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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Avaliação da ativação de linfócitos T em indivíduos com infecção anorretal assintomática por Chlamydia trachomatis e/ou Neisseria gonorrhoeae em uma população de homens que fazem sexo com homens / Evaluation of T cell activation in individuals with asymptomatic anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a cohort of men who have sex with men

Vinicius Adriano Vieira 17 November 2017 (has links)
A profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) ao HIV se consolidou como uma importante estratégia de combate ao avanço da epidemia. Ainda assim, a incidência de casos da infecção vem aumentando na população jovem, assim como a de outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs), que atuam como importante fator de risco para transmissão do HIV-1. Entre as infecções mais frequentemente diagnosticadas estão Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). A presença de lesões na mucosa genital e anal são fatores de risco estabelecidos para a transmissão do HIV-1, porém o impacto das infecções assintomáticas ainda é pouco conhecido. Dados recentes mostram que a ativação sistêmica de linfócitos T é um fator de risco para a aquisição da infecção pelo HIV-1. Nesse estudo, estudamos a ativação de linfócitos T na presença de infecção anorretal assintomática por CT e/ou NG. Células mononucleares do sangue periférico de voluntários do PrEP Brasil, um estudo clínico demonstrativo de PrEP ao HIV em homens que fazem sexo com homens, foram descongeladas para análise da ativação de linfócitos T. Trinta e quatro participantes com swab anorretal positivo para CT e/ou NG foram selecionados, enquanto assintomáticos e negativos para outras ISTs. Trinta e cinco controles foram selecionados randomicamente. Encontramos uma maior frequência de linfócitos T CD8+ HLA-DR+CD38+ (1,5 vs. 0,9% p < 0,005) no grupo com infecção assintomática. Os linfócitos T CD8+ de memória também apresentaram uma maior expressão dos marcadores de ativação. Os marcadores de exaustão e senescência foram significantemente mais expressos no grupo com a infecção. Não foi observado aumento ou diferença nos níveis de CD14 solúvel no plasma. Nossos achados demonstram que as infecções anorretais assintomáticas por CT e NG induzem a ativação sistêmica de linfócitos T CD8+. Considerando a alta prevalência dessas infecções e o risco associado de aquisição da infecção pelo HIV-1, o rastreamento periódico e o tratamento sistemático devem sem explorados em conjunto com as estratégias de prevenção ao HIV / Oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been established as a pivotal strategy in the prevention against HIV epidemic. However, the incidence of HIV-1 infections has been rising among the youth, as well as other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), acting as an important risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition. Infection by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are among the most diagnosed. Although the presence of mucosal lesions is a known risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition, the potential increase in risk associated with asymptomatic STIs is not completely understood. Recent data defined higher T cell activation as a single risk factor for sexually acquired HIV-1 infection. We examined the effect of asymptomatic CT and/or NG anorectal infection on immune activation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from participants of PrEP Brasil, a study of daily oral PrEP among healthy men who have sex with men, were analyzed for T cell activation by flow cytometry. Thirty-four participants with positive anorectal swab for CT and/or NG were selected, while negative for other STIs and without any reported symptoms. Thirty-five controls were randomly selected. We found a higher frequency of CD8+ HLA-DR+CD38+ T cells (1.5 vs. 0.9% p < 0.005) in the group with CT and/or NG infection and a greater median proportions of activation markers expression in CD8+ T cells with memory phenotype. Exhaustion and senescence markers were also significant higher in the infected group. No difference was observed in the soluble CD14 levels. Our findings suggest that asymptomatic CT and NG anorectal infection lead to a systemic activation of the T cell compartment. Considering the high prevalence of asymptomatic infection and the risk of HIV-1 acquisition associated, regular screening and treatment should be explored as an adjuvant tool for HIV prevention
42

Gay Asian and Caucasian men in Sydney: cultural, social and cognitive factors associated with sex practices

Mao, Limin, Education, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW January 2002 (has links)
Using the perspectives of individualism-collectivism, Social Cognitive Theory and other concepts such as gay community attachment, this study focused on issues of homosexual identification, disclosure and sexual risk practices in relation to cross-cultural differences among gay Asian and Caucasian men in Sydney. Mostly recruited from gay social venues, 19 gay Asian men participated in exploratory focus groups discussions, another 201 gay Caucasian and 199 gay Asian men completed an anonymous questionnaire, and a further 10 gay Caucasian and 9 gay Asian men took part in in-depth one-to-one interviews. The major findings were: gay Asian men tended to experience conflict, in being both gay and Asian, related to individualism and collectivism; the gay Asian and Caucasian men differed in various aspects of homosexual practice, but shared certain sexual traits and practices; self-efficacy in safe sex and gay community attachment were key factors associated with gay men???s sexual risk practices (???risk??? being defined as unprotected anal intercourse with any casual partners or with a regular partner whose HIV status was not concordant with the participant???s). This study provides evidence that the inclusion of individualism-collectivism, social cognitive variables and gay community factors in the examination of homosexual identity and practice among men of different cultural backgrounds holds promise. It further suggests that educational programs to encourage safe sex will continue to yield benefits from increasing individual awareness, confidence and ability to effectively deal with situations that could pose risks of HIV transmission.
43

Gay Asian and Caucasian men in Sydney: cultural, social and cognitive factors associated with sex practices

Mao, Limin, Education, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW January 2002 (has links)
Using the perspectives of individualism-collectivism, Social Cognitive Theory and other concepts such as gay community attachment, this study focused on issues of homosexual identification, disclosure and sexual risk practices in relation to cross-cultural differences among gay Asian and Caucasian men in Sydney. Mostly recruited from gay social venues, 19 gay Asian men participated in exploratory focus groups discussions, another 201 gay Caucasian and 199 gay Asian men completed an anonymous questionnaire, and a further 10 gay Caucasian and 9 gay Asian men took part in in-depth one-to-one interviews. The major findings were: gay Asian men tended to experience conflict, in being both gay and Asian, related to individualism and collectivism; the gay Asian and Caucasian men differed in various aspects of homosexual practice, but shared certain sexual traits and practices; self-efficacy in safe sex and gay community attachment were key factors associated with gay men???s sexual risk practices (???risk??? being defined as unprotected anal intercourse with any casual partners or with a regular partner whose HIV status was not concordant with the participant???s). This study provides evidence that the inclusion of individualism-collectivism, social cognitive variables and gay community factors in the examination of homosexual identity and practice among men of different cultural backgrounds holds promise. It further suggests that educational programs to encourage safe sex will continue to yield benefits from increasing individual awareness, confidence and ability to effectively deal with situations that could pose risks of HIV transmission.
44

HIV sexual risk behavior and drug use in four racial/ethnic groups in Houston.

Hasan, Murad. Hwang, Lu-Yu, Grimes, Richard M., January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Dr. P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-10, Section: B, page: 6615. Adviser: Michael W. Ross. Includes bibliographical references.
45

Components of internalized homophobia, self-disclosure of sexual orientation to physician, and durable power of attorney for health care completion in older gay men

Mostade, S. Jeffrey. January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Kent State University, 2004. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 27, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-209).
46

Impulso sexual excessivo e comportamento barebacking em homens que fazem sexo com homens / Compulsive sexual behavior and barebacking in men who have sex with men

Maria Luiza Sant\'Ana Do Amaral 16 April 2014 (has links)
O comportamento \"barebacking\" é definido como o intercurso sexual anal entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) que decidem intencionalmente não usar preservativos, no contexto de risco do HIV. O comportamento sexual compulsivo (CSC) pode agir na motivação do comportamento \"barebacking\", aumentando o risco de transmissão do HIV, sendo que no Brasil a prevalência do HIV entre HSH é de 10,5%. Objetivos: estimar a frequência do comportamento \"barebacking\" nos HSH compulsivos sexuais, e investigar a associação do comportamento \"barebacking\" com: infecção pelo HIV; comportamento sexual de risco; severidade do CSC; transtorno associado ao uso de álcool e drogas; grau de otimismo em relação ao tratamento do HIV; capacidade de vinculação afetiva tipo segura; consolidação da identidade; e as seguintes dimensões de personalidade: busca de novidades, esquiva ao dano, dependência de gratificação e autodirecionamento. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em amostra de HSH que buscaram tratamento para o CSC. Participaram 55 homens compulsivos sexuais, sendo que 21 apresentavam o comportamento \"barebacking\" e 34 não. Foram avaliados em entrevista psiquiátrica para verificação dos critérios de elegibilidade (critérios de dependência de sexo e de Impulso Sexual Excessivo, diagnósticos de exclusão, nível cognitivo). Todos responderam os seguintes instrumentos: Inventário de Consolidação de Identidade, Escala de Vinculação de Adulto, Escala de Compulsividade Sexual, Escala de Otimismo/Ceticismo no contexto dos tratamentos do HIV, Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter, Instrumento de Avaliação de Risco no Comportamento Sexual, além de questões complementares quanto ao comportamento \"barebacking\" e HIV. Ainda participaram de entrevista com a pesquisadora, que teve a finalidade de investigar a intencionalidade do não uso do preservativo. Resultados: 38% da amostra apresentaram comportamento \"barebacking\", sendo que 64% apresentaram orientação homossexual e 36% bissexual, e o comportamento \"barebacking\" associou-se à homossexualidade (p < 0,05). Comparando-se indivíduos com e sem o comportamento \"barebacking\", não se encontrou diferença em relação: a transtornos relacionados ao uso de álcool e/ou drogas, ao otimismo quanto ao tratamento do HIV, à vinculação afetiva, às dimensões de personalidade esquiva ao dano e dependência de gratificação. Houve uma tendência à associação à severidade do CSC, à consolidação da identidade e à busca de novidades. Houve associação negativa com a dimensão de personalidade autodirecionamento (p < 0,001). A prevalência do HIV foi de 20% na amostra total e de 43% dentre os participantes com comportamento \"barebacking\" (p < 0,05). Conclusões: a orientação homossexual e o baixo autodirecionamento foram preditores de comportamento \"barebacking\" neste estudo, sugerindo menor autonomia, reduzida força de vontade, desorganização, baixa capacidade de controle interno, baixa autoaceitação e baixa autoestima, como característica de personalidade dos que apresentam comportamento \"barebacking\" / The barebacking behavior is defined as anal intercourse among men who have sex with men (MSM) who intentionally decide do not to use condoms in the context of HIV risk. Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) can act in motivating the barebacking behavior increasing the risk of HIV transmission, whereas in Brazil the prevalence of HIV among MSM is 10.5%. Goals: To estimate the frequency of barebacking behavior in sexually compulsive MSM, and to investigate the association of barebacking behavior with: HIV infection, sexual risk behavior, severity of CSB; substance disorders; degree of optimism regarding the treatment of HIV; ability to develop secure emotional attachment type, identity consolidation, and the following personality dimensions: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and self-directedness. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a sample of MSM who sought treatment for CSB. 55 sexually compulsive men participated, of whom 21 presented the barebacking behavior and 34 do not. All of them were underwent to psychiatric interview for verification of eligibility criteria (criteria for sex addiction and Excessive Sexual Drive, exclusion psychiatric diagnosis, and cognitive level). All answered the following instruments: Identity Consolidation Inventory, the Adult Attachment Scale, Scale of Sexual Compulsivity, Scale Optimism/Scepticism in the context of HIV treatments, Temperament and Character Inventory, Instrument Risk Assessment in Sexual Behavior, plus additional questions regarding the barebacking behavior and HIV. They were also interviewed by the researcher, whose purpose was to investigate the intentionality of not using condoms. Results: 38% of the sample presented barebacking behavior, whereas 64% were gay and 36% bisexual, and barebacking behavior was associated with being gay (p < 0.05). Comparing subjects with and without the barebacking behavior no difference was found in relation to: substance disorders, optimism regarding the treatment of HIV, adult attachment, personality dimensions harm avoidance and reward dependence. There was a trend toward association with severity of CSB, and the consolidation of identity and novelty seeking. There was a negative association with the personality dimension self-directedness (p < 0.001). HIV prevalence was 20% in the total sample and 43% among participants with barebacking behavior (p < 0.05). Conclusions: gay and low self-directedness predicted barebacking behavior in this study, suggesting low autonomy, reduced willpower, disorganization, low ability for internal control, low self-acceptance and low self-esteem, as personality characteristics from those presenting barebacking behavior
47

Políticas públicas de saúde e reconhecimento: um estudo sobre prevenção da infecção pelo HIV para homens que fazem sexo com homens / Public health policies and recognition: a study on HIV prevention for men who have sex with men

Gabriela Junqueira Calazans 07 August 2018 (has links)
Esta tese examina políticas de prevenção da infecção pelo HIV voltadas para homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) no Brasil sob a ótica dos conceitos de vulnerabilidade, Cuidado e reconhecimento. Para tanto, propõe-se a estudar políticas públicas de saúde à luz do referencial da vulnerabilidade e dos direitos humanos. Teve como objetivo compreender de que forma processos de (não)reconhecimento, ou desrespeito, no âmbito do cuidado público de saúde, compreendido como conjunto de políticas, serviços e ações voltadas à prevenção do HIV e da aids, contribuem para os processos de vulnerabilização de HSH ao HIV e à aids no contexto da epidemia e das respostas produzidas no Brasil e no estado de São Paulo, em particular. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, que adota perspectiva interdisciplinar, em composição que integra diferentes técnicas de pesquisa. Houve produção de material empírico original por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de políticas públicas de prevenção e ativistas dos movimentos de aids e LGBT. A produção e interpretação desse material empírico, orientado pelo quadro teórico acima apresentado, foram cotejadas com documentos das políticas, serviços e ações de saúde, cuidado e prevenção do HIV e da aids voltadas às populações de gays e HSH; observação de caráter etnográfico de eventos presenciais e de atividades no âmbito das redes sociais atinentes à prevenção do HIV e da aids entre gays e outros HSH; conversas informais com informantes-chave; e análise de resultados de outras pesquisas, quantitativas e qualitativas, disponíveis em bases públicas. Caracterizando-se como um estudo de análise de políticas públicas. Foi elaborada uma história narrativa dos diferentes momentos das respostas políticas à epidemia de aids entre gays e outros HSH no Brasil com vistas a compreender e constituir o cenário das políticas públicas de prevenção do HIV voltadas para HSH. Tendo sido identificados os principais paradoxos transformadores das respostas políticas: o paradoxo dos \"grupos de risco\" que reverteu abordagem discriminatória em visibilidade; a maior institucionalização das organizações com atividades em HIV/aids, incorreu em maior despolitização, com reforço ao tecnicismo das ações; a contraposição das políticas de prevenção focadas nos direitos e na visibilidade social à especificidade de uma política de prevenção ancorada e estruturante das políticas de saúde. A partir das narrativas produzidas nas entrevistas, particularmente, daqueles trechos que se referem às tensões e aos conflitos no que tange à prevenção, procedeu-se a duas naturezas de leitura interpretativa: 1) com vistas a caracterizar o cuidado público, identificou-se: como as leituras acerca da doença e da epidemia são usadas para justificar políticas de prevenção; como se dão as diferentes abordagens preventivas, calcadas em distintos conceitos operativos e recursos tecnológicos; e, por fim, como se dão as diferentes modalidades de organização da gestão (recursos financeiros e humanos, as formas de participação e diálogo com a comunidade, continuidade das ações, avaliação, transparência, accountability); e 2) destacou-se, nestes aspectos, aquelas respostas que expressam manifestações de indignação e desrespeito, de forma a mirar sob a perspectiva do reconhecimento e das capacidades e possibilidades de respostas das políticas no diálogo com necessidades, desejos e anseios dos sujeitos gays e HSH / This thesis examines HIV prevention policies aimed at men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil from the standpoint of the concepts of vulnerability, care and recognition. Therefore, it is proposed to study public health policies in the light of the vulnerability and human rights framework. The purpose of this study was to understand how the processes of (non) recognition, or disrespect, in the scope of public health care, understood as a set of policies, services and actions aimed at the prevention of HIV and AIDS, contribute to the processes of vulnerability of MSM to HIV and AIDS in the context of the epidemic and the responses produced in Brazil and the state of São Paulo in particular. It is a qualitative study, which adopts an interdisciplinary perspective, in a composition that integrates different research techniques. Original empirical material was produced through semi-structured interviews with managers of public prevention policies and activists of the AIDS and LGBT movements. The production and interpretation of this empirical material, guided by the theoretical framework presented above, were compared with documents of the policies, services and actions of health care and prevention of HIV and AIDS for the populations of gays and MSM; ethnographic observation of face-to-face events and activities within the social networks related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS among gays and other MSM; informal conversations with key informants; and analysis of the results of other quantitative and qualitative researches available in public databases. Characterized as a study of public policy analysis. A narrative history of the different moments of the political responses to the AIDS epidemic among gays and other MSM in Brazil has been elaborated with a view to understanding and setting the scene of the public policies of prevention of HIV directed to MSM. Having identified the main transforming paradoxes of political responses: the paradox of \"risk groups\" that reversed discriminatory approach in visibility; the greater institutionalization of organizations with activities on HIV/AIDS, which incurred in greater depoliticization, with reinforcement to the technicality of actions; the contraposition of prevention policies focused on social rights and visibility to the specificity of an anchored and structuring prevention policy based on health policies. From the narratives produced in the interviews, particularly from those excerpts that refer to tensions and conflicts regarding prevention, two types of interpretive reading were performed: 1) with a view to characterizing public care, it was identified: how the readings about the disease and the epidemic are used to justify prevention policies; as are the different preventive approaches, based on different operational concepts and technological resources; (financial and human resources, forms of participation and dialogue with the community, continuity of actions, evaluation, transparency, accountability); and 2) highlighted in those aspects those responses that express manifestations of indignation and disrespect, in order to look from the perspective of recognition and the capacities and possibilities of responses of the policies in the dialogue with the needs, desires and aspirations of the gay and MSM

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