O processo de avaliação do risco relacionado a substâncias químicas é utilizado no âmbito da segurança alimentar para a saúde humana, visto que diversas substâncias, tais como aditivos e, particularmente, contaminantes, como praguicidas e medicamentos veterinários, podem estar potencialmente presentes nos alimentos para consumo humano. Tradicionalmente, autoridades de diversos países recomendam limites máximos aceitáveis dessas substâncias nos alimentos, que são obtidos durante o processo de avaliação do risco. A Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) é um exemplo desse tipo de limite máximo. Diversos critérios devem ser observados no estabelecimento da IDA, sendo que o julgamento científico do avaliador pode contribuir extensivamente na obtenção desse valor. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho é realizar uma análise crítica dos valores de IDA estabelecidos para praguicidas no Brasil, em relação às IDAs estabelecidas para os mesmos praguicidas pela Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e a Agricultura / Organização Mundial de Saúde, na Europa e nos Estados Unidos (EUA), considerando o NOAEL, a espécie animal, a duração do estudo toxicológico, o endpoint selecionado e os fatores de incertezas aplicados, e suas implicações na avaliação do risco para a saúde humana quando da ingestão de resíduos de praguicidas em alimentos. Com essa avaliação foi possível verificar que não existe uma harmonização na determinação da IDA, assim como, dos parâmetros selecionados para sua determinação entre as agências. Além disso, a avaliação do risco para a saúde humana de 10 praguicidas selecionados mostrou que a exposição da população aos resíduos desses praguicidas em alimentos, em comparação as IDAs estabelecidas nas diferentes agências, pode resultar na consideração de riscos distintos, dependendo da IDA selecionada. Assim, a IDA não deve ser utilizada como único fator para a tomada de decisão para regulamentação destes praguicidas pelas agências que avaliam o risco para as populações expostas. Durante o gerenciamento do risco outros fatores, tais como o contexto sócio-econômico e político e a relação risco-benefício, devem ser considerados. / The risk assessment process is used in the context of food safety, since various chemicals such as additives and particularly contaminants, as pesticides and veterinary drugs, could potentially be present in food for human consumption. Traditionally, the authorities of several countries recommend maximum acceptable exposure limits of these substances in food, which are obtained during the risk assessment process. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is an example of this kind of limit. Several criteria must be observed in the establishment of the ADI, and the scientific judgment of the evaluator may contribute extensively to obtain this value. In this context, the aim of this work is to perform a critical analysis of the ADI values established for pesticides in Brazil in relation to the same ADI for pesticides established by the World Health Organization (WHO), in Europe and in the United States of America (USA). The NOAEL, the animal species, the duration of toxicology studies, the endpoint selected and the applied uncertainty factors, and also the implications in risk assessment for human health of pesticide residues in food, were also considered. With this evaluation it was possible to observe that there is no harmonization in the establishment of the ADI, as well as in the parameters selected for the determination of ADI among agencies. Furthermore, the risk assessment of selected 10 pesticides showed that the population exposure to their residues in food, compared to the ADI established in different agencies, may result in different approaches to risks, depending on the ADI determined. Thus, the ADI should not be used as the only factor in decision making for regulation. During the risk management process, other risk factors must be considered, such as political, economic and social context and risk-benefit relationship.

Em geral, os requisitos essenciais exigidos para uma liga metÃlica utilizada em atividades ligadas à industria petroquÃmica sÃo resistÃncia mecÃnica, tendo em vista os diversos esforÃos aos quais os materiais serÃo submetidos, e resistÃncia à corrosÃo, devido a severidade ambiental ao qual os materiais serÃo expostos. O aÃo inoxidÃvel duplex (AID) vem conquistando cada vez mais espaÃo no setor petroquÃmico justamente por possuir tais requisitos citados acima. Atribuem-se suas altas resistÃncias à corrosÃo e mecÃnica à sua microestrutura balanceada em aproximadamente 50% de ferrita e 50% de austenita. O presente trabalho estudou a influÃncia de diversas condiÃÃes de soldagem sobre o balanÃo de fases de um aÃo inoxidÃvel duplex UNS S31803. Para tanto quatro tÃcnicas de quantificaÃÃes foram utilizadas para medir a fraÃÃo volumÃtrica de ferrita para as diversas condiÃÃes empregadas. AlÃm disso, uma propriedade mecÃnica (dureza) e uma propriedade de resistÃncia à corrosÃo (corrosÃo intergranular) foram avaliadas em funÃÃo da energia de soldagem empregada. Por fim, um estudo qualitativo acerca da precipitaÃÃo de compostos intermetÃlicos oriundos da soldagem foi realizado. Os resultados mostraram que o efeito da energia de soldagem sobre a fraÃÃo volumÃtrica de ferrita foi bem marcante no metal de solda, porÃm para a zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) e o metal de base este efeito nÃo foi tÃo pronunciado. Ainda em relaÃÃo à fraÃÃo volumÃtrica de ferrita, foi constatado que esta à mais afetado pela largura do corpo de prova que pelo meio de resfriamento pÃs-soldagem. Em geral, tanto a dureza como a resistÃncia à corrosÃo intergranular nÃo sofreram influÃncia quando as diversas condiÃÃes de soldagem foram comparadas. Por fim, apesar de ter ocorrido a precipitaÃÃo de compostos intermetÃlicos, contatou-se que esta foi de pequena intensidade. / In general, the essential requirements for a metal alloy used inactivities are linked to the petrochemical industry mechanical strength, in view of the many efforts to which the materials are subjected, and corrosion resistance due to severe environment to which the materials are exposed. The duplex stainless steel (AID) has been gaining more space in the petrochemical industry precisely because it has such requirements mentioned above. Are attributed to their high resistance to corrosion and its mechanical balanced microstructure by approximately 50% to 50% ferrite and austenite. This work studied the influence of different welding conditions on the balance of phases of a duplex stainless steel UNS S31803. For both techniques of four measurements were used to measure the volume fraction of ferrite for the various conditions employed. Moreover, the mechanical properties (hardness) and corrosion resistance property (intergranular) were measured by the energy welding employed. Finally, a qualitative study about the precipitation of intermetallic compounds derived welding was performed. The results showed that the effect of heat input on the volume fraction of ferrite was well marked in the weld metal, but for the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal this effect was not as pronounced. Still on the volume fraction of ferrite, it was found that this is more affected by the width of the body of evidence by means of cooling after welding. In general, both the hardness and resistance to intergranular corrosion when not influenced by the different welding conditions were compared. Finally, although there was precipitation of intermetallic compounds, is contacted to this was mild.

O processo de avaliação do risco relacionado a substâncias químicas é utilizado no âmbito da segurança alimentar para a saúde humana, visto que diversas substâncias, tais como aditivos e, particularmente, contaminantes, como praguicidas e medicamentos veterinários, podem estar potencialmente presentes nos alimentos para consumo humano. Tradicionalmente, autoridades de diversos países recomendam limites máximos aceitáveis dessas substâncias nos alimentos, que são obtidos durante o processo de avaliação do risco. A Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) é um exemplo desse tipo de limite máximo. Diversos critérios devem ser observados no estabelecimento da IDA, sendo que o julgamento científico do avaliador pode contribuir extensivamente na obtenção desse valor. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho é realizar uma análise crítica dos valores de IDA estabelecidos para praguicidas no Brasil, em relação às IDAs estabelecidas para os mesmos praguicidas pela Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e a Agricultura / Organização Mundial de Saúde, na Europa e nos Estados Unidos (EUA), considerando o NOAEL, a espécie animal, a duração do estudo toxicológico, o endpoint selecionado e os fatores de incertezas aplicados, e suas implicações na avaliação do risco para a saúde humana quando da ingestão de resíduos de praguicidas em alimentos. Com essa avaliação foi possível verificar que não existe uma harmonização na determinação da IDA, assim como, dos parâmetros selecionados para sua determinação entre as agências. Além disso, a avaliação do risco para a saúde humana de 10 praguicidas selecionados mostrou que a exposição da população aos resíduos desses praguicidas em alimentos, em comparação as IDAs estabelecidas nas diferentes agências, pode resultar na consideração de riscos distintos, dependendo da IDA selecionada. Assim, a IDA não deve ser utilizada como único fator para a tomada de decisão para regulamentação destes praguicidas pelas agências que avaliam o risco para as populações expostas. Durante o gerenciamento do risco outros fatores, tais como o contexto sócio-econômico e político e a relação risco-benefício, devem ser considerados. / The risk assessment process is used in the context of food safety, since various chemicals such as additives and particularly contaminants, as pesticides and veterinary drugs, could potentially be present in food for human consumption. Traditionally, the authorities of several countries recommend maximum acceptable exposure limits of these substances in food, which are obtained during the risk assessment process. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is an example of this kind of limit. Several criteria must be observed in the establishment of the ADI, and the scientific judgment of the evaluator may contribute extensively to obtain this value. In this context, the aim of this work is to perform a critical analysis of the ADI values established for pesticides in Brazil in relation to the same ADI for pesticides established by the World Health Organization (WHO), in Europe and in the United States of America (USA). The NOAEL, the animal species, the duration of toxicology studies, the endpoint selected and the applied uncertainty factors, and also the implications in risk assessment for human health of pesticide residues in food, were also considered. With this evaluation it was possible to observe that there is no harmonization in the establishment of the ADI, as well as in the parameters selected for the determination of ADI among agencies. Furthermore, the risk assessment of selected 10 pesticides showed that the population exposure to their residues in food, compared to the ADI established in different agencies, may result in different approaches to risks, depending on the ADI determined. Thus, the ADI should not be used as the only factor in decision making for regulation. During the risk management process, other risk factors must be considered, such as political, economic and social context and risk-benefit relationship.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 321-336). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Orientador: Sonia Maria Alves Bueno / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bresolin_IgorTadeuLazzarotto_M.pdf: 4686617 bytes, checksum: ed7a688421b5d854024279523878c12a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Anticorpos monoclonais são imunoglobulinas secretadas por clones de linfócitos B, normais, tumorais ou obtidos pela tecnologia de hibridomas. Os anticorpos monoclonais têm sido utilizados nas áreas analítica e terapêutica, o que implica na necessidade de sua obtenção com pureza superior a 95%. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados visando à purificação de anticorpos monoclonais, destacando-se as técnicas de adsorção seletiva, como as cromatografias de troca iônica, hidrofóbica e de afinidade. Neste trabalho aplicou-se a cromatografia de afinidade em membranas de álcool polietileno-vinílico (PEVA), comparando o desempenho dos agentes quelantes (AQ) ácido iminodiacético (IDA), ácido aspártico carboximetilado (CM-Asp) e tris-2(aminoetil)amina (TREN) com íons metálicos imobilizados na purificação de anticorpos monoclonais anti-TNP, isotipo IgG1 a partir de sobrenadante de cultura celular precipitado e dialisado. Para determinar as melhores condições de adsorção e eluição na presença de diferentes sistemas tamponantes, foram testados os quelatos AQ-Ni2+, AQ-Zn2+ e AQ-Co2+, bem como os agentes quelantes sem metal imobilizado como grupos ionogênicos. De acordo com eletroforeses SDS-PAGE e análises ELlSA das frações dos picos de proteína obtidos, as melhores condições utilizadas para a purificação foi o uso de membranas PEVA-IDA-sem metal e PEVA-CM-Asp-Zn2+, em presença de tampão Tris-HCI 50 mM a pH 7,0 e eluição por aumento de concentração de Tris, atingindo fatores de purificação de 138,9 e 103,8 e pureza de 92,3% e 68,1%, respectivamente. A partir das isotermas de adsorção, determinou-se a capacidade máxima de adsorção e a constante de dissociação dos complexos IDA-lgG1 e CM-Asp-Zn2+ -lgG1 que, de acordo com o ajuste dos parâmetros pelo modelo de Langmuir, mostraram alta capacidade de adsorção e constantes de dissociação características de sistemas de afinidade média. Com o módulo de fibras ocas, construído em nosso laboratório, determinaram-se as curvas de ruptura por meio de experimentos de filtração para os processos propostos, e os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os sistemas de fibras ocas PEVA-IDA e PEVA-GM-Asp-Zn2+ são factíveis para a purificação de anticorpos monoclonais do isotipo IgG1 / Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by normal, tumoral or hybrids Iymphocytes 8 obtained by hibridoma technology. Hybridomas are resulted from the fusion of Iymphocytes B with malignant myeloma cells which express both the Iymphocyte's property of specific-antibody production and the immortal characteristic of the myeloma cells. Monoclonal antibodies have been used in analytic and therapeutic areas. This application needs highly pure antibodies. Many techniques have been studied focusing monoclonal antibodies purification. These techniques include ion exchange, hydrophobic and affinity chromatography. In this study, we applied polyethylenevinyl alcohol (PEVA) membranes in the purification of monoclonal antibody from cel! culture supematant comparing the chelating agents Iminodiacetic Acid (IDA), Carboxy-methyl Aspartic Acid (CM-Asp) and Tris-2(aminoethyl)amine) (TREN) with different immobilized metal ios, Ni2+, Zn2+ and C02+, and with different buffers. We also evaluated the adsorption and purification of monoclonal antibodies using the chelating agents as ionogenic groups. According to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and ELlSA analysis, the higher selectivity was obtained in the presence of 50 mM Tris-HCI buffer, pH 7,0 and with elution by increasing Tris concentration, with CM-Asp-Zn2+ and IDA as ionogenic group, which provided the purification of IgG with traces of albumin, reaching purification factors of 138.9 and 103.8 and purities of 92.3% and 68.1, respectively. The adsorbent capacity and the dissociation constant of the complexes IDA-lgG1 e CM-Asp-Zn2+ -lgG1 were determinate from adsorption isotherms. According to Langmuir model, the results indicated that the matrix presents high adsorption capacity and a dissociation constant characteristic for intermediate affinity systems. We also evaluated the breaktrough curves for the proposed processes. These breaktrough curves are important to scale up procedure / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Climate change and energy efficiency has become a matter of concern in recent times; therefore, energy efficiency of buildings has drawn major attention. According to the European Commission, EU countries must improve energy efficiency of existing buildings by retrofitting and renovating the buildings. A case study of a renovated commercial building is considered in this degree project. A model of the building is developed in the IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) software. The model is then augmented to include renovations in the building. Further, the model is simulated in IDA ICE before and after renovations to investigate the impact of renovations on energy consumption of the building for one year. The simulation results indicate peak demands of district heating that occur in the coldest days of the year. The peak demands of energy are expected to increase the district heating cost because they serve as a basis for new pricing model introduced by the energy providers. Hence, it is important from the customer point of view to reduce the peak loads for cost shavings. The project work also provides an insight into the alternative source of energy such as heat pumps to reduce the peak load demands of district heating.

Rönnbyskolan and Rönnby förskola is a school area situated in the city of Västerås, Sweden that consist of a total of five buildings. The main buildings are built in 1973 which makes their energy use of interest. Due to the individual goals for Sweden to lower its energy use by 2020, the city of Västerås has begun an energy efficiency process to reduce energy use in potential buildings. In this degree project, a survey of the buildings’ energy consumption has been reviewed and possible energy reduction methods have been presented. This was made by studying the surveys of the buildings ventilation systems, the heating systems, the envelope and the buildings application by taking measurements. The results from the measurements have been studied and confirmed with the literature study and suggestions of energy effective solutions are presented based on energy calculations. Based on the results, four different technological installations and four building engineering actions have been evaluated. The calculations were supplemented with a model built and simulated in the simulation tool IDA ICE. Economical aspects were taken into account, which shows the connection between energy savings and economic profit. Due to high investment costs, only a few actions were cost effective. The result of the study showed that the buildings can reduce their energy consumption by 17 % or 34 kWh/ m2, year using the measures that turned out profitable.

The industry sector accounts for a vast amount of the world’s total energy use, as much as 37% during 2018. Using energy in a sustainable way is necessary from both an environmental and an economical perspective, and it is therefore relevant to take measurements that result in a more efficient use of energy. One way for industries to become more energy efficient is to recover the waste heat, which is energy that otherwise would go to waste. This report aims to find a method to recover and reuse the low temperature waste heat available at the life science company Cytiva’s production site in Uppsala, Sweden. The proposed solution will be to use the waste heat for heating a vertical greenhouse. The study will examine whether this is feasible, and also how installing photovoltaics affects the energy use. Furthermore, the environmental impact of operating the greenhouse with waste heat is also investigated by calculating the CO2 equivalent. The low temperature waste heat that Cytiva provides relevant for this study is 6683 kW, which will be used to heat up the greenhouse. Simulations in the software IDA ICE will be used to construct and simulate a model of the vertical greenhouse. Results from the simulations show that the chosen size, 25 x 50 x 35.5 meters, gives a good approximation according to the wanted temperature range, 18.3-32.2°C. Furthermore, the results imply that the total energy use, 790 652 kWh, and average power, 90.26 kW is less than the available waste heat and there is a large amount that still is unused. The CO2 equivalent is calculated to be 29 317 kg. A sensitivity analysis is made to evaluate the window-to-wall ratio as well as the size of the entire greenhouse. It showed that both parameters are critical and makes a big difference in the simulations.

The present thesis examines Japanese folktales through a comparative case study of the tale elements of Fiskarpojken Urashima (The fisher-boy Urashima) in the Swedish children’s book Japanska sagor (Japanese tales) written by Ida Trotzig, published in 1912. The book was part of the book series Barnbiblioteket Saga (The Children’s Tale Library). Trotzig’s tale version is compared to historic and contemporary versions of the tale in Japanese, English and Swedish. The comparative tale elements include motifs defined by the author and classified according to Stith Thompson’s motif classes, structural and formal tale elements, and motifs of the religious substrata defined by McKeon. The time period studied includes the birth of Japanese folklore studies, the Russo-Japanese War with a growing interest for Japan in the West and the influx of Western ideas in Japan. Japanska sagor was published around the time when the Urashima tale was added to the National readers by Japan’s Ministry of Education and the narrative was changed, omitting the original love story. Both narratives are represented in the non-Japanese versions from this time, and still today. Trotzig’s version follows the historic narrative that included a love story and shows relatively many romantic elements in comparison to the significant Japanese tale versions recorded during the last millennium. Trotzig’s version contains two new added romantic and emotional elements at the end of the story and the princess was given a new name, Urana No. Trotzig’s version includes all four original motifs of the basic religious substratum and at least four of the nine motifs of the ōo (romantic) substratum, as defined by McKeon. The age of the tale elements can in several cases be traced back to the 8th century texts. Trotzig’s version shares almost all of the compared tale elements with the Hasegawa/Chamberlain version (1886).

Idag finns det ett flertal krav och rekommendationer från myndigheter vilka syftar till att reglera och hålla nere energianvändningen i kontorsbyggnader. I Boverkets byggregler, BBR, finns vägledning till hur kraven kan uppfyllas. Med detta som utgångspunkt genomförs det idag energiberäkningar i projekteringsskedet för att säkerställa att den blivande verkliga energianvändningen ej överstiger den tillåtna. Tidigare studier har visat att det trots detta ändå har varit vanligt förekommande att den verkliga energianvändningen har överstigit den beräknade och i en del fall även den tillåtna.Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det föreligger skillnader mellan de beräknade och de uppmätta värdena för kontorshus, samt vilka de bakomliggande orsakerna är. Även en analys kring de olika faktorerna som påverkar energianvändningen har genomförts. Det innebär att för att uppfylla syftet med studien har tre frågor ställts och dessa har besvarats genom undersökningar. Frågorna är: Vad har tidigare studier inom ämnet visat? Vilka orsaker kan det finnas om det uppstår skillnader mellan det beräknade och uppmätta energivärdet? Vad kan göras annorlunda för att få ett bättre resultat?För att kunna besvara frågeställningarna har det samlats in ett års mätningar av energianvändning (uppvärmning, komfortkyla och fastighetsel) för två olika kontorsbyggnader för att kunna visa om det går att bygga energieffektiva lokaler. För respektive kontorsbyggnadhar nödvändig information samlats in från respektive byggherre som har redovisat energiberäkningar med uppskattat energibehov. Den uppmätta uppvärmningen (fjärrvärmeanvändning och uppvärmning av tappkallvatten) har normalårskorrigerats enligt energiindexmetoden för att kunna jämföras med beräknade värden. Litteraturstudie och hypoteser om orsaker till avvikelser mellan beräknat och uppmätt finns användes och analyserades noggrannare för respektive kontorsbyggnad.Den specifika energianvändningen för respektive kontorsbyggnad uppnår Miljöbyggnads kravnivå Brons respektive Silver. För kravnivån Brons gäller att den specifika energianvändningen för en tillbyggnad ska vara under 80 !"ℎ $% och för kravnivån Silver för en ombyggnad under 118 !"ℎ $%. Däremot varierar användningen av energi för uppvärmning och komfortkyla där de månadsvis uppmätta värdena för respektive kontor överstiger det beräknade under året 2017. Det finns flera orsaker till att beräknat energibehov är för lågt på grund av energiberäkningsprogrammet som använts, IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE). En del indata kan ha över- eller underskattats. Exempelvis kan utnyttjandet av tillskottsenergi ha överskattats. För låg innetemperatur och att ingen hänsyn till effekten av köldbryggor tas med kan bidra till att beräknat värmebehov blir för lågt.För att uppnå bättre resultat på de månadsvis uppmätta värdena för kontorsbyggnaderna krävs noggrannare energiberäkningar med realistiska indata, vilket kan innebära att alltför höga värden på energianvändning kan upptäckas och åtgärdas under projekteringsstadiet. Det krävs kunskaper om hur byggnader kan bli energieffektiva vid användning och inte endast när byggnaderna projekteras. / Today, there is a number of requirements and recommendations by government agencies which aim to regulate and reduce energy consumption in office buildings. Boverket Byggregler, BBR, provides guidance on how to meet such requirements. With this as a starting point, calculation to determine energy usage are currently carried out in the design phase to ensure the future energy consumption does not exceed the allowed rate. However, previous studies have shown it is quite common that the actual energy consumption rate exceeds the calculated or even the allowed rate.The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are differences between the estimated and the measured values for office buildings. Additionally, this review intends to determine the underlying causes of those differences. An analysis of the various factors that affect energy use has also been conducted and the necessary information to complete such analysis has been collected through interviews with the developer.The survey, the actual energy use for the two examined offices exceeds the calculated energy consumption value. Furthermore, the survey shows near large windows, the energy usage was higher due to having more window area, resulting in heat during the summer and needs more energy for cooling down the office buildings.The specific energy use for each office building achieves Miljöbyggnad:s requirement level Bronze and Silver. For the requirement level Bronze, the specific energy use for an extension must be below 80 kWh/m^2 and for the requirement level Silver for a reconstruction shall be 118 kWh/m^2. On the other hand, the use of energy for heating and comfort cooling varies where the monthly measured values for each office exceed that calculated during the year 2017. There are several reasons why estimated energy requirements are too low due to the energy calculation program used, IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE). ), some input data may have been overestimated or underestimated. For example, the use of additional energy can be overestimated, too low indoor temperature and that no consideration of the effect of cold bridges can be included can contribute to the calculated heat requirement being too low. Therefore, it is too early to draw any conclusions as more and more surveys are needed before being able to generalize the results.