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Thesis (M.S.) in Plant, Soil, and Environmental Sciences--University of Maine, 2002. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-121).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2007. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Gill G. Geesey. Includes bibliographical references.

Na bacia do alto e médio Rio Negro, na região Amazônica, os Espodossolos são solos com representação espacial significativa. Estes solos têm sua gênese ligada a dois diferentes processos: a um sistema de transformação Latossolo-Espodossolo, desenvolvido sobre rochas do embasamento cristalino e outro formado diretamente a partir de rochas sedimentares. Os Espodossolos armazenam grande quantidade de carbono em seus horizontes espódicos profundos. Os modelos climáticos preveem mudanças nos padrões de precipitação, com maior frequência de períodos secos na Amazônica, resultando em abaixamento do nível freático, que levaria a um aumento da porosidade, e assim aumento na mineralização da matéria orgânica estocada nestes horizontes. Diversos fatores podem influenciar nas taxas de mineralização do carbono, como os processos pedogenéticos, materiais de origem dos solos, a vegetação presente e a característica da matéria orgânica nos diferentes horizontes dos solos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi caracterizar a matéria orgânica, em seus aspectos físico-químicos e avaliar sua vulnerabilidade diante de mudanças pedoclimáticas. Para isto, foi necessário avaliar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas e a composição mineralógica dos solos, determinar as concentrações e composições isotópicas de carbono e de nitrogênio, de amostras de solo, verificar a característica da matéria orgânica e quantificar a mineralização de carbono do solo nos diferentes horizontes. Os resultados mostraram que a matéria orgânica presente nos horizontes espódicos encontra-se mais humificada, e essa recalcitrância acarreta menores taxas de emissão de CO2 para a atmosfera. A mineralogia do solo, assim como a distribuição do tamanho de partículas contribuíram para maior proteção da matéria orgânica, aumentando sua estabilidade e diminuindo a susceptibilidade a mineralização nesses horizontes. A distribuição de tamanho de partículas e quantidade das frações granulométricas diferentes nas duas áreas refletem a influência do material de origem, que associadas a vegetação influenciam nas concentrações e emissão de carbono. Nos horizontes espódicos as emissões e os fluxos de C para a atmosfera foram menores que nos horizontes superficiais em razão da maior humificação da matéria orgânica e, provavelmente, pela deficiência de nitrogênio. Os horizontes espódicos profundos, considerando as áreas de Barcelos e São Gabriel da Cachoeira, são responsáveis pela liberação para atmosfera de 8 x 1013 g C ano-1, valor que corresponde aproximadamente a 1 % do que volta para a atmosfera anualmente por meio da respiração do solo. Esta quantidade não pode ser negligenciada quando da elaboração de modelos de previsões de mudanças climáticas / In the upper and middle Rio Negro basin, in the Amazon region, Spodosols are soils with significant spatial representation. These soils have their genesis linked to two different processes: a system of Latosol-Spodosol transformation, developed on rocks of the crystalline basement and another formed directly from sedimentary rocks. Spodosols store large amounts of carbon in their deep spodic horizons. The climate models predict changes in precipitation patterns, with a higher frequency of dry periods in the Amazon, resulting in lowering the water table, which would lead to an increase in porosity, and thus increase the mineralization of the organic matter stored in these horizons. Several factors may influence carbon mineralization rates, such as pedogenetic processes, soil source materials, present vegetation and organic matter characteristics in different soil horizons. In this context, the objective was to characterize the organic matter, in its physicochemical aspects and to evaluate its vulnerability to pedoclimatic changes. For this, it was necessary to evaluate the particle size distribution and the mineralogical composition of the soils, determine the isotopic and carbon and nitrogen composition and concentrations of soil samples, verify the organic matter characteristic and quantify soil carbon mineralization in different horizons. The results showed that the organic matter presented in the spodic horizons is more humid, and this recalcitrance leads to lower rates of CO2 emission into the atmosphere. Soil mineralogy as well as particle size distribution contributed to greater protection of organic matter, increasing its stability and reducing susceptibility to mineralization in these horizons. The distribution of particle size and amount of different particle sizes in the two areas reflected the influence of the source material, which associated with vegetation influenced the concentrations and carbon emission. In the spodic horizons, the emissions and fluxes of C to the atmosphere were smaller than in the superficial horizons due to the greater humification of the organic matter and, probably, the nitrogen deficiency. The deep spodic horizons, considering the areas of Barcelos and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, are responsible for the release to atmosphere of 8 x 1013 g C year-1, a value that corresponds approximately to 1% of what returns to the atmosphere annually through the respiration of the soil. This amount cannot be neglected when developing forecast models of climate change

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita Martins.pdf: 7224778 bytes, checksum: bdb6b8d18dd89284e3b8171f47ce02ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Organic matter is the main agent present in the soil due to some of its actions, for example: responsible by source of nutrient for the plants, avoid erosive process, improve the aggregates stability, and act as a drain to atmospheric CO2, among others. Therefore, there are same management practice to enforce an increase in the percentage of soil organic matter, increasing the soil quality and the fertility. Among the management systems uses, being conservation management system that increase or keep the same rate of organic matter mainly on the surface, and Conventional Management that use a high rotation and cleanup the soil. In this work were used samples of Distrofic Red Latossol from Ponta Grossa – PR region, at different management systems: Conventional Tillage (CT), Reduced Tillage (RT) and No-Tillage (NT) at 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm of depth. Beyond the samples without any treatment (whole soil) it was analyzed parts obtained by granulometric physical fraction according: smaller than 2 μm (clay), between 2-20 μm (silt) and between 20-1000 μm (sand). All the samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescent (XRF) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction. It was determined eleven different mineral in the samples: Cau, Ha, Mt, Gb, Ve, An, Gt, Qz, He, Mag ant Rt. In relation to management systems and depth were not find qualitative different at the minerals. Humification indexes was determined in the soil organic matter by laser induced fluorescent (LIF) and the C/N ratio. CT samples showed larger humification and lower C/N ratio than others systems. In the other hand, NT collected between 0-5 cm depths showed larger percentage of C and lower humification than others systems. Sand fraction showed larger humification than other fractions soil studied. All cases presented lower humification in the superficial samples (0-5 cm depth). NT samples showed more favorable for organic matters accumulated, it was observed due to the difficult to separate the sand fraction from the others fractions by the granulometric physical fraction. / A matéria orgânica é o principal agente constituinte do solo, por ser responsável pela disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas, evitar processos erosivos, aumentar a estabilidade dos agregados, agir como um dreno do CO2 atmosférico, entre outras. Portanto, existe uma preocupação em adotar práticas de manejo que favoreçam maiores aportes de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e consequentemente aumentando sua qualidade e fertilidade. Entre os sistemas de manejo adotados, estão os sistemas conservacionistas que mantém ou aumentam as taxas de matéria orgânica principalmente na superfície e o plantio convencional que utiliza intenso revolvimento e limpeza do solo. Utilizou-se amostras de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico da região de Ponta Grossa, PR (Campos Gerais) em diferentes sistemas de manejo: plantio direto (PD), plantio convencional (PC) e preparo mínimo (PM) com profundidades 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 e 15-20 cm. Além das amostras de solo inteiro (sem nenhum tratamento físico ou químico) analisou-se também as suas frações obtidas através de fracionamento físico granulométrico: < 2 μm (argila), 2-20 μm (silte) e 20-1000 μm (areia). As amostras de solo inteiro e suas frações foram analisadas mineralogicamente utilizando a espectroscopia de Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX) e Infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), além da Difração de Raios X (DRX). Foram determinados onze minerais nas amostras de solo inteiro, Cau, Ha, Mt, Gb, Ve, An, Gt, Qz, He, Mag e Rt. Em relação aos sistemas de manejo e profundidades não foram observadas diferenças qualitativas nos minerais. Para determinar o grau de humificação da MOS utilizou-se a espectroscopia de Fluorescência Induzida por Laser (FIL) e a razão C/N. No geral as amostras de solo inteiro sob PC apresentaram os maiores índices de humificação e menores razões C/N indicando maior humificação em comparação com os demais sistemas de manejo. Em contrapartida, as amostras sob PD e profundidade 0-5 cm foram as que apresentaram maior teor de C e menor grau de humificação. Para as frações do solo, a fração areia apresentou-se como a mais humificada e a fração argila menos humificada. Em todos os casos, as amostras de profundidades menores (0-5 cm) apresentaram menores índices de humificação. O PD mostrou-se favorável à acumulação de matéria orgânica, aumentando a estabilidade dos agregados, fato observado pela maior dificuldade em separar a fração argila das demais frações através do fracionamento físico granulométrico.

Na bacia do alto e médio Rio Negro, na região Amazônica, os Espodossolos são solos com representação espacial significativa. Estes solos têm sua gênese ligada a dois diferentes processos: a um sistema de transformação Latossolo-Espodossolo, desenvolvido sobre rochas do embasamento cristalino e outro formado diretamente a partir de rochas sedimentares. Os Espodossolos armazenam grande quantidade de carbono em seus horizontes espódicos profundos. Os modelos climáticos preveem mudanças nos padrões de precipitação, com maior frequência de períodos secos na Amazônica, resultando em abaixamento do nível freático, que levaria a um aumento da porosidade, e assim aumento na mineralização da matéria orgânica estocada nestes horizontes. Diversos fatores podem influenciar nas taxas de mineralização do carbono, como os processos pedogenéticos, materiais de origem dos solos, a vegetação presente e a característica da matéria orgânica nos diferentes horizontes dos solos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi caracterizar a matéria orgânica, em seus aspectos físico-químicos e avaliar sua vulnerabilidade diante de mudanças pedoclimáticas. Para isto, foi necessário avaliar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas e a composição mineralógica dos solos, determinar as concentrações e composições isotópicas de carbono e de nitrogênio, de amostras de solo, verificar a característica da matéria orgânica e quantificar a mineralização de carbono do solo nos diferentes horizontes. Os resultados mostraram que a matéria orgânica presente nos horizontes espódicos encontra-se mais humificada, e essa recalcitrância acarreta menores taxas de emissão de CO2 para a atmosfera. A mineralogia do solo, assim como a distribuição do tamanho de partículas contribuíram para maior proteção da matéria orgânica, aumentando sua estabilidade e diminuindo a susceptibilidade a mineralização nesses horizontes. A distribuição de tamanho de partículas e quantidade das frações granulométricas diferentes nas duas áreas refletem a influência do material de origem, que associadas a vegetação influenciam nas concentrações e emissão de carbono. Nos horizontes espódicos as emissões e os fluxos de C para a atmosfera foram menores que nos horizontes superficiais em razão da maior humificação da matéria orgânica e, provavelmente, pela deficiência de nitrogênio. Os horizontes espódicos profundos, considerando as áreas de Barcelos e São Gabriel da Cachoeira, são responsáveis pela liberação para atmosfera de 8 x 1013 g C ano-1, valor que corresponde aproximadamente a 1 % do que volta para a atmosfera anualmente por meio da respiração do solo. Esta quantidade não pode ser negligenciada quando da elaboração de modelos de previsões de mudanças climáticas / In the upper and middle Rio Negro basin, in the Amazon region, Spodosols are soils with significant spatial representation. These soils have their genesis linked to two different processes: a system of Latosol-Spodosol transformation, developed on rocks of the crystalline basement and another formed directly from sedimentary rocks. Spodosols store large amounts of carbon in their deep spodic horizons. The climate models predict changes in precipitation patterns, with a higher frequency of dry periods in the Amazon, resulting in lowering the water table, which would lead to an increase in porosity, and thus increase the mineralization of the organic matter stored in these horizons. Several factors may influence carbon mineralization rates, such as pedogenetic processes, soil source materials, present vegetation and organic matter characteristics in different soil horizons. In this context, the objective was to characterize the organic matter, in its physicochemical aspects and to evaluate its vulnerability to pedoclimatic changes. For this, it was necessary to evaluate the particle size distribution and the mineralogical composition of the soils, determine the isotopic and carbon and nitrogen composition and concentrations of soil samples, verify the organic matter characteristic and quantify soil carbon mineralization in different horizons. The results showed that the organic matter presented in the spodic horizons is more humid, and this recalcitrance leads to lower rates of CO2 emission into the atmosphere. Soil mineralogy as well as particle size distribution contributed to greater protection of organic matter, increasing its stability and reducing susceptibility to mineralization in these horizons. The distribution of particle size and amount of different particle sizes in the two areas reflected the influence of the source material, which associated with vegetation influenced the concentrations and carbon emission. In the spodic horizons, the emissions and fluxes of C to the atmosphere were smaller than in the superficial horizons due to the greater humification of the organic matter and, probably, the nitrogen deficiency. The deep spodic horizons, considering the areas of Barcelos and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, are responsible for the release to atmosphere of 8 x 1013 g C year-1, a value that corresponds approximately to 1% of what returns to the atmosphere annually through the respiration of the soil. This amount cannot be neglected when developing forecast models of climate change

<p>This thesis focuses on responses in raised bogs to changes in the effective humidity during the Holocene. Raised bogs are terrestrial deposits that can provide contiguous records of past climate changes. Information on and knowledge about past changes in climate is crucial for our understanding of natural climate variability. Analyses on different spatial and temporal scales have been conducted on a number of raised bogs in south-central Sweden in order to gain more knowledge about Holocene climate variability.</p><p>Peatlands are useful as palaeoenvironmental archives because they develop over the course of millennia and provide a multi-faceted contiguous outlook on the past. Peat humification, a proxy for bog surface wetness, has been used to reconstruct palaeoclimate. In addition measurements of carbon and nitrogen on sub-recent peat from two bogs have been performed. The chronologies have been constrained by AMS radiocarbon dates and tephrochronology and by SCPs for the sub-recent peat.</p><p>A comparison between a peat humification record from Värmland, south-central Sweden, and a dendrochronological record from Jämtland, north-central Sweden, indicates several synchronous changes between drier and wetter climate. This implies that changes in hydrology operate on a regional scale.</p><p>In a high resolution study of two bogs in Uppland, south-central Sweden, C, N and peat humification have been compared to bog water tables inferred from testate amoebae and with meteorological data covering the last 150 years. The results indicate that peat can be subjected to secondary decomposition, resulting in an apparent lead in peat humification and C/N compared to biological proxies and meteorological data.</p><p>Several periods of wetter conditions are indicated from the analysis of five peat sequences from three bogs in Värmland. Wetter conditions around especially c. 4500, 3500, 2800 and 1700-1000 cal yr BP can be correlated to several other climate records across the North Atlantic region and Scandinavia, indicating wetter and/or cooler climatic conditions at these times. Frequency analyses of two bogs indicate periodicities between 200 and 400 years that may be caused by cycles in solar activity.</p>

This thesis focuses on responses in raised bogs to changes in the effective humidity during the Holocene. Raised bogs are terrestrial deposits that can provide contiguous records of past climate changes. Information on and knowledge about past changes in climate is crucial for our understanding of natural climate variability. Analyses on different spatial and temporal scales have been conducted on a number of raised bogs in south-central Sweden in order to gain more knowledge about Holocene climate variability. Peatlands are useful as palaeoenvironmental archives because they develop over the course of millennia and provide a multi-faceted contiguous outlook on the past. Peat humification, a proxy for bog surface wetness, has been used to reconstruct palaeoclimate. In addition measurements of carbon and nitrogen on sub-recent peat from two bogs have been performed. The chronologies have been constrained by AMS radiocarbon dates and tephrochronology and by SCPs for the sub-recent peat. A comparison between a peat humification record from Värmland, south-central Sweden, and a dendrochronological record from Jämtland, north-central Sweden, indicates several synchronous changes between drier and wetter climate. This implies that changes in hydrology operate on a regional scale. In a high resolution study of two bogs in Uppland, south-central Sweden, C, N and peat humification have been compared to bog water tables inferred from testate amoebae and with meteorological data covering the last 150 years. The results indicate that peat can be subjected to secondary decomposition, resulting in an apparent lead in peat humification and C/N compared to biological proxies and meteorological data. Several periods of wetter conditions are indicated from the analysis of five peat sequences from three bogs in Värmland. Wetter conditions around especially c. 4500, 3500, 2800 and 1700-1000 cal yr BP can be correlated to several other climate records across the North Atlantic region and Scandinavia, indicating wetter and/or cooler climatic conditions at these times. Frequency analyses of two bogs indicate periodicities between 200 and 400 years that may be caused by cycles in solar activity.

The polyphenol pathway and Maillard reaction (polycondensation of sugars and amino acids) are regarded as important pathways in natural humification. The significance of linking the Maillard reaction and polyphenol pathways into an integrated humification pathway has been addressed. However, the ability of mineral colloids commonly occurring in tropical and temperate environments to promote the Maillard reaction and integrated polyphenol-Maillard humification pathways remained to be uncovered. Furthermore, the effect of the nature and relative abundance of biomolecules on humification and associated reaction products remained to be studied.<p>The results of this study show that the structure of polyphenols and the relative molar ratio of polyphenol, glucose and glycine, significantly affected humification processes and the associated carbonate formation in the integrated polyphenol-Maillard reaction catalyzed by birnessite. Increasing the molar ratio of ortho-polyphenols (catechol and pyrogallol) to Maillard reagents in the polyphenol-Maillard pathway catalyzed by birnessite enhanced humification while suppressing the formation of rhodochrosite (MnCO3). The opposite trend of MnCO3 formation was observed in the meta-polyphenol (resorcinol)-Maillard reaction system. Increasing the amount of glucose in the integrated catechol-Maillard system under the catalysis of birnessite promoted the formation of Maillard reaction-type humic acid in the supernatant and MnCO3 in the solid phase.<p>The catalytic abilities of commonly occurring mineral colloids from temperate and tropical regions greatly differed in influencing humification processes and products in the Maillard reaction and integrated polyphenol-Maillard pathways. Compared with layer silicate colloids, the poorly ordered Fe and Mn oxides were by far the strongest catalysts of humification reactions in the Maillard and catechol-Maillard pathways. This accounted for the significant difference in reactivity between the sesquioxide-rich Oxisol clay from the high rainfall region of South Africa and the Mollisol clay from the Canadian Prairies. Furthermore, the nature of the mineral colloids also affected the extent of organic C accumulation in the solid phase upon humification, and related mineral surface alteration. The metal oxide- and Oxisol clay-catalyzed Maillard and catechol-Maillard reaction systems had the highest accumulation of organic C in the solid phase, indicating their significance in contributing to C sequestration in the environment.<p>The findings obtained in this study are of fundamental significance in understanding the influence of the atomic bonding, structural configuration and related surface properties of mineral colloids, and the nature and abundance of biomolecules on the abiotic humification pathways and related reaction products in natural environments.

The polyphenol pathway and Maillard reaction (polycondensation of sugars and amino acids) are regarded as important pathways in natural humification. The significance of linking the Maillard reaction and polyphenol pathways into an integrated humification pathway has been addressed. However, the ability of mineral colloids commonly occurring in tropical and temperate environments to promote the Maillard reaction and integrated polyphenol-Maillard humification pathways remained to be uncovered. Furthermore, the effect of the nature and relative abundance of biomolecules on humification and associated reaction products remained to be studied.<p>The results of this study show that the structure of polyphenols and the relative molar ratio of polyphenol, glucose and glycine, significantly affected humification processes and the associated carbonate formation in the integrated polyphenol-Maillard reaction catalyzed by birnessite. Increasing the molar ratio of ortho-polyphenols (catechol and pyrogallol) to Maillard reagents in the polyphenol-Maillard pathway catalyzed by birnessite enhanced humification while suppressing the formation of rhodochrosite (MnCO3). The opposite trend of MnCO3 formation was observed in the meta-polyphenol (resorcinol)-Maillard reaction system. Increasing the amount of glucose in the integrated catechol-Maillard system under the catalysis of birnessite promoted the formation of Maillard reaction-type humic acid in the supernatant and MnCO3 in the solid phase.<p>The catalytic abilities of commonly occurring mineral colloids from temperate and tropical regions greatly differed in influencing humification processes and products in the Maillard reaction and integrated polyphenol-Maillard pathways. Compared with layer silicate colloids, the poorly ordered Fe and Mn oxides were by far the strongest catalysts of humification reactions in the Maillard and catechol-Maillard pathways. This accounted for the significant difference in reactivity between the sesquioxide-rich Oxisol clay from the high rainfall region of South Africa and the Mollisol clay from the Canadian Prairies. Furthermore, the nature of the mineral colloids also affected the extent of organic C accumulation in the solid phase upon humification, and related mineral surface alteration. The metal oxide- and Oxisol clay-catalyzed Maillard and catechol-Maillard reaction systems had the highest accumulation of organic C in the solid phase, indicating their significance in contributing to C sequestration in the environment.<p>The findings obtained in this study are of fundamental significance in understanding the influence of the atomic bonding, structural configuration and related surface properties of mineral colloids, and the nature and abundance of biomolecules on the abiotic humification pathways and related reaction products in natural environments.