Denna uppsats problematiserar Kriminalvårdens ideologiska utveckling genom att analysera interna och externa styrdokument från tre tidsperioder: 1923, 1963-1968 och 2008-2020. Uppsatsen undersöker hur den kristna diskursen och den kristna praktiken inom Kriminalvårdens verksamhet successivt har ersatts som en del av samhällets övergripande rationaliseringstendenser. Inspirerade av Foucault, genomförs en analys av kriminalvårdens diskursiva utveckling utifrån ett historiserande perspektiv. Uppsatsens primära frågeställning utgår från teoretiker som Kate Soper, Michel Foucault och Jürgen Habermas och argumenterar för humanismen som en rättfärdigande ideologi och synliggör dess konnotationer till behaviorismen. Syftet är att förstå denna typ av förändring, och hur rationaliseringstendenser kan synas i dessa förändringar. Uppsatsen mynnar ut i en förståelse av kristendomens avtagande roll till fördel för humanvetenskapens praktikers framväxt.

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The problem of this thesis is to show that a humanistic, pragmatic, and instrumental concept of God would help man in his life, at the present stage of development in the western world, more than an authoritarian or absolute concept. This thesis endeavors to show that the confusion and instability in the moral and religious life is caused by a great need of change of attitude and beliefs towards the concept of God and religion.

It is the purpose of this study to make an examination of critical comment on humanistic philosophy, and, thereby, get a response that will answer some of the questions which arise in the minds of those who are made conscious of intellectual wonder or curiosity within themselves.

Historians have traditionally viewed the controversy between the ancients and moderns within the narrow scope of the title. However, in the seventeenth century the issue of learning and knowledge was a significant issue in the controversy. By 1600, the humanists were well established in the universities and applied the classical world view as an ideal for life. The humanists' emphasis on the classic world view along with their compatibility with scientific investigation strengthened their influence in university learning, which lasted until the mid-seventeenth century. From the 1640s onward, several groups explicitly criticized the prominence of humanist ideals in the universities. The sense of these criticisms and the humanists' responses indicate that the issue was not simply ancient against modern, but one world view against another. During the Civil War and Interregnum, radical puritans censured the use of human learning in the universities and alerted the humanists to future attacks on their domination of learning. After the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the new philosophy emerged as a strong force in the quest for knowledge. The new philosophers' vitality encouraged them to denounce human learning and propose the subordination of human learning to the ever-advancing new philosophy. As a result, the humanists staunchly defended traditional learning and their standing in the universities. This thesis re-examines the ancient and modern controversy during the seventeenth century and views it as a continuing debate over which knowledge would best benefit English society. In this way, historians can better understand the motivations for humanists to the reactions of the humanists to the scientists. / Master of Arts

Muitas análises sobre o humanismo florentino dos séculos e XIV e XV, mesmo quando reconhecem a importância da tradição retórica, sobretudo latina, na formação e produção desses autores, a veem como uma ferramenta que encobre as suas verdadeiras e sinceras crenças, e criam um hiato entre suas obras e suas realidades políticas, tornando os escritos desses primeiros humanistas uma fonte histórica bastante delicada e perigosa para o historiador. Este estudo procurará, a partir de uma tendência historiográfica crítica às teses de Hans Baron sobre o Humanismo cívico (1955 e 1966) e das reflexões teóricas de Quentin Skinner (1999a, 2007 e 2007a), bem como de outros autores antigos e contemporâneos sobre as relações entre linguagem, política e história, propor uma leitura de algumas obras de dois humanistas florentinos dos séculos XIV e XV, Leonardo Bruni Aretino e Lino Coluccio Salutati. Uma leitura na qual a tradição retórica clássica neles presente e atuante seja vista não como um elemento que os distancia de suas realidades políticas e esconde suas convicções, mas como um meio pelo qual eles criaram novos conceitos e um novo vocabulário que contribuíram para dar forma não só à realidade cultural e política em que viveram e da qual participaram ativamente, na Itália e na Europa, mas também ao pensamento político ocidental posterior. / Many studies on XIV and XV century Florentine humanism, even when they accept the importance of rhetoric tradition, mainly the Latin rhetoric tradition, in humanists educational background and works from these centuries, see this rhetoric tradition just as a tool which hides humanists true and sincere beliefs, forming a gap between their works and their political realities and making the works of these early humanists a somewhat embarrassing and dangerous historical source for historians.This work seeks to analyze some works of two Florentine humanists from XIV and XV centuries: Leonardo Bruni Aretino e Lino Coluccio Salutati, from a critical historiographical view on Hans Barons thesis on civic Humanism (1955 and 1966) and Quentin Skinners historical and theoretical writings (1999a, 2007 and 2007a), as well as the writings of other ancient and modern authors who have also written about many and important relations between language, politics and history. It aims to identify the classical rhetoric tradition present and active in both humanists production not as an element that keeps them away from their political realities and hides their true and sincere beliefs, but as a mean through which these humanists created new concepts and new vocabulary that contributed not only to shape the cultural and political reality in which Coluccio Salutati and Leonardo Bruni lived and actively took part, in Italy and in Europe, but that have also contributed to form the occidental political thought.

Muitas análises sobre o humanismo florentino dos séculos e XIV e XV, mesmo quando reconhecem a importância da tradição retórica, sobretudo latina, na formação e produção desses autores, a veem como uma ferramenta que encobre as suas verdadeiras e sinceras crenças, e criam um hiato entre suas obras e suas realidades políticas, tornando os escritos desses primeiros humanistas uma fonte histórica bastante delicada e perigosa para o historiador. Este estudo procurará, a partir de uma tendência historiográfica crítica às teses de Hans Baron sobre o Humanismo cívico (1955 e 1966) e das reflexões teóricas de Quentin Skinner (1999a, 2007 e 2007a), bem como de outros autores antigos e contemporâneos sobre as relações entre linguagem, política e história, propor uma leitura de algumas obras de dois humanistas florentinos dos séculos XIV e XV, Leonardo Bruni Aretino e Lino Coluccio Salutati. Uma leitura na qual a tradição retórica clássica neles presente e atuante seja vista não como um elemento que os distancia de suas realidades políticas e esconde suas convicções, mas como um meio pelo qual eles criaram novos conceitos e um novo vocabulário que contribuíram para dar forma não só à realidade cultural e política em que viveram e da qual participaram ativamente, na Itália e na Europa, mas também ao pensamento político ocidental posterior. / Many studies on XIV and XV century Florentine humanism, even when they accept the importance of rhetoric tradition, mainly the Latin rhetoric tradition, in humanists educational background and works from these centuries, see this rhetoric tradition just as a tool which hides humanists true and sincere beliefs, forming a gap between their works and their political realities and making the works of these early humanists a somewhat embarrassing and dangerous historical source for historians.This work seeks to analyze some works of two Florentine humanists from XIV and XV centuries: Leonardo Bruni Aretino e Lino Coluccio Salutati, from a critical historiographical view on Hans Barons thesis on civic Humanism (1955 and 1966) and Quentin Skinners historical and theoretical writings (1999a, 2007 and 2007a), as well as the writings of other ancient and modern authors who have also written about many and important relations between language, politics and history. It aims to identify the classical rhetoric tradition present and active in both humanists production not as an element that keeps them away from their political realities and hides their true and sincere beliefs, but as a mean through which these humanists created new concepts and new vocabulary that contributed not only to shape the cultural and political reality in which Coluccio Salutati and Leonardo Bruni lived and actively took part, in Italy and in Europe, but that have also contributed to form the occidental political thought.

Bakgrund: Internationell forskning visar att det från vårdpersonalens sida existerar dömande attityder gentemot patienter med drog- och alkoholmissbruk. Patienterna tillskrivs som grupp negativa egenskaper såsom att de är aggressiva, manipulativa och farliga och att arbeta med omvårdnad av dessa patientgrupper har lägre status än omvårdnaden av andra patienter. Motsvarande studier gällande hur det ser ut i en svensk kontext har däremot inte identifierats och således existerar här en kunskapslucka. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva sjuksköterskors syn på patienter med missbruksproblem inom psykiatrisk omvårdnad. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en empirisk intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats. En fokusgruppsintervju genomfördes med fyra aktiva sjuksköterskor som deltagare. Fokusgruppsintervjun analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i åtta kategorier som urskilts ur materialet: Kontakt genom vinnande strategi, Den självvalda kontaktlösheten, Den hämmande vårdmiljön, Människan som helhet, Den individreducerande vårdkulturen, Livsöde, Den onda cirkeln samt Frustration. Slutsats: Studien visar att sjuksköterskan inom psykiatrisk omvårdnad har en humanistisk människosyn som grund för omvårdnad av patienter med missbruksproblem. Denna människosyn hindras ibland av frustation som uppstår gentemot patienterna, av att patienterna reduceras till objekt, samt av den miljö i vilken sjuksköterskan och patienten möts, något som i sin tur leder till en mer naturalistisk människosyn. Klinisk betydelse: Att utöka kunskapen om synen på den missbrukande patienten i kontexten psykiatrisk omvårdnad. Kunskapen kommer att kunna användas för att minska distinktionen mellan teori och praktik gällande hur den humanistiska människosynen appliceras inom den psykiatriska omvårdnaden. / Background: International research shows that there exist judgmental attitudes among nursing staff towards patients with drug and alcohol addiction. The patients as a group are assigned negative properties such as being aggressive, manipulative and dangerous, and caring for these patients have a lower status than the care of other patients. Corresponding studies of how it looks in a Swedish context have not been identified and thus there’s a gap in knowledge. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the nurses’ view of patients with substance misuse problems in psychiatric care. Method: The study was conducted as an empirical interview study with a qualitative approach. A focus group interview was conducted with four active nurses as participants. The focus group interview was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in eight categories out of the collected data: contact by winning strategy, the self-selected absence of contact, the inhibitory care environment, the human being in its entirety, the reduction of the individual by care culture, destiny, the vicious cycle and frustration. Conclusion: The study shows that nurses within psychiatric care have a humanistic view of man as a basis for caring for patients with substance misuse problems. This view of man is hindered by frustration that arises in relation to the patients, that the patients are reduced to objects and the environment in which the nurse and the patient interact. This, in turn, leads to a more naturalistic view of man. Clinical significance: To expand the knowledge regarding the view of the patient with substance misuse problems in psychiatric care. The knowledge will be usable to decrease the distinction between theory and practice regarding how the humanistic view of man can be practically applied to psychiatric care.

This study investigates attitudes towards human nature in reports published by the Swedish Library Association and the National Library of Sweden between 2015 and 2018. By using ideological analysis, I was able to focus the study on three dimensions of human nature: the worth of human beings, human behavior and human needs. The study area was further specified using Anders Jeffner’s (1989) theoretical framework. Jeffner has formulated 20 components that together create a view of human nature. Of these, four components were used for the study: assumptions of human rights, social equality, free will and strategies to improve human well-being. The reports express a humanist ideology. Some reports emphasize the library’s mission to prevent social inequality and helping marginalized groups. The reports also demonstrate a view of humans as critically thinking and independent citizens by highlighting the importance of intellectual freedom, freedom of thought and freedom of expression. Two broad themes emerged from the analysis: social justice and freedom of the individual, which were used to describe two different missions of the library. When the library’s mission is described as working towards social justice, the library becomes active and partial. On the other hand, the library is described as neutral and impartial when the mission is seen as working towards the freedom of the individual. In conclusion, the Swedish Library Association and the National Library of Sweden present themselves as good through a humanist ideology and a view of human nature that emphasize freedom, welfare and personal development. However, many different ideologies and values can be applied to the library, and it is not necessarily fundamentally good or humanist. The findings of this research also indicate that the word neutral is used in a misleading way, and that there is a need to redefine the meaning of neutrality. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

The problem being considered in this paper is the alienation of the general viewer from contemporary art. Modern art has become less understandable than ever before to the non-art audience because it has, in many cases, ceased to deal with human-oriented subject matter, and has become detached from life. This paper examines ways in which modern art might be made more accessible to the world through the artists' use of emotion, intuition, intelligence, and other Humanistic elements as content for paintings. It contains a four-part proposal of what Humanist art is. The basic form is the use of rhetorical questions about modern art, leading one to more questions and to a broader, more open-minded attitude toward modern art.