Neste trabalho foi estudado as ligas La0,7-xMgx Pr0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (x = 0 a 0,7) como eletrodo negativo de baterias de níquel - hidreto metálico. A hidrogenação das ligas foi realizada com duas pressões de H2 (2 bar e 10 bar) e temperaturas (ambiente e 500°C). A capacidade de descarga das ba terias de níquel hidreto metálico foram analisadas pelo equipamento de testes elétricos ARBIN BT-4. As ligas, no estado bruto de fusão, foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e difração de Raios-X. Com o aumento da concentração de Mg nas ligas aumenta-se a capacidade de descarga, porém nota-se a diminuição a estabilidade cíclica das baterias. A capacidade de descarga máxima obtida foi para a liga Mg0,7Pr0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (60 mAh) e a bateria que apresentou a melhor performance foi La0,4Mg0,3Pr0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (53 mAh e 150 ciclos). A capacidade de absorção de hidrogênio diminui quando se adiciona Mg, não ocorrendo tal efeito para a liga Mg0,7Pr0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8. / In this work were studied of La0.7-xMgx Pr0.3Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.5Ni3.8 (x = 0 and 0.7) alloys for negative electrodes of the nickel-metal hydride batteries. The hydrogenation of the alloys was performed varying pressing of H2 (2 and 10 bar) and temperature (room and 500°C). The discharge capacity of the nic kel-metal hydride batteries were analyzed in ARBIN BT- 4 electrical test equipment. The as-cast alloys were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDX) and X-Ray diffraction. The increasing Mg addition in the alloy increases maximum discharge capacity but decrease cycle life of the batteries. The maximum discharge capacity was obtained with the Mg0.7Pr0.3Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.5Ni3.8 alloy (60 mAh) and the battery which presented the best performance was La0.4Mg0.3Pr0.3Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.5Ni3.8 alloy (53 mAh and 150 cycles). The H2 capability of absorption was diminished for increased Mg addition and no such effect occurs for Mg0.7Pr0.3Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.5Ni3.8 alloy.

A catálise é a chave para o desenvolvimento de processos químicos sustentáveis e, portanto, o preparo de catalisadores que sejam mais ativos e seletivos é sempre uma questão atual. Utilizando as propriedades diferenciadas de nanopartículas metálicas e as vantagens de separação e estabilidade de um catalisador heterogêneo, este trabalho descreve novos catalisadores de níquel e de níquel-paládio em escala nanométrica, suportados em sólidos magnéticos, para hidrogenação de olefinas. Os catalisadores de níquel apresentados neste trabalho foram preparados pela metodologia de decomposição do precursor organometálico Ni(COD)2 (COD = ciclo-octadieno), que apresenta o metal em estado de oxidação zero e permite a formação de nanopartículas metálicas após a hidrogenação das ligações C=C do ligante. O catalisador de níquel aprimorado, composto por nanoagregados de níquel, apresentou atividade superior a qualquer outro reportado na literatura para o mesmo tipo de reação. Além disso, mesmo com a facilidade de oxidação do Ni(0), este novo catalisador teve apenas sua superfície oxidada a NiO ao ser armazenado em ar. O NiO formado foi facilmente reduzido por hidrogênio a Ni(0) em condições brandas (75°C) se comparado ao NiO bulk (270-520°C). Os catalisadores bimetálicos de níquel-paládio foram sintetizados por uma reação de substituição galvânica com Pd(OAc)2 em um catalisador de Ni(0) suportado e por decomposição simultânea dos precursores organometálicos Ni(COD)2 e Pd2(dba)3 (dba = dibenzilideno acetona) em diferentes frações molares. Os catalisadores bimetálicos preparados por substituição galvânica não resultaram em estruturas core(Ni)-shell(Pd) como o esperado, mas sim em nanopartículas de paládio depositadas sobre os nanoagregados de níquel. Os catalisadores preparados por decomposição simultânea dos complexos organometálicos, seja pela decomposição direta dos precursores sobre o suporte magnético ou pela impregnação de nanopartículas coloidais previamente formadas, resultaram tanto em nanoligas quanto em nanopartículas com segregação de níquel na superfície de acordo com as proporções empregadas dos dois metais. Todos os métodos explorados possibilitaram a obtenção de catalisadores bimetálicos ativos na hidrogenação do cicloexeno, sendo que o catalisador composto por 1,3% em massa de Ni e 0,017% em massa de Pd, obtido por uma reação de substituição galvânica, foi o catalisador que atingiu a maior atividade na reação de hidrogenação do cicloexeno. O uso de precursores organometálicos para a síntese de nanopartículas suportadas de níquel e níquel-paládio se mostrou um método eficiente para a obtenção de catalisadores com atividade diferenciada. A separação magnética, método empregado para a separação e recuperação dos catalisadores de níquel, permitiu o fácil manuseio e evitou a exposição ao ar e oxidação dos catalisadores, prolongando sua vida útil. / Catalysis is the key for the development of sustainable chemical processes, and consequently, the preparation of active and selective catalysts is always a current issue. Using the unique properties of metal nanoparticles and the advantages of separation and stability of heterogeneous catalysts, this Thesis describes new nanometric nickel and nickel-palladium catalysts, supported on magnetic solids, for hydrogenation of olefins. The nickel catalysts described in this Thesis were synthesized by the decomposition of the organometallic precursor Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), which contains zerovalent nickel, and allows the formation of metal nanoparticles after the hydrogenation of the C=C bonds of the ligand. The optimized nickel catalyst, composed by nickel nanoaggregates, showed superior activity when compared to any other catalyst reported in the literature for the same kind of reaction. Even with the propensity of oxidation of Ni(0), this new catalyst had only the surface oxidized when exposed to air. The fine NiO shell formed was easily reduced to Ni(0) with hydrogen under mild conditions (75°C) when compared to NiO bulk (270-520 °C). The bimetallic nickel-palladium catalysts were synthesized by the galvanic replacement reaction of Pd(OAc)2 and a supported Ni(0) catalyst and by the simultaneous decomposition of the organometallic precursors Ni(COD)2 and Pd2(dba)3 (dba = dibenzylidene acetone) in different molar ratios. The bimetallic catalysts obtained by the galvanic replacement reaction were not formed by core(Ni)-shell(Pd) structures as expected, but they were formed by palladium nanoparticles deposited over the nickel nanoaggregates. The catalysts obtained by simultaneous decomposition of the organometallic complexes, either by the decomposition of the precursors directly over the support or by the impregnation of pre-synthesized nanoparticles, resulted in both nanoalloys and nanoparticles with nickel segregation on the surface, depending of the ratio between the two metals. All methods of preparation of the bimetallic catalysts explored in this study allowed the formation of very active catalysts. On top of that is the catalyst with 1,3 wt% of Ni and 0,017 wt% of Pd, obtained by the galvanic replacement reaction, which achieved the highest activity in the hydrogenation of cyclohexene. The organometallic approach for the synthesis of supported nickel and nickel-palladium nanoparticles is an efficient method to obtain catalysts with outstanding activities. The magnetic separation method employed for separation and recovery of the catalysts containing nickel allows the easy handling and prevents exposure to air and undesirable oxidation of catalysts, extending their lifetimes.

Les fluides spéciaux (mélanges d’hydrocarbures utilisés comme solvants pour applications diverses) sont produits à partir de l’hydrodésaromatisation des charges pétrolières (naphta et distillats moyens) initialement riches en aromatiques. Leur mise en marché respecte une exigence environnementale (moins de 100 ppm en aromatique) parfois difficile à atteindre compte tenu de la composition initiale de la charge. Par conséquent, à partir de l’identification des molécules réfractaires à l’hydrogénation, un choix de molécules modèles réparti selon trois familles, les monoaromatiques (toluène, indane, tétraline, cyclohexylbenzène, nonylbenzène), les diaromatiques (naphtalène, biphényle) et les triaromatiques (phénanthrène), a permis d’étudier leur réactivité dans les conditions opératoires d’hydrogénation.A partir d’une approche expérimentale couplée à la modélisation cinétique, les schémas réactionnels et une échelle de réactivité ont été établis pour ces molécules modèles. Leur transformation conduit majoritairement du produit totalement hydrogénés. Les monoaromatiques sont les plus réactifs alors que les triaromatiques sont les moins réactifs. Néanmoins, en mélange, le pouvoir inhibiteur d’une molécule sur l’hydrogénation des autres aromatique augmente avec son aromaticité. Le phénanthrène est alors la molécule la plus inhibitrice. Les polyaromatiques engendrent alors une accumulation de monoaromatiques rendant difficile l’hydrogénation totale des charges pétrolières. Ceci est dû à des effets de compétition à l’adsorption à la surface du catalyseur entre les aromatiques qui ont été chiffrés en déterminant à partir d’un modèle suivant le formalisme de Langmuir-Hinshelwood. / Special fluids (hydrocarbon mixture used as solvents for various applications) are produced from deep hydrodearomatization of petroleum distillates (naphta and middle distillates) with high aromatic contents. Their commercialization follows a stringent environmental regulation (less than 100 ppm of aromatics) that is not always reachable due to the initial feedstock composition. Therefore, from the refractory molecules identification for hydrogenation, a selection of three families of model molecules, monoaromatics (toluene, indane, tetralin, cyclohexylbenzene, and nonylbenzene), diaromatics (naphthalene, biphenyl) and triaromatics (phenanthrene) allowed to study their reactivity in the hydrogenation operating conditions.By an experimental approach coupled with kinetic modeling, reaction schemes and a reactivity scale were established for these model molecules. Their transformation leads to the major formation of the saturated product. Monoaromatics are the most reactive while triaromatics are the less reactive. However, in mixture, the inhibiting strength of a molecule on the other aromatic hydrogenation increases with their aromaticity. Therefore, phenanthrene is the strongest inhibitor. Polyaromatics provoke an accumulation of monoaromatics generating a challenging petroleum distillates total hydrogenation. This is due to competitive adsorption effects at the catalyst surface between aromatics that was quantified from a model following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood formalism.

Dans ce manuscrit sont décrites de nouvelles procédures pour la synthèse stéréosélective d’un composé d’intérêt pharmacologique ainsi que leurs implémentations pour la production en continu. Plusieurs procédures de modification de catalyseurs hétérogènes commerciaux ont été développées et ont permis d’augmenter significativement la diastéréosélectivité de la réaction d’hydrogénation d’un intermédiaire de synthèse. Une voie de synthèse alternative par dérivatisation a également été développée, permettant d’atteindre une diastéréosélectivité pus élevée. De plus, des réacteurs modulaires dédiés à la réalisation de réactions triphasiques gas/liquide/solide sous haute pression ont été conçus. Un prototype a été fabriqué et a pu être utilisé pour les procédures d’hydrogénation développées. Enfin, un intermédiaire de synthèse a été préparé sans solvant ni additifs et avec une grande productivité en utilisant un microréacteur. / In this thesis, we present new procedures for the highly stereoselective synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and initiate their implementation in continuous flow for production. We developed several procedures for the highly diastereoselective hydrogenation reactions using chemically modified commercial heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, a three step reaction pathway through hydrolysis, highly diastereoselective hydrogenation reaction and conversion back to primary amide was developed to prepare. Modular high pressure continuous reactors have been designed and a prototype has been manufactured to perform the gas/liquid/solid triphasic hydrogenation reactions. Finally, we prepared a synthesis intermediate without solvents nor additives in continuous flow using a home-made micro-reactor, dramatically increasing the productivity of the process.

Hydrogen exposure of insulating d0-titanates, such as SrTiO3 (STO), has displayed the formation of intriguing conducting states. These conducting states form through the use of forming gas (N2/H2) annealing or hydrogen plasma exposure, where hydrogen gas is exposed to high energy microwaves. The exposure of STO to hydrogen causes metallic conductivity due to the introduction of hydrogen cations on some of the oxygen sites. However, the optical properties of this hydrogen-exposed STO have not been well-studied. Further, Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST), an insulating dielectric, also shows changes in its conductivity upon hydrogen exposure. Unlike STO where the conductivity of the hydrogen-exposed material has been characterized, the optical, electronic, and transport properties of hydrogen exposed BST have not been studied. Thus, by studying hydrogen-exposed BST and STO, our understanding of the effects of hydrogen on insulators can be enhanced. In the first study, the effects of the exposure of insulating dielectric BST thin films to a hydrogen plasma is presented. These BST thin films are deposited on GdScO3 (GSO) substrates via Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD). After deposition, the thin films are exposed to a hydrogen plasma. Just five minutes of hydrogen plasma exposure is enough to induce conductivity in the BST thin film. This conducting state is dominated by the interplay of disorder and strong electron correlations introduced during hydrogen exposure. Further, the optical properties indicate the formation of a transparent conductor, as the introduction of disorder and strong correlations has not changed the optical properties of the BST thin film in the visible spectrum. BST demonstrates an example of a new type of transparent conductor that utilizes large effective mass carriers to generate conductivity. In the second study, the effects of hydrogen doping on the surface of STO is explored. The conducting heterointerface that forms between PLD-deposited thin films of LaAlO3 (LAO) on STO is used as the standard to explore this hydrogen surface doping. The optical, electronic, and transport properties of water-leached and buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF) etched heterointerfaces are characterized and compared. The recently developed water-leaching method is compared with the well-known BHF etching method, which has been shown to unintentionally dope the STO surface with fluorine and hydrogen. Both methods generate single-terminated atomically flat STO substrate surfaces that are ideal for heterointerface formation. After deposition, the optical, electronic, and transport properties of both the water-leached and BHF-etched heterointerfaces show no meaningful difference, demonstrating that water-leaching may also unintentionally dope the STO substrate surface with hydrogen. However, these results confirm that water-leaching generates a high-quality conducting heterointerface without the safety concerns of BHF.

Catalisadores de ouro tem despertado bastante interesse nos últimos anos devido à elevada seletividade apresentada na hidrogenação de moléculas multifuncionais, proporcionando assim uma síntese química mais limpa. No entanto, esses catalisadores exibem uma atividade muito menor do que os metais do grupo VIII, devido à sua capacidade limitada de dissociar H2. O paládio tem sido frequentemente combinado ao ouro para atuar em reações de hidrogenações catalíticas, devido à sua elevada capacidade de adsorver e dissociar o hidrogênio molecular, resultando em catalisadores bimetálicos AuPd que muitas vezes apresentam desempenhos catalíticos superiores aos seus homólogos monometálicos. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a ativação de nanopartículas de ouro para reações de hidrogenação pela adição de paládio, considerando a influência de ligantes estabilizantes presentes na superfície do ouro. Os catalisadores monometálicos Auw/TiO2 e Au/TiO2 foram sintetizados através da imobilização de nanopartículas pré-formadas na ausência e presença de excesso de estabilizantes (oleilamina ou hexilamina) provenientes da síntese, respectivamente. Seguindo o mesmo princípio também foram obtidos monometálicos Pd/TiO2. Catalisadores bimetálicos Auw@Pdx/TiO2 e Au@Pdx/TiO2 foram obtidos através da adição de quantidades crescentes de Pd sobre os monometálicos de ouro. Os catalisadores monometálicos apresentaram desempenhos catalíticos inferiores aos respectivos bimetálicos. Estudos iniciais na reação de hidrogenação de ciclohexeno foram fundamentais para compreender a influência da composição e do estabilizantes nas diferentes reações de hidrogenação nas quais os materiais foram aplicados. Os catalisadores livres de ligantes se mostraram ativos nesta reação, Auw@Pdx/TiO2, sendo observado um aumento da atividade à medida que a quantidade de paládio se tornava crescente, alcançando um máximo com 20% de Pd (Auw@Pd0,2/TiO2), seguida de uma diminuição da atividade com a adição de porcentagens maiores. Assim, concluiu-se que a presença de sítios de Au e Pd, além da ausência de excesso de ligantes na superfície, são significativamente importantes para tornar ativos os catalisadores Auw@Pdx/TiO2. Os catalisadores bimetálicos com ligantes na superfície, que apresentaram pior desempenho na hidrogenação de alquenos, mostraram-se promissores na semi-hidrogenação de alquinos. O catalisador contendo 1% de Pd (Au@Pd0,01/TiO2), ao ser empregado na hidrogenação de fenilacetileno, apresentou 100% de conversão e seletividades a estireno > 90%. Ao serem adicionadas porcentagens de Pd ≥ 3%, a seletividade a estireno diminui significativamente. Esta também foi alterada ao variar a quantidade de ligante (alquilamina) na superfície do catalisador bimetálico e independe do tamanho da cadeia orgânica do ligante empregado. Finalmente, podemos concluir que sistemas catalíticos altamente ativos e seletivos podem ser obtidos controlando a quantidade de paládio adicionado ao ouro, mas a presença de ligantes estabilizantes também tem influência e não pode ser negligenciada. / Over the past few years, gold catalysts have aroused great interest among researchers due to an enhanced selectivity exhibited in the hydrogenation of multifunctional molecules, enabling greener chemical synthesis. Nevertheless, since gold has a very limited ability to dissociate molecular hydrogen, these catalysts show lower activity compared to group VIII metals. Palladium has been widely used in combination with gold in catalytic hydrogenations; due to its high ability to adsorb and dissociate molecular hydrogen, the resulting bimetallic AuPd systems often show superior performance over their monometallic counterparts. The present work embodies studies on the activation of gold nanoparticles for hydrogenation reactions by adding increasing amount of palladium, considering the influence of capping ligands on the activity and selectivity exhibited by the bimetallic Au@Pd catalysts. The monometallic Auw/TiO2 and Au/TiO2 catalysts were prepared via immobilization of preformed nanoparticles in the absence and presence of excess stabilizers (oleylamine and hexylamine) used in the synthesis, respectively. Monometallic Pd/TiO2 was also synthesized following the same principle. Bimetallic catalysts Auw@Pdx/TiO2 e Au@Pdx/TiO2 were obtained by the addition of increasing amounts of Pd on the gold monometallic catalyst. The monometallic catalysts presented lower catalytic performances than the respective bimetallics. Initial studies of cyclohexene hydrogenation were instrumental to understand the influence of the composition and the presence of stabilizers in different hydrogenation reactions where the material were applied. Ligand-free catalysts were active in this reaction, Auw@Pdx/ TiO2, and an increase in activity was observed as the amount of palladium increased, reaching a maximum at 20% Pd (Auw@Pd0.2/TiO2), followed by a decrease in activity with the addition of larger percentages. Thus, it was concluded that the presence of Au and Pd sites, in addition to the absence of excess capping ligands, are significantly important in making the catalysts active. Bimetallic catalysts containing capping ligands, which presented worse performance in the hydrogenation of alkenes, showed promising results in the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. The catalyst containing 1 wt% Pd (Au@Pd0.01/TiO2), when used in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, reached 100% conversion and > 90% selectivity to styrene. When percentages of Pd ≥ 3 wt% were added, the selectivity to styrene decreases significantly. Selectivity was also altered by varying the amount of ligand (alkylamine) on the surface of the bimetallic catalyst and regardless the size of the organic chain. Finally, we can conclude that highly active and selective catalytic systems can be obtained by controlling the amount of added palladium on gold, but the presence of capping ligands is also importante and can not be neglected.

One of the poly-Si thin-film cells developed at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) is the EVA cell. In this work, SiN films for EVA cells as an antireflection/barrier coating were investigated. In addition, the effect of hydrogenation pre-treatment of solid phase crystallisation (SPC) on grain size and open-circuit voltage (Voc) was investigated. The SiN films deposited by PECVD were examined for uniformity of the thickness and the refractive index of the films across the position of the samples in the PECVD deposition system. A spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine these film properties. It was found that these properties were very uniform over the deposition area. Good repeatability of the depositions was also observed. A series of SiN film depositions by reactive sputtering were also performed to optimize the deposition process. Parameters adjusted during the deposition were nitrogen flow rate, substrate bias, and substrate temperature. By investigating the deposition rate, refractive index, and surface roughness of the films, the three deposition parameters were optimised. The effects of post SiN deposition treatments (a-Si deposition, SPC, RTA, and hydrogenation) on thickness and refractive index of both SiN films deposited by PECVD and reactive sputtering were investigated by using samples which have the same structure as the EVA cells. The thickness of the PECVD SiN films decreased about 6 % after all the treatments. On the other hand, the thickness reductions of the reactively sputtered SiN films were very small. The refractive index of the PECVD SiN films increased about 0.6 % after the treatments, whereas that of the reactively sputtered SiN films decreased 1.3 % after the treatments. As a possible method to improve the performance of EVA cells, hydrogenation of a-Si was investigated as a pre-treatment of SPC process. There were no obvious differences in the grainsize and the Voc of the EVA cells with and without the hydrogenation. Therefore it is likely that the hydrogenation pre-treatment of SPC does not have a beneficial effect on the performance of EVA cells.

Abstract not available

In polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si) thin-film solar cells, defect passivation is critical to device performance. Isoelectronic or covalently bonded impurities, hydrogenic, extended defects and defects with localized levels in the bandgap (deep level defects) are typically introduced during the fabrication of, and/or are inherent to, pc-Si thin-film solar cells. These defects dramatically affect minority carrier lifetimes. Removing and/or passivating these defects is required to maximize minority carrier lifetimes and is typically done through thermal annealing and passivation techniques. For pc-Si thin-film solar cells on low temperature glass superstrates, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and hydrogen plasma passivation (hydrogenation) are powerful techniques to achieve effective removal and passivation of these defects. In this thesis, three silicon thin-film solar cells structures on low-temperature glass are subjected to variations in RTA high-temperature plateaus, RTA plateau times, and hydrogen plasma passivation parameters. These solar cells are referred to as ALICIA, EVA and PLASMA. By varying the RTA plateau temperature and time at plateau, the trade-off between extensive dopant diffusion and maximum defect removal is optimized. To reduce the density of point defects and to electrically activate the majority of dopants, an RTA process is shown to be essential. For all three of the thin-film solar cell structures investigated in this thesis, a shorter, higher-temperature RTA process provides the best open-circuit voltage (Voc). Extensive RTA plateau times cause excessive dopant smearing, increasing n = 2 recombination and shunt resistance losses. Hydrogenation is shown to be an essential step to achieve maximum device performance by `healing' the defects inherent to pc-Si thin-film solar cells. If the hydrogen concentration is about 1-2 times the density of oxygen in the cells as measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), the cells seem to respond best to hydrogenation, with good resultant Voc and short-circuit for all cells investigated in this thesis. The effect of hydrogen passivation on the Voc is spectacular, typically increasing it by a factor of 2 to 3.5. Hydrogen de-bonding from repeated thermal treatments at increasing temperature provides a deeper understanding of what defects exist and the nature of the defects that limit the cell voltage. The variation in RTA and hydrogenation process parameters produces significant empirical insight into the effectiveness of RTA processes for point defect removal, dopant activation, point defect and grain boundary passivation, and impurity passivation. SIMS measurements are used to determine the impurities present in the cells' bulk and the amount of hydrogen available to passivate defects. From the results presented it appears that pc-Si thin-film solar cells on low-temperature glass are a promising, and potentially lower-cost, alternative to Si wafer based cells.

Le but de l'étude est d'étendre le concept de synthèse de matériaux hybrides de type organosilicates mésoporeux périodiques (PMOS) à l'incorporation de complexes de platine(II) susceptibles de catalyser des réactions d'hydrogénation. Ces nouveaux matériaux sont caractérisés aussi bien du point de vue structural qu'au niveau du complexe moléculaire immobilisé. Leurs propriétés sont comparées à celles d'une silice mésoporeuse (SBA-15) fonctionnalisée de manière classique par greffage post-synthétique. Il en résulte que le complexe de platine, dont l'intégrité du site de coordination est maintenue dans tous les cas, se trouve incorporé à l'intérieur des parois pour nos nouveaux matériaux tandis qu'il se trouve en surface pour le matériau de référence. Les deux types de solides sont actifs dans l'hydrogénation du styrène en éthylbenzène à 40 bar et 80°C si un équivalent de co-catalyseur SnCl2 par platine est ajouté au système. La possibilité de présynthétiser le système Pt-Sn à même les solides hybrides a été envisagée, et bien que les activités catalytiques des matériaux en résultant soient comparables aux systèmes générés in situ, nous avons trouvé que SnCl2 ne réagit pas exclusivement avec le complexe de platine tel qu'attendu mais interagit aussi fortement avec les surfaces.