Les vies de millions de personnes sont dévastées par des désastres naturels à travers le monde. Les écrits scientifiques relatifs aux efforts humanitaires dans ces contextes ciblent les travailleurs humanitaires sans toutefois les différencier quant à leur appartenance disciplinaire ou à l’organisation qui les emploie. Les connaissances liées à la pratique des infirmières dans le contexte d’urgence humanitaire sont limitées, malgré qu’elles jouent un rôle vital auprès des populations touchées. Cette ethnographie focalisée, guidée par la théorie du caring bureaucratique de Ray (1989) répond à la question de recherche: Comment des infirmières ayant participé à une mission humanitaire d’urgence suite au séisme à Haïti en janvier 2010 au sein de l’organisation Médecins Sans Frontières décrivent-elles leur pratique dans les contextes légal, politique, économique, éducationnel, socioculturel, physique et technologique de cette expérience? Des entrevues semi-structurées en profondeur de 90 minutes ont été menées auprès de quatre participantes qui ont également échangé à propos de photographies prises durant leurs missions. Les participantes ont discuté de leur préparation, de leurs objectifs, des rôles qu’elles assumaient, ainsi que des défis rencontrés au retour de leurs missions. Des facteurs inhérents à l’infirmière et à l’organisation ont émergé comme importants pour l’articulation et la délimitation de leur pratique. Cette étude révèle également que des facteurs contextuels importants, soit l’équipe, le temps, l’environnement physique, la médiatisation, la sécurité, ainsi que les conditions de travail et les contextes sociopolitique et culturel avaient une influence sur la pratique. Les participantes, selon leur évaluation de ces contextes et des besoins immédiats, devaient constamment ajuster leur pratique. Cette recherche permet une meilleure compréhension de la pratique d’infirmières dans un contexte d’urgence humanitaire de laquelle découlent des implications pour la pratique, la formation et la recherche. / Globally, millions of people experience significant upheaval in their lives due to natural disasters. Literature related to humanitarian relief efforts has primarily focused on the work of medical personnel without any differentiation with regards to their profession or sending organization. Knowledge related to the vital role that nurses play during these devastating and tumultuous times is scarce. The purpose of this focused ethnography is, therefore, to determine how nurses describe their practice while working with Doctors Without Borders during relief efforts resulting from the aftermath of the Haitian earthquake in 2010 within the legal, political, economical, educational, sociocultural, physical and technological contexts of their experience. Four nurses participated in semi-structured, individual, in-depth 90-minute interviews. During the interviews the nurses also discussed photographs they had taken that best represented their practice during their mission. Ray’s theory of bureaucratic caring (1989) was used as a theoretical framework for this study. Participants provided rich examples of their mission’s training, objectives, and roles. They also addressed the challenges that needed to be overcome when they returned. Some of their inherent personal assets, and characteristics of MSF itself, that emerged as important factors which defined their practice, were also described by participants. Contextual factors such as the team, time, physical environment, media coverage, security, working conditions, and the sociocultural and political context, had to constantly be taken into account by the participants so they could adjust their practice accordingly. This study leads to a better understanding of nursing practice in the humanitarian context. It has several implications for practice, future research, and curriculum improvement in the area of disaster nursing preparedness.

Depuis la fin de la Guerre froide, la pratique de l’aide humanitaire est principalement devenue l’apanage des Occidentaux et de ses alliés, contribuant à l’émergence d’une norme d’intervention (néo)libérale. Cette recherche vise à déterminer s’il existe une pratique alternative; dans cette optique, le cas de l’humanitarisme cubain sera analysé. À partir d’une revue de la littérature et d’un travail de terrain conduit à Cuba auprès de coopérants ayant servi dans le cadre de « missions internationalistes », cette recherche se déroule selon trois étapes principales. Dans un premier temps, il s’agira, à partir des études réalisées par les auteurs post-foucaldiens tels que Duffield, Pupavac, McFalls et Pandolfi, de déterminer la nouvelle tendance de l’aide humanitaire apparue au sortir de la Guerre froide. Cette dernière a été représentée sous une forme idéal-typique par Laurence McFalls qui a identifié l’exercice de la gouvernementalité (thérapeutique) (néo)libérale sur les terrains d’intervention. Dans un deuxième temps, le coeur du travail consistera à élaborer l’idéal-type du modèle d’intervention cubain à partir des entrevues réalisées à Cuba. Dans cette seconde étape, il conviendra de caractériser la logique de l’action de l’humanitarisme cubain n’ayant pas encore été établie par les chercheurs. La troisième étape reposera sur la comparaison critique entre les deux idéauxtypes ayant été présentés, dans le but, ultimement, de déterminer si l’humanitarisme cubain s’inscrit dans la norme (néo)libérale ou si, au contraire, il présente une alternative à celle-ci. Ceci permettra d’élaborer une réflexion sur l’hégémonie, la domination légitime et la place de l’humanitaire dans les relations internationales. / Since the end of the Cold War, humanitarian aid has mainly been a Western practice, contributing to the emergence of a neo-liberal norm of intervention. In order to determine if there is an alternative practice, this research aims at analyzing the Cuban’s humanitarian aid. Based on a literature review and a fieldwork led in Cuba with those “internationalist missions” volunteers, this study follows three main steps. The first part, relying on studies carried out by post-foucaldiens authors such as Duffield, Pupavac, McFalls and Pandolfi, will determine the new trend of the humanitarian aid which appeared at the end of the Cold War. Laurence McFalls has presented it as an ideal-type as he identified the exercise of a (therapeutic) neo-liberal governementality on the humanitarian intervention’s field. Second, the logic of the Cuban international aid action, which has not yet been investigated by the researchers, will be characterized. Third, the previously presented ideal-types will be critically compared in order to determine if the Cuban humanitarian aid corresponds to the neo-liberal norm or if it, in fact, represents an alternative. This will allow us to think about key concepts such as hegemony, therapeutic domination and the place of humanitarian aid in international relations.

Les crises politiques qui ont secoué la Côte d'Ivoire depuis la mort d'Houphouët-Boigny n'ont pas manqué d'impliquer directement l'éducation, et ce à plusieurs niveaux. Dans le même temps, l'éducation fut un enjeu politique direct et un lieu d'affrontement. Cette thèse s'intéresse à la perception qu'ont les acteurs de la demande et de l'offre en éducation sur le rôle de l'éducation et de l'intervention de l'aide internationale et locale dans le secteur. La démarche empirique adoptée repose sur la méthode de la triangulation qui combine l'analyse secondaire de données, les entretiens et les questionnaires récoltés entre avril 2013 et octobre 2014 à Abidjan, au centre et à l'ouest du pays. Les résultats de ces enquêtes montrent que les acteurs ayant été les plus affectés dans leur scolarité envisagent davantage l'École comme espace de socialisation et participent ainsi au processus de résilience. Par ailleurs, la présence des organisations internationales légitime les actions du gouvernement actuel. Ainsi, l'aide internationale est le plus souvent recherchée et même valorisée. La reconstruction du système éducatif, son développement et sa transformation se font donc sous influence internationale, sans que celle-ci soit perçue comme de l'ingérence par les acteurs de la demande et de l'offre en éducation. / The political crisis that disrupted the country since Houphouët Boigny's death directly involved education on a number of levels. At the same time, Education also became a major political issue, opposing rival factions, and a collateral target of the actors of the conflict. This thesis focuses on the supply and demand education stakeholders'perception on the role of education as well as their representations on the international and local assistance in this domain. The chosen empirical approach uses the triangulation method which combines interviews, questionnaires and existing databases. All these elements were collected from April 2013 and October 2014 in Abidjan and in central and western Côte d'Ivoire. The results of this analysis show that the stakeholders who were the most affected through their schooling are considering School more like a socialisation space and thus participate to the process of resilience. Results also reveal how the presence of international organizations legitimizes the current government's actions. International aid is frequently sought out and highly valued. The education system has been rebuilt, developed and transformed under the influence of international organizations. The public authorities do not perceive this as a form of interference, and nor do demand and offer education actors.

This study examined the relationship between spiritual intelligence (SI), emotional intelligence (EI), coping ability (CA), and burnout (BO) among humanitarian aid workers in Zimbabwe. A convenience sample of 296 (53% males and 47% females) humanitarian aid workers was used in the study. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to explore the contribution of SI, EI, and CA to the burnout. Results indicated that SI, EI, and CA are all significantly related to Burnout and its dimensions of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA) in humanitarian aid workers. CA and EI significantly contributed to the variation of scores in EE and DP whereas SI did not. However, all the three variables significantly contributed to the variation in PA. Gender, age, employment status and tenure in NGO had no significant relationships with EE, DP, or PA whereas contract type, length of service, educational level and nature of work were associated with statistically significant differences in EE, DP, and PA. The research contributed to the understanding of burnout among aid workers in Zimbabwe. Humanitarian organisations can use the findings to come up with scientifically backed recruitment, selection, training, and staff wellbeing policies and programmes that help to reduce the impact of burnout in the humanitarian aid sector. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

One billion of people lives less than one dollar a day, millions of people are forced to live out of their home, problems of humanitarian aid are very pressing theme. This diploma thesis aims to create a didactit unit for students of medical school, which would deepen their knowledges and influence their attitudes to humanitarian aid. At first at theoretic part the space is focused on complete overview in humanitarian aid, starting on history, current strategy of humanitarian aid, individual participants of aid, over the rules and risk, up to ethic and legal anchoring of aid. In theoretic part is giving a description in brief of three non- governmental non-profitable organization, whose are engaging in humanitarian aid (International Movement of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Docktors without Borders known as Medecins Sans Frontieres, which is devoted more space in view of the fact that students'orientation and Czech organization People in Trouble). In research part the questionnaire survey is performed in chosen medical school, which inquires the basic knowledges of humanitarian aid and three chosen non-profit organization and monitors students'attitudes to given problems. The didactic unit is created in the basis of analysis of collected data. From the questionnaire survey is clear the...

This thesis deals with the ethical aspects of the development assistance and the humanitarian aid. The provision of international assistance has brought lots of successes, however, it also faces a numer of failures and it is associated with many errors and prejudices. This thesis deals with the concrete ethical principles of the internetional aid such as humanity, solidarity, subsidiarity, justice or responsibility and their limits, as well as some of dilemmas of helping workers.

En faisant un tour d’horizon des diverses règles de Droit International Public en vigueur, ce travail tentera de faire comprendre à son lecteur l’importance de la protection des droits de l’enfant dans le monde entier. Aujourd’hui encore trop d’enfants meurent chaque jour à cause de conflits, de maladies, de malnutrition…, beaucoup trop sont exploités et n’ont pas la possibilité de suivre des cours dans une école, voyant ainsi leur avenir leur échapper tous les jours un peu plus. C’est contre tous ces problèmes, trop récurrents, que les Etats se doivent d’intervenir en exerçant leur rôle de législateur, tant sur le plan international que sur le plan national. Mais ils doivent aussi assumer celui de sujet de droit en respectant les conventions internationales qu’ils se sont engagés à respecter de leur plein gré. Ce respect les oblige à protéger les enfants afin de leur offrir la possibilité de bénéficier des programmes d’aide mis en place sur le terrain par de nombreuses organisations humanitaires clamant haut et fort que tout le monde doit agir, d’une manière ou d’une autre, pour permettre le développement d’actions de plus en plus variées et de plus en plus efficaces malgré les difficultés. / By making a survey of the several rules of current public international law, this dissertation will try to make the reader undestand the importance of the protection of children's rights all over the world. Nowadays, children die every minute because of conflicts, diseases, malnutrition..., a lot of them are exploited and have no possibilities of going to school, seeing their future escaping them every day a little more. It is against all these too recurring problems that States have to intervene by exercising their legislator's role, both on the international level and on the national level. But they also have to take their role of subject of law by respecting the international conventions which they made a commitment to respect of their own free will. This respect requires them to protect the children by offering them the possibility of enjoying humanitarian aid set up by many organizations loudly proclaiming that everybody has to act, in one way or another, to allow the development of many and various actions in spite of difficulties.

Les aides humanitaires aux réfugiés occupent de plus en plus une place importante dans l’action extérieure du gouvernement des Émirats Arabes Unis au cours de ces dernières années, compte tenu du nombre croissant de crises humanitaires dans l’ensemble des régions du monde et en particulier au Moyen-Orient. Or, il faut préciser ici que l’action extérieure du gouvernement des Émirats en matière d’aide humanitaire se conforme à l’action de l’ensemble des États du Golfe du fait de la coordination des politiques étrangères effectuées par le Conseil de coopération des États du Golfe (CCG). Celui-ci entretient des rapports très étroits avec les agences humanitaires des Nations Unies (notamment le Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (ci-après « HCR ») et le Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge en tentant de développer un dialogue politique plus poussé / Humanitarian aid to refugees has become an increasingly important part of the United Arab Emirates government’s external action in recent years, given the increasing number of humanitarian crises in all regions of the world, and in particular in the Middle-East. However, it should be noted here that the UAE’s external action in the field of humanitarian aid is in link with the action of all the Gulf States because of the coordination of foreign policies carried out by the Cooperation Council of the United Gulf States (GCC). The latter has very close relations with the United Nations humanitarian agencies (in particular the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (hereinafter “UNHCR”) and the international Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, attempting to develop a deeper political dialogue

The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols aim to protect those people who are not “participating in the hostilities” of war, such as “civilians, health workers and aid workers” and are the pillar of humanitarian law (International Committee of the Red Cross, 2010). The humanitarian principles including humanity, neutrality, independence and impartiality, are based on the international humanitarian law and committed to by all member states of the European Union (European Commission, 2019). Although these principles exist to guide the humanitarian organizations in their assistance and allocation of humanitarian aid, they are sometimes overlooked in terms of, for instance, self-interest, strategic motives and media attention. This results in ethical dilemmas for humanitarian organizations. The aim of this thesis is to examine how Swedish aid donors, both a governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), reason ethically in relation to the allocation of humanitarian aid towards conflict-affected areas. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with four Non-Governmental Organizations and one governmental organization in order to examine and compare their ethical reasoning. The theories of consequentialism, utilitarianism, deontological ethics, socialization and rational choice have been applied to investigate the research questions further. The results broadly indicate that all participating organizations reason similar in terms of ethics in contrast to the findings in the previous research. For instance, they all follow the humanitarian principles and use additional ethical frameworks in the allocation of humanitarian aid. Many similarities were found among the NGOs and the governmental organization as well as a few differences.

Occurrences of extreme weather events are increasing due to the ongoing climate change driven by human actions. In parallel, this triggers a growing need for humanitarian action in the future to help those impacted by disasters. Disaster risk reduction and management has hereby become a central element of today's national and global governance in the aim of preventing and reducing humanitarian crises and minimizing economic loss often resulting from the impacts of natural hazards. The now more global effects from these events has resulted in a collective vision that is constantly concerned with the future and how to reduce the disaster risks it withholds. Due to climate change and a great number of other risks to our societies having been generated through humanity’s own actions, the possible indication of the global society attempting to gain control over uncontrollable risks through collective disaster risk reduction strategies between countries draws attention. This thesis provides a qualitative content analysis of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, which is the most current international disaster risk reduction policy adopted by the United Nations. The risk society theory by German sociologist Ulrich Beck is applied to this study to examine how the Sendai Framework can be seen as an outcome of a risk society that attempts to gain control over risks from the natural environment, which can be perceived as uncontrollable. The results of this study uncover that the Sendai Framework can be regarded as a product of a risk society through several different aspects, and that it generates an illusion of gaining control over uncontrollable risks.