Initially founded in 1955 as a platform for Dutch photojournalists to increase international exposure, the World Press Photo competition has grown into the most prestigious contest of photojournalism worldwide, making it an important arena for journalism research. Using qualitative and quantitative content analyses, this study examines all photos shown in the competitions from 1960 to 2020 (N = 11,789) considering the origin of jury members (N = 686), participants (N = 132,800), placements (N = 2347) and the Human Development Index (HDI) of the countries. The topics displayed on the photos, their degree of negativity, and potential power structures in the photos are analysed over time both in terms of continental and HDI-related differences. Significant results show that Africa, Asia, and South America are more frequently depicted by the topic conflict and characterised by negative images than continents with industrialised nations (Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America). Participating European countries have a significantly higher average number of jury members, participants, and placements than participating countries from Africa, Asia, and South America, which seems to account for a dominant Eurocentric view. Implications and critical discussions are summarized in three interim conclusions at the end of this extended paper.

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It is increasingly acknowledged that the proper objective of government efforts towards economic development should be aimed at improvements beyond simple measures of growth, poverty and inequality towards richer measures of human well-being. Herein, the economic and non-economic quality of life, as well as the quantity of life, becomes important indicators. Economists and other social planners therefore need to develop more meaningful indicators of the quality of life. Objective and subjective indicators of the quality of life can be distinguished. For various reasons, this thesis will focus on the search for more meaningful objective indicators of the quality of life. One of the most wellknown objective indicators of quality of life is the Human Development Index (HDI). There is, however, a growing dissatisfaction with the HDI. In this thesis, two recent methodological advances in the measurement of quality of life are applied and combined and, in particular, in the measurement of the non-economic quality of life, to the sub-national quality of life in South Africa. As such, this thesis’ contribution is twofold. First, it investigates the extent to which the quality of life differs within a developing country, as opposed to most studies that focus on either inter-country differences in quality of life, or studies that focus only on spatial inequalities within countries using a restricted set of measures such as per capita income or poverty rates and headcounts. Secondly, this thesis applies a recent methodology proposed by McGillivray (2005) to isolate the non-economic (non-monetary) quality of life in various composite indices and to focus on the non-economic quality of life across 351 South African magisterial districts Indices for the non-economic quality of life are compiled for geographical quality, for demographic quality, and based on the human development index. Furthermore, given that composite indices used in the construction of measures of quality of life consist of weightings of multiple proxies, this thesis implements the method of Lubotsky and Wittenberg (2006) which proposed a new estimator for the case where multiple proxies are to be used for a single, unobserved variable such as quality of life. This thesis establishes that when the non-economic quality of life of the demographic index is considered, the top ten regions in 1001 were as follows: Pretoria, Johannesburg, Soweto, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Inanda, Pietermaritzburg, Wynberg, Mitchellsplain and Vanderbijlpark. It is important to note that, when interpreting these results, one should take caution since variables such as the number of people, number of households etc. is included in this index and as a region grows in population size the more negative consequences such as a higher crime rate can be associated with the particular region. The top ten regions in which to reside in 1004 as determined by the geography quality of life index were: Calvinia, Gordonia, Namaqualand, Kenhardt, Carnarvon, Ubombo, Williston, Hlabisa, Ceres and Ingwavuma. This geography index measures a region's natural beauty which, according to Wey (2000), contributes positively to one's perceived quality of life. Considering changes in non-economic quality of life indices between 1996 and 2004, the conclusion can he drawn that the South African government has been successful to a certain degree in addressing non-economic quality of life. Social policies such as health care, education, housing, water and sanitation appear to have had a positive effect on people's perceived non-economic quality of life in areas that were relatively deprived in 1996. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

This thesis investigates which factors affecting savings behavior by using a fixed effect regression model. To see what affects the household savings rate the following independent variables is considered: Natural logarithm of trend per capita income, natural logarithm of deviation from trend per capita income, growth of disposable income, real interest rate, inflation, wealth in relation to household disposable income, foreign savings in relation to disposable income, dependency ratio and human development index. To see whether changes of human development within a county impacts the household´s savings ratio this variables was included in a separate regression. To avoid possible biasedness from ordinary least square, a panel data technique called fixed effect regression model is used. The investigated time period is between year 1999 and 2016 and to make a restriction, variables from 25 developed countries were studied. The involved economic theories in this work are Keynesianism, permanent income hypothesis and the savings theory behind Maslow´s behavioral pyramid. The result made by using this study is that growth in income and foreign savings in relation to disposable income is insignificant and can´t be used in explaining the differences between household´s savings. Human development index within a country has a negative effect on the savings ratio but a conclusion regarding whether changes in HDI´s does affect savings can´t be made and more research within that field is needed.

Este trabalho se propõe analisar a relação entre o investimento em saúde e desenvolvimento dos estados brasileiros - medido pelo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano- (IDH) mediante a utilização da tecnologia de produção denominada FDH (Free Disposal Hull - Fronteira com livre descarte de recursos). Para os estados não eficientes, serão identificados os percentuais de alteração dos insumos necessários para que estados sejam eficientes. Na seqüência, são selecionados os estados eficientes e com baixo índice de desenvolvimento, para serem utilizados pelos governos estadual e federal como prioridade em uma política de desenvolvimento para o Estado brasileiro, uma vez que, esses estados, por serem eficientes, com o aumento de investimento em ativos de saúde, aumentarão seu índice de desenvolvimento. Em suma, tem-se que os resultados permitirão algumas considerações sobre a eficiência em alocação de recursos nos diferentes ativos de saúde, possibilitando auxiliar a tomada de decisão do gestor público, no que diz respeito à alocação dos recursos disponíveis para área da saúde. / In this work it has attempted to appraise, quantitatively, the efficiency levels of the brazilians states. It is analyzed the relationship between output (development) and inputs (Health Assets) by constructing nonparametric efficiency frontiers. The technique of efficiency analysis were used to determine this frontier is the FDH approach. For the not efficient states, the percentages of alteration of inputs will be identified (Health Assets) necessary so that states are efficient. In the sequence, the efficient states and with low index of development will be selected, to be used for the state and federal governments as priority in one politics of Brazil development, a time that, these states, for being efficient, with the increase of investment in health asset, will increase its index of development. The results will be provided useful insights into the assessment of the administrative efficiency Health Assets.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Augusto Mentone.pdf: 624834 bytes, checksum: 33378db4db7094db00bfacd300778d34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / The objective of this paper is to evaluate the existence of the relationship between renewable energy generation and the Human Development Index (HDI) in short and long terms, based on methodology previously proposed and excluding from the analysis the economic effects generated by the energy production itself. The results indicate that the relationship between the variables exists, but there are different effects between the groups of countries in short and long term, suggesting that governments strategically adopt energy policies with different assumptions / O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a existência da relação entre a geração de energia renovável e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) no curto e longo prazos, baseado em metodologia anteriormente proposta e excluindo-se da análise os efeitos econômicos gerados pela própria produção da energia. Os resultados apontam que a relação entre as variáveis existe, porém há efeitos diferentes entre os grupos de países no curto e longo prazos, sugerindo que governos adotam estrategicamente políticas energéticas com premissas diferentes

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-11-28T17:41:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana da Silva Bastos.pdf: 8956760 bytes, checksum: c6093b31fa6c629684ca94968d6b2632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-28T17:41:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana da Silva Bastos.pdf: 8956760 bytes, checksum: c6093b31fa6c629684ca94968d6b2632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-27 / FAPEMA. / This research aimed to evaluate the quality of water for human consumption in cities of Maranhão Lowlands - MA seeking to correlate the data with the human development index of the object of the study area. The municipalities selected for the study were Pinheiro, Arari, Viana, Matinha and St. Benedict (greater IDHM); Bela Vista do Maranhão, Monsoon, Cajari, Rosario and Pedro Conceição do Lago Açu (lower IDHM). For six months, three months in the period of low rainfall (October, November and December 2015) and three months in high season rainfall (January, February and March 2016) was collected samples of public supply water for microbiological analyzes to search the NMP of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and physicochemical to measure the total hardness parameters, total alkalinity, chloride, conductivity, total dissolved solids, NaCl, pH, turbidity, residual free chlorine content, nitrite nitrate and iron. The spatial distribution of the results was made through the preparation of environmental vulnerability maps. During the study period, it was observed that the amount of micro-organisms was always higher in the untreated water compared to treated water, and municipalities with the lowest IDHM presented more micro-organisms compared to the municipalities most IDHM. The physico-chemical variables showed non-compliance to the total hardness parameters, chlorides, pH, free chlorine, nitrite, nitrate and iron. Considering the average levels for the different microbiological indicators, physical and chemical for each municipality, it was found that existing health problems are complex and pose risks to the local population establishing itself as a critical factor in improving water quality for human consumption. The use of geoprocessing to specialize information regarding the quality of water constituted an important tool contributing to the implementation of control measures. It was made an educational booklet containing basic knowledge about the quality of water for the local population. / Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade da água para consumo humano em municípios da Baixada Maranhense – MA procurando-se correlacionar os dados com o índice de desenvolvimento humano da região objeto do estudo. Os municípios selecionados para o estudo foram Pinheiro, Arari, Viana, Matinha e São Bento (maior IDHM); Bela Vista do Maranhão, Monção, Cajari, Pedro do Rosário e Conceição do Lago Açú (menor IDHM). Durante seis meses, três meses no período de baixa pluviosidade (outubro, novembro e dezembro de 2015) e três meses no período alta pluviosidade (janeiro, fevereiro e março de 2016) coletou-se amostras da água da rede pública de abastecimento para análises microbiológicas para pesquisa do NMP de Coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis e físico-químicas para mensurar os parâmetros dureza total, alcalinidade total, cloretos, condutividade, sólidos totais dissolvidos, NaCL, pH, turbidez, teor cloro residual livre, nitrito, nitrato e ferro. A espacialização dos resultados deu-se por meio da confecção de mapas de vulnerabilidades ambientais. Durante o período de estudo, observou-se que a quantidade de micro-organismos foi sempre superior nas águas não tratadas se comparado às águas tratadas, sendo que os municípios com o menor IDHM apresentaram maior quantidade de micro-organismos em comparação com os municípios com maior IDHM. As variáveis físico-químicas apresentaram não conformidade para os parâmetros dureza total, cloretos, pH, cloro residual livre, nitrito, nitrato e ferro. Considerando os teores médios para as diferentes indicadores microbiológicos, físicos e químicos para cada município, verificou-se que os problemas sanitários existentes são complexos e apresentam riscos à população local constituindo-se como um fator crítico de melhoria da qualidade da água para consumo humano. O uso do geoprocessamento para especializar informações referentes à qualidade da água se constituiu em uma importante ferramenta, contribuindo para implementação de ações de controle. Foi confeccionada uma cartilha educativa contendo conhecimentos básicos sobre a qualidade da água destinada à população regional.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

It is increasingly acknowledged that the proper objective of government efforts towards economic development should be aimed at improvements beyond simple measures of growth, poverty and inequality towards richer measures of human well-being. Herein, the economic and non-economic quality of life, as well as the quantity of life, becomes important indicators. Economists and other social planners therefore need to develop more meaningful indicators of the quality of life. Objective and subjective indicators of the quality of life can be distinguished. For various reasons, this thesis will focus on the search for more meaningful objective indicators of the quality of life. One of the most wellknown objective indicators of quality of life is the Human Development Index (HDI). There is, however, a growing dissatisfaction with the HDI. In this thesis, two recent methodological advances in the measurement of quality of life are applied and combined and, in particular, in the measurement of the non-economic quality of life, to the sub-national quality of life in South Africa. As such, this thesis’ contribution is twofold. First, it investigates the extent to which the quality of life differs within a developing country, as opposed to most studies that focus on either inter-country differences in quality of life, or studies that focus only on spatial inequalities within countries using a restricted set of measures such as per capita income or poverty rates and headcounts. Secondly, this thesis applies a recent methodology proposed by McGillivray (2005) to isolate the non-economic (non-monetary) quality of life in various composite indices and to focus on the non-economic quality of life across 351 South African magisterial districts Indices for the non-economic quality of life are compiled for geographical quality, for demographic quality, and based on the human development index. Furthermore, given that composite indices used in the construction of measures of quality of life consist of weightings of multiple proxies, this thesis implements the method of Lubotsky and Wittenberg (2006) which proposed a new estimator for the case where multiple proxies are to be used for a single, unobserved variable such as quality of life. This thesis establishes that when the non-economic quality of life of the demographic index is considered, the top ten regions in 1001 were as follows: Pretoria, Johannesburg, Soweto, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Inanda, Pietermaritzburg, Wynberg, Mitchellsplain and Vanderbijlpark. It is important to note that, when interpreting these results, one should take caution since variables such as the number of people, number of households etc. is included in this index and as a region grows in population size the more negative consequences such as a higher crime rate can be associated with the particular region. The top ten regions in which to reside in 1004 as determined by the geography quality of life index were: Calvinia, Gordonia, Namaqualand, Kenhardt, Carnarvon, Ubombo, Williston, Hlabisa, Ceres and Ingwavuma. This geography index measures a region's natural beauty which, according to Wey (2000), contributes positively to one's perceived quality of life. Considering changes in non-economic quality of life indices between 1996 and 2004, the conclusion can he drawn that the South African government has been successful to a certain degree in addressing non-economic quality of life. Social policies such as health care, education, housing, water and sanitation appear to have had a positive effect on people's perceived non-economic quality of life in areas that were relatively deprived in 1996. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-04-13T14:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1768964 bytes, checksum: 818f335a310bff5aa6395352620b545d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T14:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1768964 bytes, checksum: 818f335a310bff5aa6395352620b545d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / The overall objective of this dissertation is to analyze the determinants of crime in cities in Paraíba between the years 2011 and 2013. This analysis is based on the theoretical work of Becker (1968). Therefore, it is considered the agent as optimizer of its shares and, therefore, can make rational decisions between crime and no crime throughout life. Crime data were provided by the Department of Security and Social Defense of Paraíba State, while the rest were from the IBGE Census (2010). Initially, we note that in the last decade crime rates that have affected the state of Paraiba were materially higher than those observed in the Northeast and Brazil. It is found based on descriptive statistics data that criminals follow certain pattern of action with respect to the day of the event, and more shift used in arms offenses. In addition, the data were able to demonstrate characteristics of victims, for example, the age and gender most affected. The results were sufficient to identify ten concentrations crimes in state between the years 2011 and 2013. Note , for example, crime is concentrated in a group of cities that are repeated throughout the years , however , They show changes in order that they appear. He built up an analysis of the penitentiary system in recent years Paraiba , considering , therefore, jail time and the age of convicts . Finally, the spatial analysis of the data was performed . It performed the Exploratory Analysis of Spatial Data ( ESDA ) in order to describe and visualize spatial distributions through the Global Moran statistics and Local ( LISA) . Such procedure aims to test the existence of spatial dependence in the average rate of crime that affects the cities in Paraíba between 2011 and 2013. The results of the estimated models suggest the presence of spatial dependence in the data. Thus, this result makes it impossible to use the MCRL . So he went to the estimation of global spatial models : SAR , SEM and SAC . However , statistical considerations suggest that the best form of treatment is found spatial dependence on SAR specification. In this context , it was noted that all the independent variables used in the model ( degree of urbanization , urban population density , religious density , GDP density , concentration index of Gini income and HDI ) proved significant in explaining the problem of crime Paraiba recent years. / O objetivo geral desta dissertação é analisar os determinantes da criminalidade nos municípios paraibanos entre os anos de 2011 e 2013. Tal análise tem como base teórica o trabalho de Becker (1968). Portanto, considera-se o agente como otimizador de suas ações e, sendo assim, pode tomar decisões racionais entre crime e não crime ao longo da vida. Os dados de crime foram fornecidos pela Secretaria de Segurança e da Defesa Social do Estado Paraíba, enquanto os demais foram do Censo do IBGE (2010). Inicialmente, nota-se que na última década as taxas de criminalidade que afetaram o Estado da Paraíba foram relevantemente superiores àquelas observadas no Nordeste e no Brasil. Verifica-se com base na estatística descritiva dos dados que os criminosos seguem determinado padrão de ação no que diz respeito ao dia do ocorrido, turno e armas mais utilizadas nos delitos. Por outro, os dados foram capazes de demonstrar características das vítimas como, por exemplo, a idade e o gênero mais afetado. Os resultados foram suficientes para identificar as dez maiores concentrações de crimes no Estado entre os anos de 2011 e 2013. Nota-se, por exemplo, que a criminalidade está concentrada em um grupo de municípios que se repetem ao longo dos anos, no entanto, apresentam mudanças na ordenação em que aparecem. Construiu-se uma análise do sistema penitenciário paraibano nos anos recentes, considerando-se, para tanto, o tempo de prisão e a idade dos apenados. Por fim, foram realizadas as análises espaciais dos dados. Efetuou-se a Análise Exploratória dos Dados Espaciais (AEDE), no intuito de descrever e visualizar distribuições espaciais através das estatísticas de Moran Global e Local (LISA). Tais procedimentos tem como finalidade testar a existência de dependência espacial na taxa média de criminalidade que atinge os municípios paraibanos entre os anos de 2011 e 2013. Os resultados dos modelos estimados sugerem a presença de dependência espacial nos dados. Logo, tal resultado impossibilita a utilização do MCRL. Sendo assim, partiu-se para a estimação de modelos espaciais globais: SAR, SEM e SAC. No entanto, critérios estatísticos sugerem que a melhor forma de tratamento da dependência espacial é encontrada na especificação SAR. Neste contexto, notou-se que as variáveis independentes utilizadas no modelo (grau de urbanização, densidade demográfica urbana, densidade de religiosos, densidade do PIB, índice de concentração de renda de Gini e IDH) mostraram-se significantes para explicar a problemática da criminalidade paraibana dos anos recentes.