Los pacientes con Diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) e hipoglucemias graves de repetición presentan de manera generalizada una alteración en la percepción y la respuesta sintomática ante las mismas. La utilización de sistemas de infusión subcutánea contínua de insulina mejora ambas alteraciones y estas mejoras se producen sin objetivarse un deterioro en el control glucémico evaluado por hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) junto con una mejoría en los parámetros de variabilidad glucémica. Asimismo, su uso se asocia a una mejoría en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Inclusive en un grupo de pacientes jóvenes con DM1, la presencia de un mayor grado de aterosclerosis preclínica se asocia fundamentalmente a la edad y a la duración de la enfermedad. Las alteraciones pueden observarse en diferentes territorios vasculares y se asocian a defectos en la función endotelial. Aquellos pacientes con un mayor grado de aterosclerosis preclínica tienden a presentar peores perfiles de control metabólico y de parámetros de inflamación crónica. Los episodios repetidos de hipoglucemia confieren además de lo ya mencionado, un peor pronóstico cardiovascular a estos pacientes. / Title: “Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous glucose monitoring systems in Type 1 Diabetes. Cardiovascular risk profile in patients with labile glycemic control due to repeated severe hypoglycemia” Short running title: “Hypoglycemia and atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetes” Abstract: Type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients with repeated severe hypoglycemic episodes usually show a reduced ability to recognize hypoglycemic signs and symptoms. The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion not only improves both alterations but also is associated with a non deletereous effect in metabolic control evaluated in terms of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and with an improvement in glycemic variability. Moreover, the use of these systems is associated with an improvement in self-reported quality-of-life. Even in a group of young adult patients with T1D, the presence of atherosclerosis is mostly related to age and disease duration. Both endothelial dysfunction and structural damage in different territories might be present in these subjects. Patients with higher degrees of atherosclerosis present worse glycemic control and alterations in different inflammation parameters. Repeated episodes of hypoglycemia are also associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis in these subjects.

Aerobic exercise interventions involving individuals with type 1 diabetes have had little positive effect on blood glucose control as reflected by hemoglobin A1c. The few existing interventions involving resistance exercise, either alone or combined with aerobic exercise, while small in sample size, have had better outcomes. The purpose of this research program was to examine the changes in blood glucose levels during activity and for 24 hours post-exercise (as measured by continuous glucose monitoring) when resistance exercise is performed, either on its own or combined with aerobic exercise, as compared to aerobic exercise alone or no exercise. Twelve physically active individuals with type 1 diabetes performed 5 separate exercise sessions in random order separated by at least five days: 1) no exercise/control; 2) aerobic exercise (45 minutes of treadmill running at 60% VO2peak); 3) resistance exercise (45 minutes of weight lifting – 3 sets of 8 repetitions of 7 different exercises); 4) aerobic then resistance exercise (2 and 3 combined with the aerobic exercise first); 5) resistance then aerobic exercise (2 and 3 combined with the resistance exercise first). We found that resistance exercise was associated with a lower risk of hypoglycemia during exercise, less carbohydrate intake during exercise, less post-exercise hyperglycemia and more frequent (but less severe) nocturnal hypoglycemia than aerobic exercise. When aerobic and resistance exercise were combined, performing resistance exercise prior to aerobic exercise (rather than the reverse) resulted in attenuated declines in blood glucose during aerobic exercise, accompanied by a lower need for carbohydrate supplementation during exercise and a trend towards milder post-exercise nocturnal hypoglycemia.

The effect of maternal dietary glucose on perinatal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression was investigated in this study. Pregnant rats were fed isoclaoric diets containing graded levels of glucose (0%, 12%, 24% and 60%) from gestation day 2 to lactation day 15. The developmental profiles of PEPCK gene expression in fetal and neonatal liver and kidney were analyzed by northern blot. In the liver, feeding glucose free and glucose restriction (12% and 24%) diets precociously induced PEPCK gene expression at day 21 of gestation. In the kidney, PEPCK mRNA (2.8 kb) was detected at birth in the glucose free group, 12-16 hours postnatally in control group; it was not visualized until day 3 in the 12% and 24% glucose restriction groups. In our study, two species of RNA (1.8 kb and 2.8 kb) were hybridized with PEPCK cDNA probes, and there was a relationship between maternal dietary glucose levels and the 1.8 kb RNA fragment in the kidney.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.A.(MHS))-University of Pretoria, 1999. / Summary in English and Afrikaans.

Introdução: a glicose é um importante substrato para o metabolismo celular em especial, do cérebro. A hipoglicemia neonatal está associada ao risco do desenvolvimento de sequelas neurológicas. A hipoglicemia neonatal afeta de 3% a 43% dos neonatos e sua prevalência em neonatos a termo em aleitamento materno exclusivo tem sido pouco explorada em nosso meio. Objetivo: analisar a ocorrência de hipoglicemia transitória em recém-nascidos internados em Hospital Amigo da Criança. Método: estudo transversal com coleta de dados dos prontuários médicos de neonatos com controle de glicemia capilar nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Foram analisados 381 prontuários de neonatos internados na unidade Alojamento Conjunto de um hospital-escola da cidade de São Paulo entre 1º de julho a 31 de dezembro de 2006. Os dados foram armazenados, processados e analisados nos programas estatísticos SPSS 13.0 for Windows e NCSS/PASS 2000 Dawson Edition. Para o tratamento estatístico, foram adotados os testes Qui-Quadrado para verificar a associação entre variáveis qualitativas e o Exato de Fischer. O nível de significância descritivo adotado foi = 0,05 e as diferenças estatísticas com valor de p < 0,05 foram consideradas significativas. Resultados: a prevalência de hipoglicemia foi de 1,1%; as variáveis: hipertensão arterial na gestação, infusão endovenosa de soro glicosado no trabalho de parto, presença de escoriação mamilar nas primeiras 24 horas pós-parto apresentaram significância estatística com a ocorrência de hipoglicemia neonatal, respectivamente, com valores de p = 0,0283; p < 0,0001 e p = 0,0058. A frequência de neonatos que desenvolveram hipoglicemia foi menor no grupo de neonatos amamentados entre as 2ª e 6ª horas de vida (p = 0,0013). A ocorrência de diagnóstico de hipoglicemia neonatal foi bem maior entre os neonatos que apresentaram valores de glicemia capilar 40 mg/dl nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, 15 (83,3%), com p < 0,0001. Neonatos com sinais relacionados à hipoglicemia, 210 (55,1%) foram os que mais apresentaram diagnóstico de hipoglicemia (p = 0,0137). Conclusão: a hipoglicemia neonatal é um distúrbio metabólico raro que acomete os recém-nascidos a termo e saudáveis, sobretudo nas primeiras 6 horas de vida. Alguns fatores obstétricos e os relacionados à amamentação e lactação, bem como os neonatos sintomáticos, em especial, quando apresentam tremores, devem ser considerados como preditores da ocorrência de diagnóstico de hipoglicemia no recém-nascido. Estudos devem ser realizados para analisar a relação entre o diabetes gestacional e a ocorrência de hipoglicemia neonatal / Introduction: the glucose is a major substrate for brain cellular metabolism. The neonatal hypoglycaemia is associated with a risk of developing neurological sequelae. The neonatal hypoglycaemia affecting 3% to 43% infant newborns and their prevalence in full-term newborns admitted in the Baby-Friendly Initiative Hospital, on exclusive breastfeeding, has been little explored in Brazil. Objective: to analyze the occurrence of transient hypoglycaemia in newborns admitted to a maternity ward that adopts The Baby-Friendly initiative Hospital Model. Method: a cross-sectional study whose data were extracted from 381 newborn hospital records undergoing capillary blood glucose control in the first 24 hours of life and from their mothers hospital records, admitted in the room-in ward at School Hospital of University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from July to December, 2006. Data were collected after the research project was approved by the Local Research Ethics Committee. Data were collected, stored and analyzed using SPSS 13.0 for Windows and NCSS / PASS 2000 Dawson Edition. Chi-square and Fishers tests to determine the association between qualitative variables were applied, = 0,05 (p value < 0.05) were adopted to consider statistical differences. Results: the prevalence of hypoglycemia was 1.1%. The variables hypertension during the pregnancy; intravenous continuous infusion of glucose during the labor; nipple excoriation in the first 24 hours after delivery showed statistical significance with the occurrence of neonatal hypoglycemia, respectively, p = 0.0283, p <0.0001 and p = 0.0058. The frequency of neonates who developed hypoglycemia was lower in the group of infants breastfed between the second and sixth hour of life (p = 0.0013), the occurrence of diagnosis of neonatal hypoglycemia was higher among newborns who had capillary blood glucose values 40 mg/dL in the first 24 hours of life, 15 (83.3%), with p < 0.0001. The group of neonates with symptomatic hypoglycemia, 210 (55.1%), had more babies with diagnosis of hypoglycemia, (p = 0.0137). Conclusion: the neonatal hypoglycemia is a rare metabolic disorder that affects the healthy full-term newborns especially in the first six hours of life. Some obstetric factors, breastfeeding patterns, lactation conditions and symptomatic neonates, particularly when the baby shows signs of tremor should be regarded as predictors of developing neonatal hypoglycemia. Studies should be conducted to examine the relationship between gestational diabetes and the occurrence of neonatal hypoglycemia in full term neonates who exclusively breastfed

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-11T14:32:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele Anahy de Sousa Aleixo.pdf: 843230 bytes, checksum: 901bb6f90c73356f618d782d2e601a75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T14:32:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziele Anahy de Sousa Aleixo.pdf: 843230 bytes, checksum: 901bb6f90c73356f618d782d2e601a75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The increase or decrease in the glucose concentration in the blood is a common endocrine alteration in human beings and animals that can cause serious consequences to their health condition. Dosing the glucose of patient with hypo or hyperglycemia allows the same ones to receive appropriate treatment, propitiating a better life quality. The present work had as object to determine the glycemic values of dogs using a portable glucometer (Accu-Chek® Advantage / Roche) projected for human patients, and to compare the results obtained with that equipment to those acquired with the enzymatic-colorimeter (GOD-POD) according to Trinder laboratorial method, since it is considered a standard technique. Once proving that exists a good correlation among the results obtained with the two methods, it becomes possible for the Veterinary Doctors to use the glucometer in their routine with the intention of diagnosing alteration in their patients' glycemia and nevertheless, obtain important information that will help to govern the therapeutic conducts in animals with diseases such as Diabetes mellitus. Another purpose of this work was to describe which factors can alter the precision of the results obtained with the portable glucometer. For the development of the research 53 animals of the canine species, of varied age, sex, weight and breed, assisted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine (DMV) of the Rural Federal University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) were used). In 17 patients it was observed factors of risks that could alter the precision of the results in the glucometer, such as low hematocrit, inadequate soak of the test strip, a part of the sample was over the reagent strip or still, the accomplishment of the test passed the 15 seconds recommended by the manufacturer of the equipment, and as consequence, only 36 animals were considered eligible for the study of the evaluation of the portable glucometer in relation to the laboratorial method. It was concluded that the glucose dosage in dogs using the portable glucometer Accu-Chek® Advantage can be considered clinically useful, because the differences obtained among the methods are inside of the margin established by the regulators entities of the area. / O aumento ou a diminuição da taxa de glicose no sangue é uma alteração endócrina comum em seres humanos e animais, e que pode ocasionar graves conseqüências ao estado de saúde dos mesmos. Dosar a glicose sangüínea de pacientes portadores de hipo ou hiperglicemia permite que eles recebam adequado tratamento, propiciando uma melhor qualidade de vida. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os valores glicêmicos em cães utilizando um glicosímetro portátil (Accu-Chek® Advantage / Roche Diagnóstica Brasil Ltda.) projetado para pacientes humanos, e comparar os resultados obtidos com esse equipamento àqueles conseguidos com o método laboratorial enzimático-colorimétrico (GOD-POD) segundo Trinder, que é considerado uma técnica padrão. Uma vez comprovada que existe uma boa correlação entre os dois métodos, torna-se possível para os Médicos Veterinários utilizarem o glicosímetro na sua rotina com o intuito de diagnosticar alterações na glicemia de seus pacientes e, ainda assim, obterem informações importantes que vão ajudar a reger as condutas terapêuticas em animUma outra finalidade deste trabalho foi descrever quais fatores de risco podem alterar a precisão dos resultados obtidos com o glicosímetro portátil. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram utilizados 53 animais da espécie canina, de idades, sexos, pesos e raças variadas, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário do Departamento de Medicina Veterinária (DMV) da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). Em 17 pacientes foram observados fatores que poderiam alterar a precisão dos resultados no glicosímetro, como baixo hematócrito, embebição inadequada da tira teste, uma parte da amostra ficou por cima da tira reagente ou ainda, a realização do teste ultrapassou os 15 segundos recomendados pelo fabricante do equipamento e, como conseqüência, apenas 36 animais foram considerados elegíveis para o estudo da avaliação do glicosímetro portátil em relação ao método laboratorial. Concluiu-se que a dosagem de glicose em cães utilizando o glicosímetro portátil Accu-Chek® Advantage pode ser considerada clinicamente útil, pois as diferenças obtidas entre os métodos estão dentro da margem estabelecida pelos órgãos reguladores da área.

Orientador: Izilda Esmênia Muglia Araújo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariotto_FlaviaNemezio_M.pdf: 2040012 bytes, checksum: cf0e415b0dabaa6f8f161c3391134f7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O diabetes mellitus é um grupo de doenças metabólicas que tem passado por uma transição demográfica - epidemiológica ao lado de outras doenças crônicas e, considerado nos dias de hoje, problema de saúde pública no mundo. No Brasil foi estabelecido que o acesso, o acompanhamento e a responsabilização pelo diabetes devem ser garantidos aos cidadãos por meio dos Centros de Saúde (CS), desde a prevenção até o atendimento de urgência nas intercorrências agudas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram elaborar e implementar uma atividade educativa sobre as alterações glicêmicas para os enfermeiros dos CS e, avaliar o conhecimento destes antes e após a abordagem educativa. Estudo descritivo, quase experimental com atividade educativa para enfermeiros dos CS, nos atendimentos das alterações glicêmicas (hiper/hipoglicemia). Esta atividade foi realizada por meio de estudo dirigido, com base nas Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes e o Caderno de Atenção Básica de Diabetes Mellitus do Ministério da Saúde. A proposta foi realizada em dois momentos: no primeiro - foi aplicado um questionário para verificar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros antes da atividade e em seguida realizada a educação proposta. O segundo ocorreu, dois meses após, apenas com a reaplicação do questionário. A amostra foi constituída inicialmente por 13 enfermeiros dos quais 11 permaneceram até o final do estudo. A maioria dos enfermeiros era do sexo feminino, com idade média de 32,3 anos (±8,7) que trabalhavam nos CS há 11,5 meses (±13,25) em média. A maioria (63,7%) já havia realizado curso sobre urgências clínicas há 3,2 meses (±0,84), porém em apenas 42,85% dos casos o tema alterações glicêmicas foi abordado. Dos participantes 54,6% nunca participaram de cursos sobre diabetes e relataram não realizar atualizações sobre o assunto. O desempenho dos participantes nas questões sobre hipoglicemia foi melhor nas duas etapas em relação à hiperglicemia. Na primeira etapa a média das notas foi 6,0 (±0,6) e na segunda 8,1(±0,87). Após a atividade educativa, a maioria dos xvii-enfermeiros buscou outras formas de atualização sobre o assunto, solicitaram maior tempo para discussão sobre o estudo dirigido e relataram que a estratégia atendeu suas necessidades sobre o assunto abordado. A atividade educativa, estudo dirigido, e o questionário tiveram boa aceitação. Na sua implementação o tempo de resposta ao questionário foi adequado, mas em relação ao tempo de utilização para o estudo dirigido houve manifestação dos participantes que solicitaram o aumento e a realização de discussão após o término do estudo dirigido. O comportamento das notas obtidas antes e após a abordagem educativa aponta que a estratégia pode ser utilizada na educação permanente, dos enfermeiros das CS, nas urgências das alterações glicêmicas / Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases that has gone through a demographic transition - epidemiological alongside other chronic diseases and is considered today, a public health problem worldwide. In Brazil it was established that access, monitoring and accountability for diabetes should be guaranteed to citizens through the Health Centers for (CS), from prevention to emergency care in acute complications. The study aimed to develop and implement an educational activity on the glycemic changes for nurses of the CS and to evaluate their knowledge before and after the educational approach. Descriptive study, almost experimental educational activity for nurses of CS, in the care of glycemic changes (hyper / hypoglycemia). This activity was accomplished through directed study, based on the Guidelines of the "Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes" and "Caderno de Atenção Básica de Diabetes do Ministério da Saúde". The proposal was carried out in two stages: the first - a questionnaire was administered to verify the knowledge of nurses before activity and then made the education proposal. The second occurred two months later, only with the reapplication of the questionnaire. The sample was initially composed of 13 nurses of whom 11 remained at the end of the study. Most nurses were female, mean age 32.3 years (± 8.7) who worked in CS is 11.5 months (± 13.25) on average. Most (63.7%) had already made courses on emergency clinics for 3.2 months (± 0.84), but only in 42.85% of cases the subject was approached glycemic changes. Just 54.6% of the participants had never attended a course on diabetes and did not perform updates on the subject. The participants' performance on questions about hypoglycemia was better in two stages in relation to hyperglycemia. In the first stage the average grade was 6.0 (± 0.6) and the second 8.0 (± 0.87). After the educational activity, the majority of nurses sought other ways to update on the matter, requested more time for discussion on the study conducted and reported that the strategy met its needs on the subject matter. The educational activity, directed study, and the questionnaire had good acceptance. In implementing the response time xix-of the questionnaire was appropriate, but in relation to duration of use for the study was directed expression of the participants who requested the increase and the performance discussion after the study conducted. The behavior of the scores obtained before and after the educational approach suggests that the strategy can be used in the continuing education of nurses in CS, in the emergency of glycemic changes / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressive disease characterised by hyperglycaemia caused by defects in insulin secretion and insulin action. In early stages of type 2 DM, dietary and lifestyle changes are often sufficient to control blood glucose levels. However, over time, many patients experience β cell dysfunction and require insulin therapy, either alone or in combination with oral agents. There are guidelines available to structure the management of this disease state, including both the use of oral hypoglycaemic agents and or insulin. Besides health complications, there are economic burdens associated with the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine the management of type 2 DM in a South African sample group of patients drawn from a large medical aid database. The objectives of the study were: to establish the prevalence of type 2 DM relative to age, examine the nature of chronic comorbid disease states, establish trends in the prescribing of insulin relative to other oral hypoglycaemic agents, investigate cost implications, and determine trends in the use of blood and urine monitoring materials by patients. The study was quantitative and retrospective and descriptive statistics were used in the analysis. DM was found to be most prevalent amongst patients between 50 and 59 years old. Results also demonstrated that 83% of DM patients also suffered from other chronic comorbid diseases, with cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia being the most prominent. This study also revealed that DM is predominantly managed with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Changes in drug prescribing, for chronic disease states such as DM may have medical, social and economic implications both for individual patients and for society and it is envisaged that the results of this study can be used to influence future management of DM. Keywords: Pharmacoepidemiology, management, type 2 diabetes mellitus