Spelling suggestions: "subject:"humancentred automation"" "subject:"mancentred automation""
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The Development and Evaluation of a Model of Time-of-arrival UncertaintyHooey, Becky 13 April 2010 (has links)
Uncertainty is inherent in complex socio-technical systems such as in aviation, military, and surface transportation domains. An improved understanding of how operators comprehend this uncertainty is critical to the development of operations and technology. Towards the development of a model of time of arrival (TOA) uncertainty, Experiment 1 was conducted to determine how air traffic controllers estimate TOA uncertainty and to identify sources of TOA uncertainty. The resulting model proposed that operators first develop a library of speed and TOA profiles through experience. As they encounter subsequent aircraft, they compare each vehicle’s speed profile to their personal library and apply the associated estimate of TOA uncertainty.
To test this model, a normative model was adopted to compare inferences made by human observers to the corresponding inferences that would be made by an optimal observer who had knowledge of the underlying distribution. An experimental platform was developed and implemented in which subjects observed vehicles with variable speeds and then estimated the mean and interval that captured 95% of the speeds and TOAs.
Experiments 2 and 3 were then conducted and revealed that subjects overestimated TOA intervals for fast stimuli and underestimated TOA intervals for slow stimuli, particularly when speed variability was high. Subjects underestimated the amount of positive skew of the TOA distribution, particularly in slow/high variability conditions. Experiment 3 also demonstrated that subjects overestimated TOA uncertainty for short distances and underestimated TOA uncertainty for long distances. It was shown that subjects applied a representative heuristic by selecting the trained speed profile that was most similar to the observed vehicle’s profile, and applying the TOA uncertainty estimate of that trained profile.
Multiple regression analyses revealed that the task of TOA uncertainty estimation contributed the most to TOA uncertainty estimation error as compared to the tasks of building accurate speed models and identifying the appropriate speed model to apply to a stimulus. Two systematic biases that account for the observed TOA uncertainty estimation errors were revealed: Assumption of symmetry and aversion to extremes. Operational implications in terms of safety and efficiency for the aviation domain are discussed.
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The Development and Evaluation of a Model of Time-of-arrival UncertaintyHooey, Becky 13 April 2010 (has links)
Uncertainty is inherent in complex socio-technical systems such as in aviation, military, and surface transportation domains. An improved understanding of how operators comprehend this uncertainty is critical to the development of operations and technology. Towards the development of a model of time of arrival (TOA) uncertainty, Experiment 1 was conducted to determine how air traffic controllers estimate TOA uncertainty and to identify sources of TOA uncertainty. The resulting model proposed that operators first develop a library of speed and TOA profiles through experience. As they encounter subsequent aircraft, they compare each vehicle’s speed profile to their personal library and apply the associated estimate of TOA uncertainty.
To test this model, a normative model was adopted to compare inferences made by human observers to the corresponding inferences that would be made by an optimal observer who had knowledge of the underlying distribution. An experimental platform was developed and implemented in which subjects observed vehicles with variable speeds and then estimated the mean and interval that captured 95% of the speeds and TOAs.
Experiments 2 and 3 were then conducted and revealed that subjects overestimated TOA intervals for fast stimuli and underestimated TOA intervals for slow stimuli, particularly when speed variability was high. Subjects underestimated the amount of positive skew of the TOA distribution, particularly in slow/high variability conditions. Experiment 3 also demonstrated that subjects overestimated TOA uncertainty for short distances and underestimated TOA uncertainty for long distances. It was shown that subjects applied a representative heuristic by selecting the trained speed profile that was most similar to the observed vehicle’s profile, and applying the TOA uncertainty estimate of that trained profile.
Multiple regression analyses revealed that the task of TOA uncertainty estimation contributed the most to TOA uncertainty estimation error as compared to the tasks of building accurate speed models and identifying the appropriate speed model to apply to a stimulus. Two systematic biases that account for the observed TOA uncertainty estimation errors were revealed: Assumption of symmetry and aversion to extremes. Operational implications in terms of safety and efficiency for the aviation domain are discussed.
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It’s smart, but you know, it lacks that human touch! : Exploring and designing for dynamic user control in AI-driven automated systems / Den är smart, men du vet, den saknar den där mänskliga touchen! : Utforska och designa för dynamisk användarkontroll i AI-drivna automatiserade systemÅkerblom-Andersson, Christina, Tjernström, Linnéa January 2024 (has links)
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation become more intertwined, understanding their impact on user control is essential. This study investigates dynamic user control in AI-driven automated systems, particularly in work environments. While adaptive automation (AA) has been extensively studied, there's a gap in research on adaptable and hybrid automation, where users control the level of automation (LOA). We bridge this gap with a design-oriented case study structured into three phases, evaluating one adaptable and one hybrid prototype. By understanding real-world perspectives of users and providers of an AI-driven automation system, we address the question: "How can we support users with dynamic control when designing for human-centred automation?”. Our findings are synthesized into insights that suggest a preference for a hybrid approach; one that balances user and AI-system collaboration, providing adaptive and personalized support, without overwhelming adaptability. Overall, our results conclude the importance of human involvement in the automation process, underscoring the need for "human touch” in the design of humancentred automation (HCAI).
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Human-centred automation : with application to the fighter aircraft domainHelldin, Tove January 2012 (has links)
The working situation of fighter pilots is often very challenging. The pilots are requested to perform their tasks and make decisions in situations characterised by time-pressure, huge amounts of data and high workload, knowing that wrong decisions might result in fatal consequences. To aid the pilots, several automatic support systems have been implemented in modern fighter aircraft and will continue to be implemented in pace with technological advancements and new demands posed on the pilots. For example, innovations within the information fusion (IF) domain have made it possible to fuse large amounts of data, stemming from different sensors, databases etc., to create a better foundation for making decisions and act than would have been possible if the information sources had been used separately. However, there are both positive and negative effects of automation, such as decreased workload and improved situation awareness on the one hand, but skill degradation and complacent behaviour on the other. To avoid the possible negative consequences of automation, while at the same time ameliorating the positive ones, a human-centred automation (HCA) approach to system design has been proposed as a way of optimizing the collaboration between the human and the machine. As a design approach, HCA stresses the importance of a cooperative human-machine relationship, where the operator is kept in the automation loop. However, how to introduce HCA within the fighter aircraft domain as well as its implications for the interface and automation design of support systems within the field has not been investigated. This thesis investigates the implications of introducing HCA into the fighter aircraft domain. Through literature surveys and empirical investigations, general and domain specific HCA guidelines have been identified. These advocate, for example, that an indication of the reliability of the information and the recommendations provided by the different aircraft support systems must be given as well as that support for appropriate updates of the pilots’ individual and team awareness of the situation must be provided. A demonstrator, mirroring some of the identified guidelines, has been implemented and used to evaluate the guidelines together with system developers within the domain. The evaluation indicated that system developers of modern fighter aircraft implicitly incorporate many of the identified HCA guidelines when designing. However, the evaluation further revealed that to explicitly incorporate these guidelines into the development approach, preferably through the development of a domain specific style guide, would aid the system developers design automated support systems that provide appropriate support for the pilots. The results presented in this thesis are expected to aid developers of modern fighter aircraft support systems by incorporating HCA into the traditional simulator-based design (SBD) approach. This approach is frequently used within the field and stresses early and frequent user-involvement when designing, in which complementary HCA evaluations could be performed to further improve the support systems implemented from an automation perspective. Furthermore, it is expected that the results presented in this thesis will contribute to the research regarding how to incorporate the human operator in the information fusion processes, which has been recognised as a research gap within the IF field. Thus, a further contribution of this thesis is the suggestion of how the HCA development approach could be of aid when improving the interaction between the operator and the automated fusion system. / Arbetssituationen för stridspiloter är ofta mycket utmanande. Piloterna måste utföra sina uppgifter och fatta beslut i stressiga situationer med stora informationsmängder och hög arbetsbörda, samtidigt som val av fel beslut kan leda till allvarliga konsekvenser. För att hjälpa piloterna har flera automatiska stödsystem implementerats i moderna stridsflygplan. Denna trend kommer att fortsätta i takt med nya tekniska framgångar och nya krav som ställs på piloterna. Forskning inom informationsfusion (IF) har bland annat gjort det möjligt att fusionera stora mängder data som härstammar från olika sensorer, databaser m.m. för att på så sätt skapa en bättre grund för att fatta beslut och agera än vad som hade varit möjligt om informationskällorna hade använts separat. Dock har både positiva och negativa effekter av automatisering rapporterats, såsom minskad arbetsbörda och förbättrad situationsuppfattning men även försämrad pilotprestation till följd av att de automatiska systemens prestanda inte övervakas. För att undvika negativa effekter av automation samtidigt som de positiva effekterna stärks har den så kallade människo centrerade automationen (HCA) lyfts fram som en möjlig väg att designa system där samverkan mellan automationen och den mänskliga operatören optimeras. Som en designapproach fokuserar HCA på viken av en samverkande människamaskin relation, där operatören hålls kvar i automatiseringsloopen. Men hur HCA kan introduceras inom stridsflygdomänen och dess implikationer för gränssnitts- och automationsdesign av stödsystem inom domänen har inte undersökts. Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker möjliga implikationer av att introducera HCA inom stridsflygdomänen. Genom litteraturundersökningar och empiriska studier har generalla och domänspecifika HCA riktlinjer identifierats, såsom att piloterna måste erbjudas en indikation angående tillförlitligheten hos den information och de rekommendationer som de olika implementerade stödsystemen i flygplanet har genererat, samt att stöd för att uppdatera piloternas individuella och gemensamma uppfattning av situationen måste ges. En demonstrator, som återspeglar några av de identifierade HCA riktlinjerna, har implementerats och använts för att utvärdera riktlinjerna tillsammans med systemutvecklare inom domänen. Denna utvärdering påvisade att systemutvecklare inom stridsflygdomänen implicit använder sig av många av de identifierade HCA riktlinjerna under designprocessen, men att explicit inkludera dessa i en domänspecifik design guide skulle kunna hjälpa dem att designa automatiska system som erbjuder lämpligt stöd för piloterna. De resultat som presenteras i denna licentiatavhandling förväntas kunna hjälpa utvecklare av moderna stridsflygsystem genom att inkludera HCA i den traditionella simulator-baserade designapproachen (SBD). Denna approach används flitigt inom området och fokuserar på tidigt och återkommande användardeltagande vid designarbetet, där komplementära HCA utvärderingar skulle kunna genomföras för att förbättra de stödsystem som implementeras från ett automationsperspektiv. Det förväntas även att de resultat som presenteras i denna avhandling kommer att bidra till forskningen kring hur operatörer kan påverka fusionsprocessen, vilket har identifierats som ett område där mer forskning behövs inom IF området. Ytterligare ett bidrag av denna avhandling är därför det förslag som ges på hur HCA utvecklingsprocessen skulle kunna användas för att förbättra interaktionen mellan operatören och det automatiska fusionssystemet.
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