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The aim of this thesis is to introduce, justify, and apply a better framework for analysing Sherlock Holmes, one of the most adapted characters of all time. The project works to resituate the focus of those involved in studying adaptations of Sherlock Holmes from an examination of the discrete transition of a text from page to screen, to the evolution of the character as it changes across various intertexts and through time. The purpose is to show that it is the character specifically, and not the literary text with its narrative, genric, and aesthetic qualifications, that is being adapted, and that with this in mind, studying adaptations of Sherlock Holmes should involve a study of the various processes, pressures, and mechanisms that shape, change, and define the character throughout its hundreds of screen afterlives. This thesis then analyses many of these processes with the aim of contributing to our understanding of how a character like Holmes is moulded through remediation. It takes into account how the character’s indices shift and accumulate as they are variously performed. It also considers how the mechanisms of selection function to privilege certain incarnations of the character, and how that privileging becomes a part of future readings. Finally, it addresses how reception and perception by audiences influence how the character is read, and thus how it is understood. By considering all of these aspects of the evolutionary process, and by avoiding a chronological or even a linear organization of the texts under scrutiny, this work seeks to offer a more complete answer to the question of how a single source can support a multitude of varied, even contradictory adaptations and remain relevant and interesting through the years.

La llibertat d'expressió té els seus origens en el liberalisme de Gran Bretanya iels Estats Units. Les primeres reivindicacions a favor d'un intercanvi lliure d'ideesvan començar al segle XVII, amb el discurs Areopagitica de John Milton, quedemanava al Parlament anglès l'abolició de la censura a la imprempta. El 1971la llibertat d'expressió es va incorporar a la Constitució dels Estats Units; la sevaPrimera Esmena declarava: "el Congrés no farà cap llei... per la que es limiti lallibertat de paraula, o la de premsa". Aquest treball es centra en les aportacions ala llibertat d'expressió realitzades per John Stuart Mill, utilitarista anglès, i OliverWendell Holmes, realista americà, les quals es van introduir entre la segonameitat del segle XIX i la primera meitat del segle XX. Les obres d'ambdós autorss'estudien tenint en compte el moviment filosòfic al qual pertanyen. En primerlloc, la teoria sobre llibertat de pensament i discussió de John Stuart Mill esrelaciona amb la seva filosofia moral i política. En segon lloc, s'analitzen lesopinions judicials d'Oliver Wendell Holmes en les que formula el test del "perillclar i actual" i la teoria del "mercat obert de les idees". Aquesta aproximaciópermet mostrar que ambdós autors van liberalitzar el concepte de llibertatd'expressió imperant a la seva època, i van considerar que els seus fonamentsprincipals eren la recerca de la veritat i l'autorrealització individual. / La libertad de expresión tiene sus orígenes en el liberalismo de Gran Bretaña ylos Estados Unidos. Las primeras reivindicaciones a favor de un intercambio librede ideas empezaron en el siglo XVII, con el discurso Areopagitica de JohnMilton, que pedía al Parlamento inglés la abolición de la censura en la imprenta.En 1791 la libertad de expresión se incorporó a la Constitución de los EstadosUnidos, cuya Primera Enmienda declaraba: "el Congreso no hará ley alguna...por la que se limite la libertad de palabra, o la de prensa". Este trabajo se centraen las aportaciones a la libertad de expresión realizadas por John Stuart Mill,utilitarista inglés, y Oliver Wendell Holmes, realista americano, las cuales seintrodujeron entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX.Las obras de ambos autores se estudian teniendo en cuenta el movimientofilosófico al cual pertenecen. En primer lugar, la teoría sobre libertad depensamiento y discusión de John Stuart Mill se relaciona con su filosofía moral ypolítica. En segundo lugar, se analizan las opiniones judiciales de Oliver WendellHolmes en las que se formula el test del "peligro claro y actual" y la teoría del"mercado abierto de las ideas". Esta aproximación permite mostrar que ambosautores liberalizaron el concepto de libertad de expresión imperante en suépoca, y consideraron que sus fundamentos principales eran la búsqueda de laverdad y la autorrealización individual. / Freedom of speech has its origins in liberalism from Great Britain and the UnitedStates. The first claims for a free exchange of ideas started in the 17th century,with John Milton's Areopagitica, in which the abolishing of printing censorship bythe English Parliament was demanded. In 1791, freedom of speech was includedin the Constitution of the United States, whose First Amendment declared:"Congress shall make no law. abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press".This study focuses on the specific contributions to freedom of speech made bythe English utilitarian John Stuart Mill and the American realist Oliver WendellHolmes, which were introduced throughout the second half of 19th century andthe first half of 20th century. The works of both authors are discussed bearing inmind the philosophical movement to which they belong. Firstly, John Stuart Mill'stheory of thought and speech is related to his moral and political philosophy.Secondly, Oliver Wendell Holmes' judicial opinions on both "clear and presentdanger" test and the "free marketplace of ideas" are analysed. This approachmakes it possible to show both authors liberalize the concept of freedom ofspeech and consider that its foundations are, basically, the discovery of truthalong with individual self-development.

Problem: Although Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. transformed American jurisprudence into critical self-awareness, there is no consensus on the nature of his legal theory. Holmes imperfectly represents each of several incompatible approaches. Commentators presume Holmes lacked any original or coherent theory of justice. Friedrich Nietzsche is likewise presumed a critical philosopher without a coherent theory of justice. Nietzsche wrote esoterically, but there is no consensus on the content of his esoteric agenda. Nietzsche's attitudes toward women appear misogynistic, but his philosophy paradoxically appeals to many feminists. Method: By re-conceptualizing Holmes and Nietzsche in terms of the principles of self-organized criticality, their understandings of causation and developmental dynamics become coherent. This thesis re-conceptualizes common-law legal reasoning as exploiting principles of self-organized criticality to build knowledge inductively. This reveals that Holmes and Nietzsche's genealogical critique of idealism rests on the computational implausibility of assuming there always exist microlevel rules to achieve desired macro-level goals. The legal-reasoning model shows that justice entails an inexhaustible open-system dynamic of applying limited resources to accommodate better an ever-broadening matrix of conflicting values. Nietzsche assesses psychological and social conditions that foster this collective creativity and decadent conditions that inhibit the growth of justice. Nietzsche identifies problems specific to institutions that require special safeguards that he esoterically conceals. Using Nietzsche's exoteric accounts of psychology and rhetoric based on principles of self-organized criticality, Nietzsche's esoteric techniques can be inferred, including his syncretism of pagan myths, which reveals his esoteric content. Conclusion: Holmes and Nietzsche applied a coherent theory of justice based on principles of causation and dynamics not widely accepted until the late twentieth century but having roots in ancient myths and isolated prior thinkers. Nietzsche defines justice as pursuing robust community growth without sacrificing the future for the present. Both Holmes and Nietzsche accord pursuit of justice with the good life whereby individuals promote their own development for greater sacrifice for the community. Nietzsche's esoteric solution to his problem of institutions was matriarchy. Nietzsche's matriarchy follows from his identification of the root of the institutional problem as male windfall opportunism, an evolved unconscious male tendency resulting from uncertainty over genetic parentage.

Over the last twenty-five years, women's historians have striven with the problem of how to uncover women's lives in the past. The early concern with merely "retrieving" women's life stories has recently been augmented by a more theoretically- informed approach which takes into consideration issues of experience, voice, and representation, and which challenges the notion of absolute objectivity. This study was designed as a contribution to the latter type of historical research informed by the sociological debates on these issues, and was influenced by feminist materialist approaches that insist on accounting for both the content of experiences and the various discursive positions occupied by subjects. Specifically, it examines the bases of identity construction in the lives of two women teachers (Susan Abercrombie Holmes and Susan Suckley Flood) in nineteenth-century British Columbia, a context in which relatively little work on the history of women has been done. Identity is not perceived as given or static, but rather as constructed, changing, and sometimes contradictory. Even those markers of identity commonly called upon to describe a person- such as gender, race, class, religion, and nationality-are seen as problematic, and their ambiguities are discussed in relation to the life stories of the two women. Subsequently, the effects of these "markers" are further adumbrated through an examination of some of the less obvious ways in which the women's identities were constructed. These are all seen as interrelated, and include the influences of their families of origin on the women's earlier lives, especially regarding their education and marriage decisions, their functions as economic agents, their social relationships, and their self-images or self-representations. To the extent that these were fashioned by their gender identity, many similarities can be seen in their lives, but their experiences also diverged (widely or narrowly) as a result of their differences in other aspects, notably racial identity. These differences had a profound effect on the type and degree of material and ideological constraints placed upon them, and thus on the degree to which they were able to shape the construction of their own identities.

Over the last twenty-five years, women's historians have striven with the problem of how to uncover women's lives in the past. The early concern with merely "retrieving" women's life stories has recently been augmented by a more theoretically- informed approach which takes into consideration issues of experience, voice, and representation, and which challenges the notion of absolute objectivity. This study was designed as a contribution to the latter type of historical research informed by the sociological debates on these issues, and was influenced by feminist materialist approaches that insist on accounting for both the content of experiences and the various discursive positions occupied by subjects. Specifically, it examines the bases of identity construction in the lives of two women teachers (Susan Abercrombie Holmes and Susan Suckley Flood) in nineteenth-century British Columbia, a context in which relatively little work on the history of women has been done. Identity is not perceived as given or static, but rather as constructed, changing, and sometimes contradictory. Even those markers of identity commonly called upon to describe a person- such as gender, race, class, religion, and nationality-are seen as problematic, and their ambiguities are discussed in relation to the life stories of the two women. Subsequently, the effects of these "markers" are further adumbrated through an examination of some of the less obvious ways in which the women's identities were constructed. These are all seen as interrelated, and include the influences of their families of origin on the women's earlier lives, especially regarding their education and marriage decisions, their functions as economic agents, their social relationships, and their self-images or self-representations. To the extent that these were fashioned by their gender identity, many similarities can be seen in their lives, but their experiences also diverged (widely or narrowly) as a result of their differences in other aspects, notably racial identity. These differences had a profound effect on the type and degree of material and ideological constraints placed upon them, and thus on the degree to which they were able to shape the construction of their own identities. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

Problem: Although Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. transformed American jurisprudence into critical self-awareness, there is no consensus on the nature of his legal theory. Holmes imperfectly represents each of several incompatible approaches. Commentators presume Holmes lacked any original or coherent theory of justice. Friedrich Nietzsche is likewise presumed a critical philosopher without a coherent theory of justice. Nietzsche wrote esoterically, but there is no consensus on the content of his esoteric agenda. Nietzsche's attitudes toward women appear misogynistic, but his philosophy paradoxically appeals to many feminists. Method: By re-conceptualizing Holmes and Nietzsche in terms of the principles of self-organized criticality, their understandings of causation and developmental dynamics become coherent. This thesis re-conceptualizes common-law legal reasoning as exploiting principles of self-organized criticality to build knowledge inductively. This reveals that Holmes and Nietzsche's genealogical critique of idealism rests on the computational implausibility of assuming there always exist microlevel rules to achieve desired macro-level goals. The legal-reasoning model shows that justice entails an inexhaustible open-system dynamic of applying limited resources to accommodate better an ever-broadening matrix of conflicting values. Nietzsche assesses psychological and social conditions that foster this collective creativity and decadent conditions that inhibit the growth of justice. Nietzsche identifies problems specific to institutions that require special safeguards that he esoterically conceals. Using Nietzsche's exoteric accounts of psychology and rhetoric based on principles of self-organized criticality, Nietzsche's esoteric techniques can be inferred, including his syncretism of pagan myths, which reveals his esoteric content. Conclusion: Holmes and Nietzsche applied a coherent theory of justice based on principles of causation and dynamics not widely accepted until the late twentieth century but having roots in ancient myths and isolated prior thinkers. Nietzsche defines justice as pursuing robust community growth without sacrificing the future for the present. Both Holmes and Nietzsche accord pursuit of justice with the good life whereby individuals promote their own development for greater sacrifice for the community. Nietzsche's esoteric solution to his problem of institutions was matriarchy. Nietzsche's matriarchy follows from his identification of the root of the institutional problem as male windfall opportunism, an evolved unconscious male tendency resulting from uncertainty over genetic parentage. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

This thesis has conducted an extensive character analysis of Sherlock Holmes by comparing the original, authentic detective, as he appears in a corpus consisting of Conan Doyle’s collected works about Holmes, to the characterisation in three select period pastiches. The aim was to analyse to what extent the true characterisation of the famous sleuth has survived in contemporary adaptations, more specifically in the three texts, Sherlock Vs. Dracula (1976), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Holmes (1979) and Sherlock Holmes and the Angel of the Opera (1994), where the detective encounters equally well-known fictional characters. The novel approach of combining corpus stylistic quantitative methods of characterisation with a qualitative literary approach of identifying similar stylistic and narratological features of characterisation efficiently facilitated an illustration on how Conan Doyle’s round and complex character has endured through adaptations and reimaginings. The corpus investigation on the Sherlock Conan Doyle Corpus supplied an encompassing image of the character, and revealed characteristics absent from the inherent cultural perception. The subsequent cross-comparison between the original in contrast to contemporary characterisations presented clear deviations to the character and further demonstrated a tendency to exaggerate select, generic features that complement the narrative and plot of the integrated novels. Overall, this study concludes that Sherlock Holmes remains the character who travels over time and genres, albeit with a reduced complexity as the respective characterisations in each of the pastiches to various degrees have modified core characteristics significant to the mind-modelling process. That is, through the process of adaptational alterations, the detective has become a flat character. Enough features persist for him to be recognisable and compelling, yet Sherlock Holmes in his entirety subsists merely as a caricature of his original self.

This dissertation outlines the research and development of ground-breaking nanometer sized openings (nanopores) integrated with an on-chip optofluidic platform. This platform represents a significant advancement for single nanoparticle sensing. In this work specifically, the integrated optofluidic platform has been used to electrically and optically filter and detect single nanoparticles using ionic current blockade and fluorescence experiments. The correlation of electrical and optical signal has provided the highest sensitivity single nanoparticle measurements ever taken with integrated optofluidic platforms. The particular optofluidic platform used for this work is an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW). ARROW hollow and solid core waveguides are interference based waveguides that are designed to guide light in low index media such as liquids and gases. Because of this unique guiding property, ARROW hollow cores can be used to sense and analyze low concentrations of single particles. Additionally, because ARROW platforms are based upon standard silicon processing techniques and materials, they are miniature sized (~1 cm2), inexpensive, highly parallelizable, provide a high degree of design flexibility, and can be integrated with many different optical and electrical components and sources. Finally, because of the miniature, integrated nature of the ARROW platform, it has the potential to be incorporated into hand held devices that could provide quick, inexpensive, user-friendly diagnostics. The ARROW platform has been through many revisions in the past several years in an attempt to improve performance and functionality. Specifically, advanced fabrication techniques that have been used to decrease the production time, increase the yield, and improve the optical quality of ARROW platforms are discussed in the first part of this work. These advancements were all developed in order to facilitate the production of high quality integrated nanopores and ARROW platforms. The second part of this work then focuses on the actual integration of micrometer sized openings (micropores) and nanopores in the hollow waveguide section of ARROW platforms for filtering, detecting, and analyzing single nanoparticles. The successes and attempts at achieving these results are the basis of this dissertation of work.