The cleavage in voter loyalties that was to sustain the Second Party System in Ohio was created in the thirty years before 1830. Its origins are to be found in the national disputes of the 17908, which by 1802 had become involved with the issue of Ohio statehood. These early divisions were more deep-rooted than commonly assumed, dictating political behaviour for over a decade and providing political experiences that became controlling influences on later developments. However, the more immediate origin of the divisions established by the 1830s was the many-sided crisis of 1819-22, which made men look to politics for the solution of their problems, break with older loyalties and create new ones. In Ohio the demands for a non-slave-holding President and positive federal economic legislation melded into what became the National Republican and Whig parties, though a minority of Ohioans - for reasons peculiar to particular localities and particular ethnocultural groups - insisted on supporting Andrew Jackson in 1824 and subsequent years. The contest between these two groupings drew unprecedented numbers of new voters to the polls in 1828, most of whom committed themselves to Jackson, thus establishing the balanced distribution of party strength that was to persist for decades. Jackson's advantage in 1828 came from neither superior party organization nor the "rise of democracy," but from the opportunity to harness social resentments of long standing which had previously disrupted rather than reinforced party ties. Jackson's partisans could also call upon old-party loyalties that dated back to the War of 1812, and so created a party that bore some resemblance to the Jeffersonian Democrats, even if the crisis of the early 1820s had forged a nationalist opposition party far more powerful electorally in Ohio than the Federalists had ever been.

No description available.

In early modern England (after 1707, Britain), there was an argument that war at sea, especially war in Spanish America, was an ideal means of warfare for England. This argument, whose origin can be traced back to the glorious memory of Elizabethan maritime war, revived at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession. This thesis examines this pro-maritime war argument, by focusing on its connection with its supposed economic advantages, and investigates its impact on British politics and naval policy during the war, and changes after the war. It reveals that this argument received support from politicians of different political stances because of its alleged economic advantages; colonial maritime war was expected to damage enemy financial resources while enriching Britain, and help to recover the Spanish American market where French merchants were making a rapid advance. At the same time, it makes clear that different political affiliations of the supporters created two types of pro-maritime arguments with different political functions. The thesis also shows that the supporters of colonial maritime war in the government as well as in the opposition tried to implement pro-maritime war policy by naval operations such as capture of Spanish silver fleets and colonial expeditions, and by legislation such as the American Act of 1708. However, their attempts were frustrated by diplomatic considerations, incapacity of naval administration, and by conflicting interests between several groups concerned in the West Indian colonies and Spanish American trade. After the South Sea expedition planned by the South Sea Company in 1712 did not materialise due to similar difficulties, the government focused on protection of the Spanish American trade, and refrained from taking aggressive action against Spanish colonies partly because of considerations for the interests of the company which started the Asiento trade. On the other hand, by the late 1720s the opposition, which championed the interests of private merchants, gradually came to advocate pro-maritime war policy, which eventually led up to propaganda campaigns against the Walpole ministry in the period of the War of Jenkins’s Ear.

My research focused on understanding how viceregal authority was accepted in Mesoamerica. Rather than approaching the problems from the perspective of institutional history, I drew on prosopographical techniques and the court-studies tradition to focus on the practice of government and the affinities that bound indigenous and non-indigenous political communities. In Chapters two and three I investigate how particular notions of nobility informed the ‘ideals of life’ of the Spanish and indigenous elites in New Spain and how these evolved up to 1535. The chapters also serve to establish a general context to the political situation that Mendoza faced on his arrival. Chapters four to seven explore how the viceroys sought to increase their authority in New Spain by appropriating means of direct distribution of patronage and how this allowed them personally to satisfy many of the demands of the Spanish and indigenous elites. This helped them impose their supremacy over New Spain’s magnates and serve the crown by ruling more effectively. Viceregal supremacy was justified in a ‘language of legitimacy’ that became increasingly peculiar to New Spain as a community of interests developed between the local elites and the viceroys who guaranteed the local political arrangements on which their status and wealth increasingly depended. I conclude by suggesting that New Spain was governed on the basis of internal arrangements guaranteed by the viceroys. This led to the development of what I define as a ‘parasitic civic-nobility’ which benefitted from the perpetuation of the viceregal system along with the crown. The internal political logic of most decision making and a defined local identity accompanied by increasingly ‘sui generis’ ‘ideals of life’ qualify New Spain to be considered not as a ‘colony’ run by an alien bureaucracy that perpetuated Spanish ‘domination’ but as Mexico City’s sub-empire within the Habsburg ‘composite monarchy.

No description available.

This thesis is concerned with the Spanish conquest of those Carib groups who, at the time of the first contact, occupied the eastern llanos of Venezuela, the north and south banks of the lower Orinoco and the region between the Sierra Imataca and Essequibo River. An historical analysis of Carib resistance to the Conquistadors and missionaries, during the years 1498-1771 is presented. Alongside this general theme certain specific issues in Carib history and ethnography are also discussed, as follows: 1) Carib Demography and Population: problems of historical demography are discussed and an estimate of Carib population levels at the time of contact presented: subsistence practices, trading and warfare, leadership, the village and kin group are also discussed: detailed archival evidence is offered to demonstrate the effect of European diseases among Carib groups during the eighteenth century. 2) Carib Cannibalism: the evidence for this practice is examined in detail and the role that accusations concerning this practice played in the Spanish conquest explained. 3) Carib Slaving: the role of the Europeans in encouraging this practice is examined with a view to showing that, while it was indeed widespread in its effects, it was not as exclusively a Carib practice, as was suggested by the Spanish chroniclers. 4) The Carib/Dutch Alliance: the origin, operation and effect of this alliance in the success of the Dutch colony of Essequibo, in enhancing Carib influence among other Indian groups and in aiding Carib resistance to the Spanish, is examined in detail. It is argued that this alliance proved to be of greater significance than that of Carib and French, English or Swedish and that the impor-tance of the Amerindians, to all colonial projects in this area, has been systematically underrated.

No description available.

Pela abordagem da história cultural, analisamos visões e políticas em torno dos costumes indígenas com psicoativos (bebidas alcoólicas, estimulantes e alucinógenos), por meio da leitura de tratados produzidos entre meados do século XVI e XVII no mundo hispanoamericano. São histórias sobre os antigos mexicanos e peruanos, bem como sobre seus descendentes, nos vice-reinos da Nova Espanha e Peru. Os costumes com substâncias foram retidos como elementos essenciais da idolatria (a falsa religião dos índios); além de usadas em cerimônias e feitiçarias, algumas plantas e poções seriam inclusive adoradas como divindades. Dividimos os capítulos por contextos e grupos de obras/autores: (i) para o contexto geral de consolidação do império espanhol na América, analisamos o dominicano Bartolomé de las Casas e o jesuíta José de Acosta; (ii) para os tempos dos missionários mendicantes na Nova Espanha do séc. XVI, o franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún e o dominicano Diego Durán; (iii) para a época de auge da extirpação da idolatria no séc. XVII, os curas Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón e Jacinto de la Serna na Nova Espanha, e o jesuíta Pablo Joseph de Arriaga no Peru; (iv) analisamos o cronista indígena peruano Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala na virada dos sécs. XVI-XVII. Outras fontes foram utilizadas, destacando-se os tratados sobre as medicinas dos índios escritos pelos doutores espanhóis Nicolas Monardes, Francisco Hernández e Juan de Cárdenas, assim como de um médico indígena mexicano, Martín de la Cruz. Os principais assuntos discutidos: os juízos de proveito das medicinas que embriagam; os sentidos do vício por meio das substâncias, entre hábito contranatural e veículo para os pecados; a noção de perda do juízo como efeito natural da embriaguez, mas que abre espaço para a intervenção demoníaca; representações dos usos nos sacrifícios, comunhões, feitiçarias, e a idolatria de plantas e poções. Esses assuntos são analisados tendo em vista que a idolatria não informa apenas o estereótipo e o caminho da interdição dos costumes, pois, de outro lado, nomeia os saberes e poderes locais e sua vitalidade, num ambiente de choques, negociações e acomodações político-culturais. / From a cultural history point of view, we analyze perceptions and policies over indigenous relation to psycho-actives (alcoholic beverages, stimulants and hallucinogens), based on treatises written from the middle of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century at the Spanish-American world. They are histories about the anciant Mexicans and Peruvians, as well as about their descendents from the vice royalties of New Spain and Peru. In such works, the habits related to psycho-actives were believed to be essential elements of the idolatry (the indigenous false religion); besides being used in ceremonies and sorcery, some plants and potions were also worshipped as divinities. We organize the chapters according to the contexts and groups of document sources/authors: (i) for the general context of the Spanish empire consolidation in America, we analyze the Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas and the Jesuit Joseph de Acosta; (ii) for the New Spain mendicant missionaries times in the 16th century, the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún and the Dominican Diego Durán; (iii) from the extirpation of idolatry strongest period in the 17th century, the vicars Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón and Jacinto de la Serna; and (iv) from the turning of the 16th to the 17th century, the Peruvian Indian chronicler Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. Other document sources were also consulted, in particular treatises covering indigenous medicines, like those written by the Spanish physicians Nicolas Monardes, Francisco Hernández and Juan de Cárdenas, and also by an Indian doctor from Mexico, Martín de la Cruz. The main subjects we discuss in the work are: the views of benefits from the medicines that inebriate; the meanings of vice associated to substances, from a non-natural habit to a passport for sins; the notion of going out of mind as a natural consequence of inebriation, but which opens the possibility of demonic intrusion; usage representations in sacrifices, communions, witchcraft, and the idolatry of plants and potions. All those issues are analyzed bearing in mind that idolatry tell us not only about the stereotype and the pathways of habits forbiddance, but also distinguishes the local knowledge and powers, and its vitality, all taking place in an environment of political and cultural clashes, negotiations and accommodations.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-09-12T19:34:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Nathalia Fernandes.pdf: 10653580 bytes, checksum: fcd03f76ca9c4ed89f3abd499096ef3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T19:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Nathalia Fernandes.pdf: 10653580 bytes, checksum: fcd03f76ca9c4ed89f3abd499096ef3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Esse trabalho investiga contextos, sujeitos e conteúdos que informaram o processo de elaboração da Proposta Curricular de História e Geografia para o 2º Grau em fins da década de 1970 e início dos anos 1980, no Estado de São Paulo. Esta proposta possui uma importância singular, pois representou o retorno do ensino de História da América ao denominado 2º Grau do ensino paulista, coincidindo cronologicamente com o período da Ditadura Civil-Militar no Brasil. Por que a História da América retorna ao currículo escolar como um conteúdo em destaque? Por que naquele momento histórico? Quem foram os agentes históricos responsáveis por essa formulação? Quais os propósitos que mobilizaram esses agentes a buscarem essa reinserção? Que ideais representavam? Que História da América foi proposta ao professor e ao público escolar? Qual foi o impacto desta proposta na produção didática na época? Essas são algumas das questões que este trabalho busca responder. Para isso, nos utilizamos de documentos curriculares oficiais do Estado de São Paulo, que incluem a Coletânea de Documentos de História da América para o 2º grau – 1ª série, de 1983, entrevistas com intelectuais que influenciaram os estudos de História da América no estado ou que participaram da elaboração curricular, além de livros didáticos produzidos na mesma época e que trazem o mesmo tema. Os referenciais teóricos e metodológicos que dão base à pesquisa incluem a História das Disciplinas Escolares, a História do Currículo e a História do Livro Didático. / This work investigates contexts, subjects and contents which informed the process of elaboration of the Proposta Curricular de História e Geografia para o 2º Grau at the end of the 1970’s and the beginning of the 1980’s, in the State of São Paulo. This proposal has a singular importance, since it represents the return of the teaching of the History of America to the 2º grau, which chronologically coincides with the period of the Civil-Military Dictatorship in Brazil. Why does the History of America return to the curriculum as a highlighted content? Why does it happen in that moment in History? Who were the responsible historical agents for this formulation? Which are the intents that mobilized these agents to seek this reinsertion? Which ideas did they represent? Which History of America was proposed to the teacher and the school public? What was the impact of this proposal on the didactic production of the time? These are a few questions that this work tries to answer. In order to do that, we used official curricular documents of the State of São Paulo, which include the Coletânea de Documentos de História da América para o 2º grau – 1ª série, 1983, interviews with intellectuals who influenced the field of studies of the History of America or who were part of the elaboration of the curricular proposal, besides textbooks which were produced at the same time and have the same theme. The theoretical and methodological references which support the study are the History of Academic Disciplines, History of the Curriculum and History of Textbooks.

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