Les sols organiques cultivés de l'ouest de la Montérégie alimentent une grande part du secteur horticole de la province de Québec. Or, le drainage pour leur mise en culture les rend particulièrement vulnérables à la dégradation et aux pertes de sol. Des scientifiques présument que la moitié de leur dégradation s'expliquerait par l'érosion. Cependant, son intensité réelle est mal connue. Le présent projet de recherche réalisé dans le cadre de la maîtrise en sols et environnement présentait comme objectifs de quantifier l'érosion totale cumulée depuis 1963 en sols organiques cultivés et d'étudier la modulation de son intensité par des mesures de la redistribution spatiale du césium-137. Les taux d'érosion annuels obtenus varient de 0,4 à 8,8 t/ha, alors que ceux estimés initialement varient de 4,1 et 54,6 t/ha. Cependant, la valeur moyenne de 2,9 t/ha (avec un écart-type standard de 2,1 t/ha) obtenue était comparable à celle obtenue dans l'actuelle Étude sur l'état de santé des sols agricoles du Québec réalisée par l'IRDA qui était de 3,6 t/ha (avec un écart-type standard de 4,5 t/ha). Aucune différence significative entre les taux d'érosion annuels n'a pu être détectée au moyen d'analyses de la variance entre les groupes de champs à l'étude. De plus, les analyses comparatives entre les taux d'érosion des sols calculés à partir des teneurs résiduelles en césium-137 par rapport à ceux estimés à l'aide des différents paramètres physico-chimiques ne donnent pas de résultats significatifs. On peut émettre l'hypothèse que la part des pertes de sol par érosion serait plus importante que celle présumée au départ. De plus, plusieurs hypothèses sont avancées afin d'expliquer l'absence d'effet et de tendance significative détectée. Enfin, il semble qu'un nouveau modèle d'interprétation des inventaires de césium-137 en pertes de sol par érosion doive être développé pour les sols organiques cultivés et drainés. / The cultivated organic soils of western Montérégie supply a large part of the horticultural sector of the province of Quebec. However, drainage for their cultivation makes them particularly vulnerable to degradation and soil loss. Scientists assume that half of their degradation can be explained by erosion. However, its real intensity is poorly known. The present research project carried out within the framework of the master's degree in soils and environment presented as objectives to quantify the total cumulative erosion since 1963 in cultivated organic soils and to study the modulation of its intensity by measurements of the spatial redistribution of caesium-137. The annual erosion rates obtained vary from 0.4 to 8.8 t/ha, while those initially estimated vary from 4.1 to 54.6 t/ha. However, the average value of 2.9 t/ha (with a standard deviation of 2.1 t/ha) obtained was comparable to that obtained in the current Study on the Health of Agricultural Soils in Quebec carried out by the IRDA which was 3.6 t/ha (with a standard deviation of 4.5 t/ha). No significant difference between the annual erosion rates could be detected by means of analyzes of variance between the groups of fields under study. In addition, the comparative analyzes between the soil erosion rates calculated from the residual caesium-137 contents compared to those estimated using the various physico-chemical parameters do not yield significant results. It can be hypothesized that the share of soil loss by erosion would be greater than presumed initially. In addition, several hypotheses are put forward to explain the lack of effect and significant trend detected. Finally, it seems that a new model for interpreting caesium-137 inventories in soil loss by erosion must be developed for cultivated and drained organic soils.

Three drainage experiments were conducted on a newly developed organic soil where three cultural methods were superimposed. Measurements of carrot yields, subsidence, water table fluctuations, subsurface drain performance, hydraulic conductivity and soil bulk density were made. Rotovating the soil produced higher carrot yields than plowing or disking during the first year. The seven-year subsidence totalled 515 mm and depended mostly on organic soil depth. Hydraulic conductivity values did not change after five years of drainage. Bulk density of the top 0.20 m increased by 71% in 6 years, whereas the values down the profile increased between 3.3 and 16.2%. / The effect of two water table depths (WTD), 0.6 and 0.9 m, in an organic soil on soil water tension, subsidence swelling and carrot yields was studied in undisturbed cores in the greenhouse. Carrot yields were reduced by the 0.9 m WTD. Subsidence with the 0.9 m WTD was more than double that of the 0.6 m WTD. Raising the water table near the surface caused the soil to swell. / Hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, fiber content and drainable porosity were measured in undisturbed organic soil profiles. Values from all four properties decreased with increasing depth.

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