Thesis (M.M.P.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: George R. Parsons, Dept. of Marine and Earth Studies. Includes bibliographical references.

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Sept. 21, 2009). Additional advisors: Michael Crowe, Cynthia Crowley, Virginia G. Wadley, David E. Vance. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-34).

The federal crop insurance program provides crop insurance for millions of acres and many commodities every year. The Risk Management Agency of the USDA is responsible for determining the premium rates for these covered commodities. Currently, the quality of soil is not considered when determining baseline yields and expected premium rates. This study utilizes the moment-based maximum entropy method to assess the effect of incorporating soil in the rate making methodology. Several moments of upland cotton yield in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas are conditioned on weather, irrigation, and soil control variables. Ultimately, I find evidence of mispriced premium rates for counties in all three states for both irrigated and non-irrigated upland cotton yield.

Вопросы оптимизации затрат, формирующих себестоимость, имеют приоритетное значение для организаций различных видов экономической деятельности. Наиболее сложными из них по составу и методам оценки являются затраты, связанные с трудовыми ресурсами, к которым помимо заработной платы относятся отчисления на социальное страхование и обеспечение, расходы на охрану труда, повышение квалификации и переобучение работников, и другие социальные пакеты. Для повышения эффективности управления затратами на персонал, включаемыми в себестоимость, важно использовать также и международный опыт. В последние годы Китайская экономика стремительно расширяет свои позиции на международном рынке, включая Россию. Если ранее срана позиционировалась в большей степени как производитель товаров широкого потребления, то в настоящий момент значительно увеличивается доля торговых операций внутреннего и внешнего характера. Сотрудничество Китая и России имеет давние традиции, которые в настоящее время усилены международными санкциями. / Optimization of costs that form the cost price is a priority for organizations of various types of economic activity. The most complex of them in terms of composition and methods of assessment are the costs associated with labor resources, which in addition to wages include social insurance and security contributions, labor protection costs, professional development and retraining of employees, and other social packages. It is also important to use international experience to improve the management of personnel costs included in the cost price. In recent years, the Chinese economy has been rapidly expanding its position in the international market, including Russia. If earlier srana was positioned more as a producer of consumer goods, at the moment the share of internal and external trade operations is significantly increasing. Cooperation between China and Russia has a long tradition, which is currently reinforced by international sanctions.

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников и приложения. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические положения управления затратами на персонал, проведен сравнительный анализ нормативных требований к их учету в организациях России и Китая. Сделаны выводы о сходстве и специфических для каждой страны аспектах управления трудовыми ресурсами и связанными с этим производственными затратами. Во второй главе проведен анализ ключевых показателей деятельности крупнейших кредитных организаций КНР, включая структуру затрат в целом и затрат на персонал в частности. Наиболее подробно рассмотрен China Construction Bank. В третьей главе проведен анализ основных проблем управления затратами на персонал в кредитных организациях КНР и разработаны направления их оптимизации, позволяющие повышать конкурентные преимущества в банковской сфере. В заключении сформированы основные выводы. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references and appendices. In the first chapter, the theoretical provisions of personnel cost management are considered, a comparative analysis of regulatory requirements for their accounting in organizations in Russia and China is carried out. Conclusions are drawn about the similarity and country-specific aspects of human resource management and related production costs. The second chapter analyzes the key performance indicators of the largest credit institutions of China, including the structure of costs in general and personnel costs in particular. China Construction Bank is considered in the most detail. The third chapter analyzes the main problems of personnel cost management in credit institutions of the People's Republic of China and develops ways to optimize them, allowing to increase competitive advantages in the banking sector. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formed.

In this project, the problem concerns predicting insurance premiums and particularly vehicle insurance premiums. These predictions were made with the help of Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs), a type of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The central concept of BNNs is that the parameters of the network follow distributions, which is beneficial. The modeling was done with the help of TensorFlow's Probability API, where a few models were built and tested on the data provided. The results conclude the possibility of predicting insurance premiums. However, the output distributions in this report were too wide to use. More data, both in volume and in the number of features, and better-structured data are needed. With better data, there is potential in building BNN and other machine learning (ML) models that could be useful for production purposes. / Detta projekt grundar sig i möjligheten till att predikera försäkringspremier, mer specifikt fordonsförsäkringspremier. Prediktioner har gjorts med hjälp av Bayesianska neurala nätverk, vilket är en typ av artificiella neurala nätverk. Det huvudsakliga konceptet med Bayesianska neurala nätverk är att parametrarna i nätverket följer distributioner vilket har vissa fördelar och inte är fallet för vanliga artificiella neurala nätverk. Ett antal modeller har konstruerats med hjälp av TensorFlow Probability API:t som tränats och testats på given data. Resultatet visar att det finns potential att prediktera premier med hjälp av de egenskapspunkter\footnote[2]{\say{Features} på engelska} som finns tillgängliga, men att resultaten inte är tillräckligt bra för att kunna användas i produktion. Med mer data, både till mängd och egenskapspunkter samt bättre strukturerad data finns potential att skapa bättre modeller av intresse för produktion.

The thesis is focused on the development of health insurance benefits under the social security system in the Czech Republic. Aiming to secure people for future social events, which may be predictable (age) or unpredictable (disability, funeral, sickness, widowhood, etc.) and prevent poverty or the worst consequences. This thesis briefly describes the system of social security. More specifically focuses on health insurance, health insurance benefits and their development. It also contains the characteristics of the selected business entity and cost analysis of selected companies of employing workers and their absence from work, which is associated with the payment of sickness benefits. Finally, it presents the identification of direct and indirect costs associated with health insurance benefits and their impact on the profit of the selected business entity. The conclusion describes the effect of the payment of health insurance benefits for profit companies, including negative and positive impacts.

Title: Modelling Dependent Lives Author: Eva Pavčová Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: RNDr. Lucie Mazurová, Ph.D., Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Abstract: In this thesis, we model the dependence between the remaining lifetimes of a husband and wife using a specific Markov model. We examined the impact of the dependence on the net single premium using the specific Markov model that captures the long-term dependence between lifetimes of the two considered lives. Using this model we have calculated 10-year joint-life annuity due and 10-year last-survivor annuity due considering the age rage (37, 80) in case of dependence and also independence of the two considered lives. The calculations were based on the dataset related to the Czech population in 2015. The impact of the dependence between the remaining lifetimes of the husband and wife was found to be not significant. Keywords: positive quadrant depedence, multiple life insurance premiums, depen- dent lifetimes, joint-life annuity, last-survivor annuity, joint-life and last-survivor models