horse bones. By combining osteological analysis and microarchaeology the goal is to reach for information that in the past has been hard to come by.  Swedish osteology needs to step out of its comfort zone and start looking at animal bones as more than a statistic foundation.

This essay is about capital punishment and mutilation in Ancient Egypt’s pharaonic era. The earlier research has mostly focused on the New Kingdom and later periods, in large part because the textual sources are much clearer from then on. There are however some earlier texts that seem to mention death penalty or mutilation, but correct analysis of these is debatable. Some scholars argue that death penalty certainly was used before New Kingdom, while others claim that this is not the case. These things combined contribute to the lack of knowledge of how these penalties were used. The goal of the present study is to elaborate on how and why the penalties were applied and if they were used before the New Kingdom. This is done by means of analyzing and comparing textual sources from different time periods. The material consists of inscriptions from tombs, stelae and juridical documents such as documentation from tomb robberies and the so-called Harem Conspiracy. The most important findings are that there are indicators, but no tangible evidence, for mutilation or capital punishment being used before New Kingdom. The New Kingdom material is indeed clearer and it is apparent that death penalty, in the form of impaling, was used as punishment for tomb robbery, conspiracy and rebellion against the king and theft from temple. Mutilation of the ears and the nose was used against those who abused their power or their confidence.

Den här uppsatsen syftar till att belysa förändringar i hur hälsoanspråk använts och utformats i kommersiellt syfte under 1900-talet. Förändringarna synliggörs genom att analysera problem, mål och medel i Mjölkpropagandans tidskrift utifrån teorin om styrningsrationalitet. Förändringarna i reklamverksamhet är intressanta att studera eftersom Mjölkpropagandan var en omfattande kommersiell historisk aktör, vars verksamhet sträckte sig över en längre period. Uppsatsen ingår huvudsakligen i diskussioner om hur hälsa har använts i reklam, men den bidrar också till diskussioner om hälsoupplysning och historien om mjölk och mjölkpropagandan i sig. Undersökningen visar hur hälsoanspråk anpassats i reklamen utifrån kontextuella förändringar och kritik. På så vis har mjölkens auktoritet och reklamkampanjens legitimitet bibehållits. Reklamen har gått ifrån att vara subjektiv och värderande som ett folkhälsoprojekt på 1920- och 30-talet till att vara objektiv och vägledande gentemot konsumenterna på 1960- och 70-talet. Uppsatsen visar även hur mjölken genom anpassade sätt att använda och utforma hälsoargument blivit ett etablerat behov.

During the second century BCE the Roman norms regarding female clothing changed. From being a garment worn by both men and women, the toga hereafter came to be a symbol for female indecency. The following study aims to understand why the toga came to symbolize this and does that by analyzing and discussing both ancient and modern sources. The study have been thematically divided, with chapters discussing different parts of the Roman society which all give some insight as to why the toga came to represent female indecency. A chapter discussing the ancient Roman female and male norms regarding clothes and status is followed up by a chapter analyzing how the ancient sources depicts situations in which women wear the toga. Lastly, chapters discussing the Roman view on women in prostitution and adulteresses, other situations in which women wore the toga and whether or not the female toga was an actual garment or a epithet will be included as well.  The discussion and analysis have all come to the following conclusion: the toga was used as a way for the Roman society to make the adulteress or the woman in prostitution less feminine. By associating a certain (female) behavior with a masculine garment, in a society obsessed with femininity and masculinity, the faulty behavior could be punished. Adulteresses and women in prostitution did not abide by what the ideal sexual behavior was for women, and therefore those women would not be considered feminine. Further studies are required to be able to distinguish whether this was limited to the Roman capital or if the toga as a symbol for female indecency could be found elsewhere in the empire.

This thesis analyses the formation of haze by taking the case of severer haze in Beijing in the winter of 2015, which was caused by the collective effect of human activities, topography and meteorological. Among these causes, anthropogenic emissions contributed most, such as coal-fired emissions and vehicle emissions. The haze not only brings direct harm to health, but also slowly changes the way people live in the haze. Beijing has issued the Clean Air Action Plan to mitigate haze. Additionally, a series of stringent control measures were adopted during Beijing Olympics and APEC summit. These measures, such as vehicle emissions reduction and coal-free programme effectively reduced the PM concentration but failed to reduce GHG emissions. Hence, the causes for the lack of sustainability of air pollution control measures are included in thesis.

Damp, rotting, smelly, rising from the depths, washed up on shorelines. Seaweed (or Macroalgae) has transitioned over time in its position and uses within the British Isles; as discussed in the thesis it has undergone an evolution from its historical use as a source of food in times of desperation, to the superfood it is lauded as today. Other applications, from medicinal to agricultural, have contributed to a narrative of seaweed’s identity over the centuries, to the appeal of seaweed as a food source in the present day. There is an increased interest in seaweed, especially for culinary purposes, in the British Isles. Research by chefs, cookbooks and innovative product ranges also frame the current attitudes in the use of seaweed in common everyday foods. The case study shows the challenges and opportunities in the current revitalised seaweed market, identifying marketing analysis approaches useful for changing the attitudes toward seaweed in the British Isles. Based on interviews with companies marketing seaweed, and a focus on Seagreens®, I draw on advertising theory and consultancy tools (such as SWOT, AGCC, ELM and DAGMAR) to analyse the current seaweed market defining what I call a ‘consumer triad’ of potential consumers. Findings indicate many possibilities for future USP endorsements depending on the target market, from health-orientated to sustainably farmed. Seaweed interest appears to be more knowledge than consumer driven, so the question instead surrounds the prospect of knowledge sharing in an integrated online manner. Meanwhile, challenges in farming, labelling and conservation within the EU hamper advancements in the field, with the balance shifting to invested interest in Blue Economy models and IMTA systems.

This paper deals with how different operators use Sami history, what kind of use of history they apply. The material I have analysed are lesson plans from Samiskt informationscentrum, The Sami – an Indigenous People in Sweden by Sametinget and the government, brochures by Gaaltije/Sydsamiskt kulturcentrum and the journal Samefolket the years 1969-2018. The study answers two main questions: - Which use of history is made by the actors claiming Sami history? How do they use Sami history? - In what way are global historical references used in the writing of history? I have used a hermeneutic method as a tool in my analysis to try to understand in what aim the use of Sami history is made. My main conclusions are that there often are deep historical arguments that are used, where the authors in my material are trying to legitimize the presence of the Sami people as far back in time as possible. A genealogical perspective is used in all the material, where the history that is important for them is shown, as well as that the actions of the Sami peoples ancestor is often raised. This is connected with an ideological use of history, because arguments like “the Sami have been here as long as anyone can remember” are used. This is linked with the existential use of history where I see it as an aim to legitimize the rights of land, fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry. There is also a moral use of history that are shown in connection with an existential use of history, where I see it as strive for remembering the history of the Sami, but also a reconciliation and restoration with the past. Often the moral, ideological and existential use of history is used together to achieve the same thing – more rights for the Sami’s. There is a political dimension of history culture that I see in my material where the history is used to legitimize, in this case, the rights of the Sami people. The use of global historical references is partly showed in Samefolket, some of the brochures and in one of the lesson plans about colonialism; where there are comparisons with how the Jews, the indigenous Americans and aborigines were treated.

Facial reconstructions, like archaeology, consists of many layers that one must get through to understand the whole picture. The development of the methods that reconstructions rely on, occurred during the 20th century. By focusing on the various elements such as studies of tissue depth, chemical processes (DNA and isotope analysis), solid craftsmanship and the development of computer technology, researchers around the world have been able to build a method that can give us an extended understanding of history. However, a lot of opinions have risen for the subject, people begin to question it ́s accuracy and what the real purpose really is. Besides the reliability of facial reconstruction, the experience of how a facial reconstruction is perceived by another person is equally important, the ethical principles have been brought up to discussion because it involves human remains. Discussions may occur during cases when facial reconstructions are inevitable, one example could be with minority groups that have a different view on how a body should be handled and treated after death. These scenarios are more likely to develop in the identification in forensic contexts, but the problem may also increase in archaeological contexts if the remains are from more recent times and the individuals as a population group has suffered repression. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss such questions but also embark on a mission to perform a facial reconstruction of an individual from the medieval church of St. Hans and the challenges that may occur during the way. The American method used in this essay shows that you can get a good result by following the instructions and guidelines that are displayed in various books and articles.

This bachelor thesis covers two executional sites on the island of Gotland with focus on the palaepathology among the executed individuals. The aim is to see which pathological changes that occured most often and if they have any correlation between these and these individuals socioeconomic status. To achieve this the author has examined the bones from Galgberget to identify apparent pathological changes on long bones, vertebrates, maxillaries and mandibles. I have also compared the bones from Galgberget with previous analyses from the other executional site in Grötlingbo parish. The most common pathological change that became identified were osteophytes, arthritis and a couple of oral pathologies like calculus and cavities. Osteophytes and arthritis do share a comparability since they both are derived from osteoarthritis which is a denegerative joint disease. Calculus and cavities also share smiliarities, due to the fact that cavities is the first stage before it becomes calculus. No other pathological similarities were found among the two sites. Although the appearances of Schmorl’s nodes were significantly large among the bone assembly from Galgberget. Schmorl’s nodes is a vertebral lesion that may occur in all ages and have different causes. Other common pathological changes identified from Galgberget were skeletal anomalies and enthesopathies. Smiliar to Schmorls nodes, enthesopathy have different causes and often show in a relation to heavy physical work. It can be concluded that the presence of Schmorl’s nodes, skeletal anomalies, enthesopathy and osteophytes do share an equivalence with each other, when you think about how you get these pathological changes in life. With further studies regarding the material from Galgberget, the view of the people who were executed there may have a real potential to change.

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