La déformation visco-plastique de la glace est fortement anisotrope, le plan de glissement préferé étant la plan de base. Le fait que dans un polycristal chaque grain possède sa propre direction de déformation produit des incompatibilités et un champ de contrainte complexe. La déformation à été étudiée expérimentellement en mésurant la dis- tortion des plans cristallins de mono- et polycristaux de glace artificielle. Les expériences ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un faisceau synchrotron. Une nouvelle procédure éxperimental, basée sur les méthodes de l'imagerie en diffraction de Bragg, comme lumière blanche, im- agerie sur la courbe de diffraction et topographie laminaire et ponctuelle, a été dévéloppée. Les désorientations angulaires, les largeurs à mi-hauteur et les intensités intégrées ont été mésurées dans les trois dimensions spatiales de l'échantillon et avec une résolution de 50× 50 × 50µm3. Les algorithmes d'analyse de données ont été écrits pour extraire des données des résultats quantitatifs, et pour calculer les neuf composantes du tenseur de courbure ainsi que la distortion entière des plans cristallins. Les résultats ont permis d'observer les premières étappes de la déformation de la glace. Par example la polygonisation d'un grain à été observée. / The viscoplastic deformation of ice is strongly anisotropic. The preferred glide system is on the basal plane. In a polycrystal each grain exhibits its own deformation direction. As a result the deformation of polycrystalline ice is associated with strain in- compatibilities, especially at the grain boundaries and the triple junction. The deforma- tion process was experimentally investigated by measuring crystal lattice distortions of single- and polycrystalline, artificially grown ice crystals. The experiments were benefic- ing from a synchrotron X-ray beam. A new experimental method, based on Bragg diffrac- tion imaging (X-ray topography) methods, as white beam X-ray diffraction topography, rocking curve imaging, section- and pinhole X-ray topography was used. Angular mis- orientations, full-width-half-maxima and integrated Bragg diffracted intensities have been measured along the three spatial dimensions of the sample and with a spatial resolution of around 50µm × 50µm × 50µm. Data analysis algorithms were written in order to extract quantitative results from the data and to calculate all nine components of the curvature ten- sor, as well as the entire lattice distortion in the sample. The results give an insight into the early stages of plastic deformation of ice, i.e. the polygonisation of a grain was observed.

Das Anliegen der Arbeit besteht darin, zu zeigen, dass der französische Dichter René Char (1907-1988) ausgehend von den ästhetischen Konzepten, die in der Schrift von Friedrich Nietzsche „Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik“ formuliert sind, ein künstlerisches Selbstverständnis begründet, das auf einer tragischen Ästhetik ruht, und dass diese Ästhetik Chars Dichtung in hohem Maße prägt. In einem ersten Schritt wird das Konzept der tragischen Ästhetik entfaltet. Diese ist als Verschränkung der Prinzipien des Apollinischen und des Dionysischen zu verstehen. Das Konzept eines Zusammenspiels zweier gegensätzlicher Prinzipien,- des Apollinischen und des Dionysischen-, die nach Nietzsche das Phänomen der Kunst überhaupt möglich machen, ist der Höhepunkt einer langen europäischen Tradition ästhetischer Reflexion, welche die Ästhetik im Sinne einer doppelten Ästhetik denkt, als Zusammenspiel zwischen dem Schönen und dem Erhabenen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird untersucht, inwieweit diese doppelte Ästhetik als Tiefenstruktur die Lyrik Chars durchzieht. Es wird zunächst das apollinische Prinzip in der Lyrik Chars herausgearbeitet, z.B. die Bedeutung des Traums in seinen Gedichten und die daraus folgende Nähe Chars zu dem Surrealismus. In einem dritten Schritt wird das ästhetische Zusammenspiel zwischen Apollinischem und Dionysischem in Chars Dichtung analysiert. Dieses Zusammenspiel ist als dichterische Transfiguration der Negativität zu denken. Transfiguration der Negativität bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang vor allem die poetische Umsetzung derjenigen Negativität, die vom Nationalsozialismus ausging, und die Char als Widerstandskämpfer erfahren hat. Bei der Untersuchung stellte sich heraus, dass Chars Lyrik eine ethische Dimension enthält, die in einer tragischen Ästhetik wurzelt, sodass man von einer im Ästhetischen begründeten Ethik sprechen kann, deren Kern die Gerechtigkeit ist. / The purpose of this work is to show that the french poet René Char (1907-1988) develops his esthetic comprehension of poetry through the concepts of Nietzsches early work „The birth of tragedy“ and that Chars poetry is essentially tragic. I first analyse the concept of tragic esthetic. Tragic esthetic consists in two principles, the apollinian and the dionysian. These principles constitute the dynamic of tragic esthetic. These principles are other forms of what the european esthetic tradition calls the beautiful and the sublime, and Nietzsches concepts result from this tradition. In a second step I analyse how these principles constitute the basics of Chars poetry. First I analyse the apollinian dimension of his poems, particularly the importance of dream and the surrealistic aspect of Chars poems. Then I analyse deeper the working of the dynamic of these two principles. This esthetic dynamic has to be understood as a transformation of negativity. Transformation of negativity means in Chars poetry first of all a poetic transformation of the nationalsocialist negativity, against which Char fought. By analysing this context, it appeared that Chars poetry contains an ethical dimension, which result from the tragic esthetic. And the heart of this ethical tragic esthetic is justice.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-07T14:29:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_SoroprevalenciaAnticorposPadronizacao.pdf: 3573316 bytes, checksum: 1b20297b8e5ddccfe8d90375218bbf05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-12T15:01:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_SoroprevalenciaAnticorposPadronizacao.pdf: 3573316 bytes, checksum: 1b20297b8e5ddccfe8d90375218bbf05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-12T15:01:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_SoroprevalenciaAnticorposPadronizacao.pdf: 3573316 bytes, checksum: 1b20297b8e5ddccfe8d90375218bbf05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A região Amazônica brasileira mantém a maior variedade de arbovírus e o estado do Pará corresponde a 26% desse território, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência e a distribuição de anticorpos detectados por inibição de hemaglutinação (IH) para 19 arbovírus em herbívoros domésticos no estado do Pará e padronizar testes de ELISA sanduíche indireto em equinos, bovinos, bubalinos e ovinos. Em todas as espécies de animais estudadas e em todo estado do Pará ocorreu detecção de anticorpos para todos os arbovírus analisados dentre os quais os SLEV, ILHV, EEEV, MAGV e WEEV apresentaram maior prevalência de anticorpos IH, sendo o SLEV o mais prevalente. Na detecção de anticorpos para diferentes famílias de arbovírus o MAGV foi o mais prevalente da família Bunyaviridae em todas as espécies, o SLEV foi o mais prevalente da família Flaviviridae em todas as espécies, na família Togaviridae o EEEV foi mais prevalente em equinos. Ao analisar a prevalência de anticorpos IH por espécie animal foi observado que os equinos não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos bubalinos, porém, apresentaram diferença significativa maior em comparação aos bovinos e ovinos, não havendo diferença significativa entre as espécies de ruminantes. O uso de ELISA IgG sanduíche indireto apresentou grande frequência de reações sorológicas cruzadas entre as famílias de arbovírus estudadas. / The brazilian Amazon region maintains the largest variety of arboviruses and the state of Pará is responsible for 26% of this territory, so the major goal of this work was to determine the prevalence and distribution of HI antibodies to 19 domestic arbovirus in domestic herbivores in the state of Pará and to standardize an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA test to serum samples of equines, cattle, buffaloes and sheep. In all species studied and throughout the State of Pará a large prevalence of HI antibodies to all arbovirus analyzed was observed and SLEV, ILHV, EEEV, MAGV and WEEV, showed higher prevalence, where the SLEV was the most prevalent. Regarding the virus families HI antibodies to MAGV was the most prevalent Bunyaviridae in all species, the most prevalent Flaviviridae was SLEV in all species and in the family Togaviridae the EEEV was more prevalent in horses. In order to analyze the prevalence of HI antibodies by animal species was observed that horses did not show significant differences compared to buffaloes, however, showed significant difference compared to cattle and sheep; there was not observed significant difference between the ruminant species. Using sandwich indirect IgG ELISA a large number of crossed reactions were found. This enzymatic test can be used to detect IgG antibodies among families of arboviruses studied.

Since the foundation of the Nordic welfare state, architecture and urban planning have been central elements in the creation of post‐war, modern welfare cities. Ideals of healthy, socially conscious and productive capitalist futures have been articulated through housing design, planning strategies and infrastructure projects. Today however, the welfare city is under pressure due to the current crises our cities are facing. Central issues to these crises are housing unaffordability, rising inequality and socio‐ economic segregation. Over the past few decades, urban planners have become more concerned about these themes in relation to our cities. Housing policies have taken a turn to a more market‐ oriented approach and while there are high investments in real estate, affordable housing supply is still lacking behind. On the other hand, new housing policies are arising that should help make cities fairer and more just for everyone, often referred to as inclusionary housing policies. In this research, various housing policies are being investigated to explore how inclusionary housing addresses the current housing distribution and rising inequality in our cities. To introduce this research, a theoretical framework is outlined, introducing four different concepts that revolve around affordable housing: inclusionary housing policies, socio‐economic segregation, social mix and people‐based policies. This is followed by a methodology section and analysis consisting of two separate parts. First, a literature review is conducted to see how each of the described concepts relate to the Nordic context, after which the geographical focus is laid on Copenhagen, Denmark. In the second part of the analysis, a socio‐economic and geographical analysis is conducted, investigating the distribution of different tenure types in the city of Copenhagen. In this case study, a total of four different tenure types are analysed, namely (1) owner‐occupied housing, (2) private rental housing, (3) housing cooperatives and (4) non‐profit housing. Geographical information systems were used to map the change in distribution of each tenure type, for the period of 2000 to 2021. In addition, possible relations to patterns of socio‐economic segregation are explored, by comparing the change in distribution of tenure types to changes in distribution of average income levels. A significant overlap was found between new housing development areas and areas showing a higher average disposable income in 2019 compared to 2000. In regard of this, recent literature have warned that more market involvement in housing is expected to contribute to income disparities and segregation (Van Ham et al., 2016). The obtained results of this research can be considered in light of this, confirming that the distribution of tenure types is related to patterns of segregation. While this research brings new insights on housing developments in Copenhagen, it is suggested that the case of Copenhagen provides more widely applicable warnings for other cities undergoing a similar neoliberalization of the local housing market. This calls for a political shift in housing development, in which housing must be approached as a public good. On top of that, affordable housing should be made accessible and equally distributed around cities, to avoid further processes of socio‐spatial segregation and polarization. To achieve this, political and ideological strategies must be restored in order to build further on a modern welfare state, providing affordable and good housing for all.