Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emadina Soares.pdf: 751137 bytes, checksum: 886ccfba52ad365c98aac821abae47ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / primeiro aconteceu no período áureo da borracha e o segundo na implantação da Zona Franca de Manaus e do seu Polo Industrial. O crescimento acelerado exerce uma forte pressão na infra-estrutura existente da cidade, uma vez que a população necessita de mínimas condições para uma boa vivência urbana, bem como disponibilidade de serviços e equipamentos urbanos. O surgimento de assentamentos desordenados, sem o devido controle, ocasionou uma cidade com problemas, tais como: carência de infra-estrutura básica, água encanada, energia, esgoto, asfalto e serviços públicos essenciais. O Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) é a entidade das Nações Unidas que tem a missão de promover mudança e conectar países à experiências, conhecimentos e recursos, apontando soluções que se consiga sociedades e Nações fraternas e socialmente justas. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) é uma ferramenta do PNUD que sintetiza o nível de sucesso atingido pela sociedade no atendimento a três necessidades básicas e universais do ser humano: acesso ao conhecimento (dimensão educação), direito a uma vida longa e saudável (dimensão longevidade) e direito a um padrão de vida digno (dimensão renda). A construção de indicadores socioeconômicos tem como principal finalidade permitir uma análise da dinâmica das coletividades em seus vários aspectos, proporcionando, dessa forma, subsídios para a avaliação e estabelecimento de objetivos e prioridades. Esta dissertação intitulada O que revelaram os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano na Cidade de Manaus , está delimitada à Cidade de Manaus, no período 1991- 2000 e tem como objetivo geral investigar as características qualitativas e quantitativas dos Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), 1991-2000. Quanto aos os objetivos específicos, passa-se a enumerá-los: Verificar alguns dos melhores Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do Brasil e no exterior; examinar os melhores e os piores Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) entre os municípios do Estado do Amazonas; analisar as Unidades de Desenvolvimento Humano (UDHs) do município de Manaus, bem como os IDHMs desta capital. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura com finalidades descritivas, explicativas e analíticas

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Those working in Engineering for Global Development seek to improve the conditions in developing countries. A common metric for understanding the development state of a given country is the Human Development Index (HDI), which focuses on three dimensions: health, education, and income. An engineer’s expertise does not always align with any of those dimensions directly, while they still hope to perform impactful work for human development. To discover other areas of expertise that are highly associated with the HDI, correlations and variable selection were performed between all World Development Indicators and the HDI. The resultant associations are presented according to industry sector for a straightforward connection to engineering expertise. The associated areas of expertise can be used during opportunity development as surrogates for focusing on the HDI dimensions themselves. The data analysis shows that work related to "Trade, Transportation, and Utilities", such as electricity distribution, and exports or imports, "Natural Resources and Mining", such as energy resources, agriculture or access to clean water, and "Manufacturing", in general, are most commonly associated with improvements in the HDI in developing countries. Also, because the associations were discovered at country-level, they direct where geographically particular areas of expertise have been historically associated with improving HDI.

Governments and leaders across the globe almost universally agree that human trafficking is a modern atrocity that has harshly negative effects for individuals, communities, entire states and the international community. Nevertheless, they are not in agreement on how best to investigate cases and provide aid to victims. Many states lack the resources to effectively create and implement policies. Governments must act to protect their citizens and people within their borders. Policies are necessary to correctly identify victims, investigate accusations, bring cases to trial and prevent vulnerable populations from becoming victimized through awareness. This thesis asserts that there is a link between the development level of a state and its ability to limit the grotesque crimes of trafficking that occur within its borders. Using the United Nation's annual report which details the development ranking of individual states, it is possible to comparatively analyze the ability of these states to comply with international standards established by the United States of America in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Special attention is paid to the challenges that societies face when there are drastic changes to states' economic activity or political stability and how these affect the frequency of trafficking occurrences and a government’s ability to respond.

中國自1978年經濟開放改革以來，快速的經濟成長是有目共睹的，在這一系列的改革當中，財政地方分權化被視為一個重要的刺激要素，所以有相當多的文獻深入探討財政地方分權化與經濟成長之間的關係。然而，資訊化的社會增廣了人們對於不同偏好的需求，高度的經濟成長表現也不再是人民唯一追求的目標，取而代之的是希望擁有一個完善與永續的生活環境，也因此聯合國發展計畫署（UNDP）設計了一個衡量區域發展的綜合指標，冀望藉由此指標能更客觀且多元的評估國家或是區域的人類發展程度。 本篇文章之研究目的，即為探討中國的財政地方分權化對於區域人類發展的效果為何，因此利用中國6個年份的省市追蹤資料（panel data）來進行分析，並將財政地方分權化變數之平方項加入實證模型中，試圖探析中國的財政地方分權化，與區域人類發展是否存在非線性的關係。最後，本研究經由實證結果發現，財政地方分權化對於區域人類發展是有正面的幫助，然而這個助益會隨著分權程度的增加而消減，過了最適的臨界水準後甚至會有負向效果；也就是說，對於中國各省市而言，絕對財政中央集權化與完全財政地方分權化，對於區域人類發展皆會產生不良的影響。 最後本研究亦認為，並非高度的財政分權化即可為地方人類發展帶來最大的助益，若中央能適度的下放財政權限，以利於資源的有效分配，其對於整體的社會發展來說才是最大的幫助。而依目前現況，中國政府應當在不持續擴張地方財政權限下，加速提高低度發展省分的財政地方分權程度，以增進區域的人類發展並且改善不均等現象。 / Since China started the economical reform in 1978, the rapidly economic growth is extremely amazing. In the series of reform, the fiscal decentralization of region is viewed as an important factor. However, pursuing the economic growth will not be the only goal anymore now. Instead, people nowadays want to live in a sound environment. Thus, the United Nationals Developing Programme has designed a mixed index in order to measure the human development in nations or regions more objectively than before. The purpose of this study is to discuss what effects on human development will be when the fiscal decentralization of region is implemented in China. This study uses provincial-level panel data to analyze them, and finding that there is a positive causality but diminishing marginal returns. According to the results, for any provinces in China, whether the absolutely fiscal centralization or completely fiscal decentralization is implemented, there is no benefit for regional development. In conclusion, the high fiscal decentralization won’t benefit the people in the region the most. Thus, the best way for the overall social development is that the center government releases the fiscal power in an appropriate degree in China, so that the human development in the regions could be improved.

The theme of this diploma thesis is "The Poverty in the Developing World", the poverty that not only less developed countries mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America suffer from, but developed countries that are trying to help the developing world suffer from it as well. How much is that help important and what kind of help is crucial for the developed countries, that is the main subject of this thesis. The theoretical part is based on the available economic theories that solve the vicious circle of poverty in which these countries are trapped. Leading economists mentioned in the theoretical part are Thomas Malthus, whose study was one of the first, then Thomas Merrick, Albert Hirschman, and many others. The practical part deals with three countries, which connect the African continent - Somalia, Angola and Botswaa. Each of these countries is currently in a different situation, but their initial conditions were the same - the hole in the vicious circle of poverty. The conclusion of this work is a prediction of the future development of these countries and recommendations what direction they should go.

Universidade Federal do Cearà / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o aspecto das receitas municipais no cÃlculo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH).Inicialmente, faz-se uma explanaÃÃo sobre o Ãndice de Gini, mostrando-se a possibilidade concreta de um paÃs crescer economicamente sem necessariamente promover a distribuiÃÃo de renda. Faz-se tambÃm uma conceituaÃÃo sobre o IDH, mostrando-se a forma de cÃlculo e uma anÃlise dos nÃmeros de alguns paÃses, do Brasil, com uma anÃlise mais detalhada dos municÃpios do estado do CearÃ.Em um estudo empÃrico sobre os municÃpios do CearÃ, tendo como base as receitas municipais de 1995 a 1999, utiliza-se um modelo economÃtrico, com o qual conclui-se que o impacto de um choque na receita municipal à sentido com maior intensidade nos municÃpios que tÃm maior IDH e nos anos mais distantes da mediÃÃo do Ãndice, o que permite-se que a melhoria do IDH està relacionada à polÃticas de mÃdio e longo prazo, a fim de que haja um prazo de maturaÃÃo para obtenÃÃo de resultados, devendo ser essa uma das grandes preocupaÃÃes dos governantes pÃblicos. / The objective of this paper is to assess the aspect of the municipal revenues in calculating the Human Development Index (HDI). First, an explanation is given on the Gini Index showing the real possibility for a country to grow economically without necessarily promoting the distribution of income. A judgement is also made on the HDI, showing how to calculate it as well as an analysis of numbers of some countries, of Brazil, including a more detailed analysis of the municipalities in the State of CearÃ. In an empirical study of CearÃâs municipalities, an econometric model is used based on the 1995 to 1999 municipalitiesâ revenues. With that mode we conclude that the impact of a shock in the municipal revenue is more intensely felt in those municipalities that have a higher HDI and in the years farther away from the index measuring. Hence, we can say that the improvement in the HDI is related to medium and long-term policies so that there is a maturation period to obtain results and this should be a concern of the public rulers.

La inversión pública contribuye al desarrollo humano mediante la ampliación de la capacidad productora de bienes o servicios públicos. Por lo que el presente trabajo investiga el efecto de la inversión pública en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) según niveles de gobierno durante el periodo 2007-2015. Para ello se emplea modelos de efectos fijos con estimadores within en un panel balanceado, así como se analiza si los resultados permanecen en regiones de bajo, medio o alto IDH y en regiones donde se realiza bajo, medio o alto monto de inversión según niveles de gobierno. Los resultados muestran que a nivel agregado la inversión pública no tiene un efecto en el IDH. En contraste, al segmentarlo por niveles de gobierno, se encuentra que solo la Inversión de Gobiernos Locales contribuye positivamente al IDH, sobre todo en las regiones de menor IDH o con niveles medios de inversión. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la existencia de diferencias en cuanto a la finalización o no de proyectos en el caso de la inversión de los gobiernos regionales (GR), concluyendo que no fue posible afirmar tal efecto en el IDH. Por último, se contribuyó a la literatura empírica del Perú mediante el hallazgo de otras determinantes del IDH. / Public investment contributes to human development by expanding the capacity to produce public goods or services. Therefore, the present work investigates the effect of public investment in the Human Development Index (HDI) by government levels during the period 2007-2015. For this purpose, fixed effects models are used with within estimators in a balanced panel, as well as analyzing whether the results remain in regions of low, medium or high HDI and in regions where low, medium or high investment amounts are made according to levels of government. The results show that, at the aggregate level, public investment has no effect on the HDI. In contrast, when the public investment was segmented by levels of government, it is found that only Local Government Investment contributes positively to the HDI, especially in regions with lower HDI or with medium levels of Local Government Investment. Additionally, this investigation explored the existence of differences regarding the ending or not of projects in the case of investment by regional governments (GR) was evaluated, concluding that it was not possible to affirm that effect in the HDI. Finally, we contributed to the empirical literature of Peru by finding other determinants of the HDI. / Trabajo de investigación

Orientador: José Gilberto de Souza / Banca: Rosângela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol / Banca: José Marcelino de Rezende Pinto / Resumo: O trabalho apresenta uma análise qualitativa do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) em áreas de reforma agrária e periferia urbana de Ribeirão Preto - SP. A discussão está pautada a partir dos indicadores educação, saúde e renda. Destaca-se algumas limitações do IDH - por exemplo, a "reificação" da medida em detrimento do conceito - com vistas à superação do aspecto reducionista e fragmentado do conceito de desenvolvimento adotado para o cálculo do índice. As contradições e movimentos das espacialidades pesquisadas estão descritas e revelam a dialética relação entre o par campo-cidade. Os resultados apontam novas perspectivas para a melhoria das condições de vida dos sujeitos do campo e da cidade, destacando a autonomia e alteridade como elementos fundamentais para a possibilidade da transformação social, do mesmo modo se reafirma a questão do trabalho como categoria central para o desenvolvimento humano. / Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the Human Development Index (HDI) in areas of agrarian reform and urban periphery of Ribeirão Preto - SP. The discussion is guided from the indicators education, health and income. It is detached some limitations of the HDI - for example, the "reification" of the measure at the expense of the concept - with a view to overcoming the reductionist and fragmented aspect of the concept of development adopted for calculating the index. The contradictions and movements of spatialities surveyed are described and reveal the dialectic relationship between the pair city-field. The results suggest new prospects for improving the living conditions of those in rural and urban, emphasizing the autonomy and otherness as fundamental to the possibility of social transformation, just as it reaffirms the role of labor as a central criterion for human development. / Mestre

Diploma thesis describes the problem of quantitative expression of the quality of life. For this purpose is used one of the most widespread indicators of quality of life - Human Development Index. This paper describes its basic characteristics, method of calculation, its advantages and drawbacks. One of the objectives of this paper is the elimination of these shortcomings by alternative method of calculation. The methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and data envelopment analysis models are applied for these purposes. One part of this paper is a theoretical description of the tasks of multi-criteria decision making and their classification into the methods for multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and into the methods of multi-criteria linear programming. In this paper are used methods WSA, TOPSIS and PROMETHEE, based on the definition of the theoretical characteristics of the methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives. These methods are applied on the source data, obtained from a model of the human development index. After calculation, the results obtained are analyzed and written into the conclusion. Another alternative approach to obtain the level of human development is to evaluate the degree of efficiency of countries using data envelopment analysis models in comparison with the human development index. For these purposes is written the theoretical background, which defines the basic types of data envelopment analysis models. These theoretical findings serve as the basis for the practical analysis by the BCC output oriented model and by the corresponding model of super efficiency. The results of these calculations are analyzed and subsequently written into the final conclusion.