Die Berücksichtigung der flächenhaften bodenhydraulischen Variabilität gilt bei der Modellierung von Wasser- und Stofftransportprozessen als problematisch. Dies liegt vorrangig an ihrer Erfassung, die kosten- und zeitintensiv ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht verschiedene Messstrategien, die zur Abbildung der flächenhaften Bodenhydraulik mit wenigen, einfach zu bestimmenden und physikalisch begründeten Bodenparametern führen. Die Vorgehensweise erfolgt mit der Anwendung eines Ähnlichkeitskonzeptes, das die Böden in bodenhydraulisch ähnliche Klassen unterteilt. Innerhalb einer Klasse kann die Variabilität der Retentions- und hydraulischen Leitfähigkeitcharakteristik auf einen freien Parameter (Skalierungsparameter) reduziert werden. Die Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Boden- und Skalierungsparametern führt letztendlich zu den geeigneten Parametern die eine flächenhafte Abbildung möglich machen. Diese Untersuchungen bilden die Grundlage für die weitere Entwicklung eines stochastischen Modellansatzes, der die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik bei der Modellierung des Bodenwassertransportes im Feldmaßstab berücksichtigen kann. An Hand von drei Datensätzen unterschiedlicher Skalenausbreitung konnte dieses Konzept angewendet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Beschreibung der hydraulischen Variabilität nur für die vertikale (Profil) nicht aber für die flächenhafte Ausbreitung mit einfachen Bodenparametern möglich ist. Mit einer ersten Modellanwendung konnte gezeigt werden, dass über die Variabilität der Bodenparameter Trockenrohdichte und Tongehalt auch die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik und damit die Berechnung des Bodenfeuchteverlaufs am Standort darstellbar ist. / The consideration of the spatial variability of the unsaturated soil hydraulic characteristics still remains an unsolved problem in the modelling of the water and matter transport in the vadose zone. This can be mainly explained by the rather cumbersome measurement of this variability, which is both, time-consuming and cost-intensive. The presented thesis analyses various measurement strategies which aim at the description of the soil-hydraulic heterogeneity by a small number of proxy-parameters, which should be easily measurable and still have a soil-physical meaning. The developed approach uses a similarity concept, which groups soils into similar soil hydraulic classes. Within a class, the variability of the retention and hydraulic conductivity curves can be explained by a single parameter (scaling parameter). The analysis of the correlation between the soil parameters and the scaling parameters can eventually indicate which soil parameters can be used for describing the soil hydraulic variability in a given area. This investigation forms the basis for the further development of a stochastic model, which can integrate the soil-hydraulic variability in the modelling of the soil water transport. Three data sets, all covering different scales, were subsequently used in the application of the developed concept. The results show that depth development of the soil-hydraulic variability in a soil profile can be explained by a single soil parameter. Contrarily, the explanation of the horizontal variability of the soil-hydraulic properties was not possible with the given data sets. First model applications for a soil profile showed that including the variability of the soil parameters bulk density and clay fraction in the water transport simulations could describe the variability of the soil-hydraulic variability and thus, the dynamics of the soil water content at the investigated profile.

Agricultural management practices including tillage and irrigation have a considerable effect on soil physical and hydraulic properties in space and time. Tillage practices initially alter the soil physical and hydraulic properties depending on the type and depth of tillage. These changes are reverted back to original conditions due to reconsolidation during cycles of wetting and drying. Irrigation techniques can manipulate the reversion process dynamically due to different modes of wetting. The combined effects of tillage and irrigation have rarely been investigated. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage practices and irrigation techniques on soil physical properties and temporal variations in soil hydraulic properties, one on wheat and second on the following maize crop grown on the same plots. The tillage and irrigation treatments implemented for the wheat crop were repeated for the subsequent maize crop restoring the same treatment layout plan. Intact soil core samples were collected, in the middle of the wheat crop before irrigation and the end of the maize crop season, for the determination of soil physical and hydraulic properties. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) was determined using the Guelph pressure infiltrometer method and volumetric soil water content (θ_v) and potential (ψ_m) was measured in the field using water content sensors and tensiometers, respectively. The wheat crop received rain showers from time to time, while in maize, a heavy spell of monsoon rains following tillage caused most of the soil reconsolidation. So, the greater intensity of rains, rather than the cycles of wetting and drying, became primarily responsible for the differences in soil physical and hydraulic properties between the two crops. Moldboard plow resulted in an increase in yield and improvement of soil hydraulic properties during both crop seasons. Flood irrigation reverted back the effects of tillage on soil hydraulic properties greater than sprinkler irrigation, while it did not affect the yield significantly. The dynamics of volumetric soil water content (θ_v) differed, depending on tillage type, irrigation technique and crop season. Moldboard plow was the wettest after rain or irrigation events but it dried quicker than other tillage treatments. Flood irrigation caused higher wetting than sprinkler irrigation. These wetting effects were greater in wheat as compared to maize crop. Temporal variability calculated as time averaged relative difference in θ_v was greater during wheat as compared to maize, while temporal stability calculated as standard deviation of temporal stability decreased with flood irrigation in both crops. Soil bulk density (ρ_b) and water retention characteristics (θ_v (ψ_m )) measured on the intact soil cores and total porosity (φ), plant available water capacity (θ_PAWC) and pore size distribution calculated from water retention data depended on the time of sampling. During wheat, the ρ_b was lower resulting in a higher φ than after maize. Moldboard plow decreased ρ_b increasing φ, while the effect of flood irrigation was opposite in both crops with greater magnitude in wheat. Similarly, the effects of tillage on θ_v (ψ_m ) were observed in both crops, while those of irrigation were observed in maize only. Cultivator treatment retained higher θ_v at higher ψ_m (−30 and −100 kPa), followed by chisel and moldboard plow. Plant available water capacity (θ_PAWC) was greater in maize as compared to the wheat crop. Cultivator had higher θ_PAWC than chisel and moldboard plow in both crops. Wheat had greater volume of larger pores (> 10 μm, φ_(>10)), whereas extraordinary rains as well as irrigations after tillage caused these larger pores to decrease in maize. Moldboard plow had higher φ_(>10) at 10 cm depth in both crops with greater magnitude in wheat. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) determined before irrigations and at the end of both crop seasons was greater in wheat than in maize especially in the first determination. Moldboard plow exhibited greater K_fs followed by chisel plow and cultivator in both crops and it decreased significantly with time in wheat but not in maize. Flood irrigation was responsible for a reduction in K_fs and the effect was greater in wheat as compared to maize. It was concluded that a greater intensity of water application in the form of rains or irrigations can revert the changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties induced by tillage more effectively than the cycles of wetting and drying. Soil hydraulic properties may be optimized with the combination of suitable tillage and irrigation for efficient utilization of water resources.

Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento, montagem e teste de equipamentos para ensaios de materiais de baixa condutividade hidráulica, o qual inclui sistemas de controle hidráulico de volume constante, permeâmetros do tipo parede flexível e interfaces água-percolante. A vantagem desse arranjo está no maior controle dos ensaios e, notadamente, na redução do tempo de ensaio com emprego do sistema hidráulico de volume constante (sistema fechado), quando comparado aos ensaios que empregam o sistema aberto de controle hidráulico. Para testar o equipamento, foram ensaiados geocompostos bentoníticos (geosynthetic clay liners - GCLs) de fabricação nacional, em corpos de prova moldados com diâmetro de 100 mm e também, em uma mistura de solo com bentonita. Os resultados da condutividade hidráulica obtidos para os geocompostos bentoníticos se situaram na ordem de \'10 POT.-9\' e \'10 POT.-10\' cm/s, compatíveis com os publicados na literatura sobre o material, e os ensaios na mistura solo-bentonita produziu resultados na ordem de \'10 POT.-8\' cm/s, e foram conseguidos com cerca de 3 horas de ensaio. Aborda-se ainda a aplicabilidade da lei de Darcy aos materiais ensaiados. / This work describes the development, construction, calibration and test of equipment for testing low hydraulic conductivity materials, which includes constant volume hydraulic control system, flexible wall permeameters and permeating water interfaces. The advantage of this kind of apparatus is the greater test control, notably, the reduction of test duration due to the use of a constant volume hydraulic system (closed system), when compared to the opened system hydraulic control test. In order to test the equipment, geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) manufactured in Brazil was used as test specimens of 100 mm diameter and also, a mixture of soil and bentonite. The results of hydraulic conductivity obtained for the GCL were in the range of \'10 POT.-9\' to \'10 POT.-10\' cm/s, comparable to what has been published by the specialized literature on this material, and the tests with the soil-bentonite mixture resulted in a conductivity about \'10 POT.-8\' cm/s, after 3 hours running the test. The applicability of Darcy´s law to the tested materials is also referred to.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - Finep / For any study involving the movement of soil water becomes essential to know the physical and hydraulic properties and their correlations. Both proprieties are of fundamental importance in the storage and transport of water and nutrients, in controlling infiltration and runoff, as well as soil conservation. In this context, this study aimed to do a physical-water characterization of three experimental basins (Jatoba and Mimoso / Pesqueira-PE and Xaréu / Fernando Noronha-PE) in the semiarid, in order to generate information for hydrological modeling and subsidies for soil and water management and conservation. It has been evaluated the physical and hydraulic behavior of soil at different depths and vegetation cover. Physical characterization of soils was carried out by laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed samples. The hydraulic characterization was conducted through moisture retention curves and through of hydraulic conductivity (K) tests in the field with the Guelph permeameter. Possession of physical variables and soil organic matter pedotransfer functions (PTF) have been tested to estimate the K0 and moisture in particular tensions in order to compare field and laboratory measurements. Among the attributes analyzed, the organic matter was the one with the highest coefficient of variation in depth in the basins and Mimoso Jatoba. There was also high variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K0) in depth, in the three basins. It was concluded that the hydraulic conductivity no significant difference in hydraulic conductivity means has been verified for the different vegetation covers. Among soils, the Vertisol presented the highest capacity to retain water. It is concluded that the proposed PTF showed low prediction of K0. The PTF for estimatingsoil moisture, also showed low prediction for soils at Xaréu Basins. In the Jatoba and Mimoso Basins, the best prediction for soil moisture at field capacity was obtained by the model proposed by Meng et al. (1987) and the humidity at wilting point, the equation based on the mean texture proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002) showed the best performance. For the water available content for the equation based on unique data set proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002), and Massuti (1997) model showed a good prediction. / Para qualquer estudo que envolva o movimento da água no solo torna-se imprescindível o conhecimento das propriedades físicas e hidráulicas, bem como suas correlações. Ambas têm fundamental importância no armazenamento e transporte de água e de nutrientes, no controle da infiltração e escoamento superficial, bem como na conservação do solo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo buscou realizar uma caracterização físico-hídrica de três bacias experimentais (Jatobá e Mimoso/Pesqueira-PE e Xaréu/Fernando Noronha-PE) do semiárido, a fim de gerar informações para suporte à modelagem hidrológica e subsídios para o gerenciamento e conservação do solo e da água. Avaliou-se o comportamento físico-hídrico dos solos em diferentes profundidades e coberturas vegetais. A caracterização física dos solos se deu por análises de laboratório com amostras indeformadas e deformadas. A caracterização hidráulica foi realizada por meio de curvas de retenção de umidade e através de testes de condutividade hidráulica (K) em campo com permeâmetro de Guelph. De posse das variáveis físicas e da matéria orgânica do solo, foram testadas funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para estimativa da K0 e umidade em tensões específicas, a fim de comparar com as medidas em campo e laboratório. Dentre os atributos do solo analisados, a matéria orgânica foi o que apresentou o maior coeficiente de variação, em profundidade, nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso. Verificou-se também, alta variabilidade da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K0) em profundidade, nas três bacias. Concluiu-se que a condutividade hidráulica não apresentou diferença significativa entre médias, para as diferentes coberturas vegetais. Dentre os solos estudados, o Vertissolo foi o que apresentou a maior capacidade de retenção de água. Conclui-se que as FPT propostas apresentaram baixa predição da K0. As FPT para estimativa da umidade retida a potenciais específicos, também apresentaram baixa predição para os solos da Bacia do Xaréu. Nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso a melhor predição para umidade na capacidade de campo foi obtida pelo modelo de Meng et al. (1987) e para a umidade no ponto de murcha permanente, a equação baseada na textura média proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002) mostrou o melhor desempenho. Para água disponível a equação baseada no conjunto único de dados proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002), e o modelo de Massuti (1997) apresentaram boa predição.

Orientadores: Philippe Remy Bernard Devloo, Sonia Maria Gomes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T02:00:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Damas_RenatoGomes_M.pdf: 3286162 bytes, checksum: 85d0d261382f505e55d4f5544f378238 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste trabalho avalia-se três modelos que retratam o processo de fraturamento hidráulico. O primeiro, desenvolvido por Fernandes [1998], trata-se de um modelo semi- nalítico cuja formulação fundamenta-se na taxa constante de injeção de fluido fraturante. Esse modelo apresenta como vantagem a simplicidade dos cálculos e a obtenção imediata dos resultados, por outro lado tem seu campo de atuação limitado a intervalos específicos de eficiência volumétrica para os quais foi elaborado. Os outros dois são modelos numéricos desenvolvidos por Devloo et al. [2001] e Devloo [2001]. Incorporam em seu equacionamento taxa variável de injeção e por efetuarem cálculos iterativos são independentes quanto a eficiência volumétrica do processo. Os resultados dos modelos numéricos foram comparados com os do modelo semi-analítico. Buscando-se, desta forma, validar os modelos numéricos para o uso em simulações de fraturamento hidráulico, principalmente para as condições de injeção de água presentes em poços com alta porosidade. Pretende-se com isso oferecer maior liberdade e flexibilidade durante o planejamento da operação de fraturamento. Oferecendo ao projetista a possibilidade de adoção de taxa injeção variável, períodos sem injeção intercalados com períodos com injeção, liberdade para utilização de diferentes fluidos fraturantes entre outros benefícios. / Abstract: The purpose of this research has been evaluated three models of hidraulic fracturing. The first one, developed byFernandes [1998], is a semi-analytical model whose formulation is based on a constant rate of injection of fracturing fluid. This model presents as advantage the simplicity of the calculations and the immediate attainment of the results, on the other hand its performance is limited at specific intervals of volumetric efficiency for which it was elaborated. The others two are numerical models developed by Devloo et al. [2001] and Devloo [2001]. They incorporate variable injection rate and due to the iterative calculations they are not limited in a range of volumetric efficiency of the process. The results of the numerical models had been compared with the ones of the semianalytical model. Searching, in such a way, to validate the numerical models for the use in simulation of hydraulic fracturing, mainly for the characteristic conditions of water injection present in wells with high porosity. It is intended with this to provide freedom and flexibility during the planning of the operation of fracturing. Offering to the designer the possibility to use variable injection rate, periods without injection intercalated with periods with injection, freedom to choose differents fracturing fluids among others benefits. / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Nessa pesquisa é apresentada uma inovação tecnológica em aplicações de controle de posição em máquinas e/ou dispositivos: o Controlador de Posição Linear Hidro- Pneumático. Para os casos nos quais têm-se grandes esforços combinados com pequenos deslocamentos, normalmente esse trabalho é feito com o uso de Sistemas Servo-Hidráulcos nos quais, devido às características mencionadas do nicho de mercado visado pela presente proposta, representam um custo elevado quando comparado com a solução Hidro-Pneumática aqui descrita. Salienta-se a simplicidade da infra-estrutura requerida para a instalação dessa alternativa, e também a redução do desperdício energético com relação à tecnologia tradicional com a Servo-Hidráulica. Observou-se nos testes com o protótipo, um excelente desempenho do sistema em termos de rapidez de resposta, como ainda no quesito resolução de posicionamento cujos valores encontrados apresentam-se na casa de 0,05 segundos e 0,01 mm, respectivamente. O pequeno tamanho físico obtido com essa nova tecnologia é outro item relevante, permitindo-se o seu emprego em locais de reduzido espaço disponível. . Resultados de simulações numéricas e de testes experimentais são apresentadas, bem como perspectivas de desenvolvimentos futuros. / This research presents a technological innovation for applications in machine / device position control: the Hydro-Pneumatic Linear Position controller. In cases where great efforts are combined with small dislocations, this task is normally accomplished by means of Servo Hydraulic Systems that, due to particular characteristics of the market envisaged by the present proposition, represent elevated costs, when compared to those of the hydro-pneumatic solution described here. This work presents an analytical numerical model for the devise as well as an experimental prototype. It worth noting the infra-structure simplicity required for this alternative implementation, and also the reduction in energy waste when compared to the traditional servo-hydraulic technology. The prototype experimental tests demonstrated the system excellent behavior in what concerns answer speed and position resolution whose values were respectively in range 0.05 s and 0,01 mm. The small physical size obtained with this technology is another relevant item, which allows the device use in places of reduced available space. Numerical simulation and experimental test results are presented as well as perspectives of future developments

The aim of this work is to design belt conveyor and front and rear hydraulic moved tailboard for large volume carrier body. The carrier body is constructed for silage with emptying time lower than one minute. This work also contains choice of concept of the proposed solutions, than their calculation and the design itself. The work is accompanied by drawings.

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with calibration of hydraulic simulation models, especially with methods used for calibration and parameters that are modified during calibration. The literature review in the field of mathematical modeling, basic principles applied in hydraulic modeling and the current approach to calibration and data collection is done in theoretical part. In the practical part of the thesis, a hydraulic model of the group water supply system Horní Dunajovice is built and subsequently calibrated. The calibration is first performed manually for the normal operational status and then using a calibration software created for this purpose for a load case with high velocity.

The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of the suppression of supercritical current energy in the area of the river bed extension. The hydraulic model was used to simulate current conditions for different variants of river bed arrangement. Individual variants were then evaluated according to the relevant criteria and compared with each other. Results can be applied in hydrotechnical practice based on model similarity.