Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 53-59.

Theoretically  the  report  revolves  around  the  British  child  psychologist  D.W.  Winnicott  and  his  theory  on  transitional  objects.  He  talks  about  the  comforter  as  an  object  that  serves  as  a  transition  between  the  mother’s  secure  embrace  and  the  sourrounding  world.  The  comforter  functions  as  a  step  towards  buildning  up  the  child’s  own  internal  security.  The  report  also  highlights  partial  reinforcement,  which  is  a  learning  mechanism  that  can  be  very  efficient  to  create  a  dependency  and  maintain  a  destructive  behaviour  for  the  person  being  exposed  to  the  mechanism.  Through  my  ceramic  work  I  have  investigated  the  relationship  between  the  two  theories.  I  ask:  are  the  inherent  feelings  of  safety  and  belonging  things  that  we  are  born  into  or  inherit,  or  are  they  created  later  through  experience  and  cultivation?  If  one  lacks  the  inherent  feeling  of  safety  does  that  cast  them  as  an  easier  target  for  destructive  emotional  dependency?  If  so,  can  a  foundation  of  safety  and  confidence  be  built  up  by  the  work  of  clay,  can  clay  function  as  a  comforter? In  the  report  i  discuss  how,  with  the  help  of  clay,  I  approach  and  explore  these  subjects.  I  go  further  to  illustrate  my  therapeutic  beliefs  on  clay,  and  its  ability  to  build  self  esteem  and  confidence.

L'apnée du sommeil (AS) induit des variations constantes d'oxygénation artérielle (hypoxie intermittente – HI) qui affectent environ 5 à 7 % de la population. Il se produit une augmentation du stress oxydatif (production d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène - ROS), augmentant les risques cardiovasculaires, neurologiques et métaboliques. Les études épidémiologiques démontrent que la prévalence d'AS est inférieure chez les femmes que chez les hommes, mais après la ménopause la prévalence augmente pour atteindre le même niveau que chez les hommes. L'oestradiol (E2) est un puissant agent antioxydant, mais son rôle éventuel dans le traitement ou la prévention de l'AS n'est pas exploité. Toutefois, l'oestradiol (associé ou non à la progestérone) permet de réduire l'AS chez les femmes ménopausées. Les ROS peuvent être produites par les mitochondries, la NADPH oxydase et/ou la Xanthine oxydase. La mitochondrie est le plus important producteur de ROS (90% de l'oxygène consommé) et son dysfonctionnement est très préjudiciable. L'oestradiol est une cible de la mitochondrie à travers ses récepteurs nucléaires alpha et bêta (ERα et ERβ) qui sont capables de moduler le fonctionnement de la mitochondrie et diminuer la production de ROS. Nous avons testé l'hypothèse dans un modèle animal ovariectomisé exposé à une HI, que l'estradiol et ses agonistes spécifiques ERα et Erβ sont capables de limiter le stress oxydatif cérébral, la dysfonction mitochondriale et l'apparition des désordres systémiques. Nos résultats ont permis de montrer que l'estradiol est capable d'éviter l'augmentation de la pression artérielle et la survenue de désordres respiratoires causés par l'HI. De plus, l'HI augmente le stress oxydatif cérébral en augmentant l'activité d'enzymes pro-oxydantes et en diminuant l'activité d'enzymes antioxydantes. L'estradiol permet de prévenir l'augmentation du stress oxydatif. On retrouve également une dysfonction de la chaine respiratoire mitochondriale dans le cortex en HI qui est préservée de manière différente par le traitement avec les modulateurs sélectifs des récepteurs ERα et ERβ (SERMs). Nous avons montré que ERβ joue un rôle dans le contrôle cardio-respiratoire et la fonction mitochondriale dans le cerveau. Nos résultats apportent une meilleure compréhension du rôle de l'estradiol comme agent protecteur contre l'apnée du sommeil et ses conséquences associées. L'utilisation d'agonistes spécifiques nous renseigne sur le rôle que tient chaque récepteur dans la protection induite par l'estradiol contre la dysfonction mitochondriale. L'utilisation du remplacement hormonal avec de l'estradiol ou des SERMs peut constituer une thérapie efficace contre l'apnée du sommeil et ses conséquences / Sleep apnea (SA) induces constant changes of arterial oxygenation (Intermittent hypoxia - IH) that affect about 5 to 7% of the general population. IH increases oxidative stress (production of reactive oxygen species – ROS) and lead to cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic risks. Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence of SA is lower in women than in men, but after menopause the prevalence increases to the same level that in men. Estradiol (E2) is a potent antioxidant, but its potential role in the treatment or prevention of SA is not exploited. However, estradiol (with or without progesterone) can reduce SA in postmenopausal women. ROS can be produced by mitochondria, NADPH oxidase and/or Xanthine oxidase. Mitochondria is the most important producer of ROS (90% of oxygen consumed) and its dysfunction is very detrimental. Estradiol is a target of mitochondria through its mitochondria alpha and beta (ERα et ERβ) that are able to modulate mitochondrial function and decrease ROS production. We tested the hypothesis in ovariectomized animal model exposed to IH, that estradiol and its specific receptor ERα and ERβ agonists are able to limit cerebral oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and the appearance of systemic disorders. Our results have shown that estradiol is able to avoid the increase of blood pressure and the occurrence of respiratory disorders caused by IH. Furthermore, IH increases cerebral oxidative stress by increasing activity of pro-oxidant enzymes and decreasing activity of antioxidant enzymes. Estradiol prevents against the increase of oxidative stress. There is also a mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in the cortex by IH, that is preserved differently by treatment with selective ERα and ERβ receptor modulators (SERMs). We have shown that ERβ plays an important role in cardiorespiratory control and mitochondrial function in the brain. Our results provide a better understanding of the role of estradiol as a protective agent against sleep apnea and its associated consequences. The use of specific agonists informs us on the role of each receptors in estradiol-induced protection against mitochondrial dysfunction. The use of hormone replacement with estradiol or SERMs may be an effective therapy against sleep apnea and its consequences

Introdução: Apneia do sono é uma doença respiratória crônica com alta prevalência que causa múltiplas interrupções respiratórias, levando à hipóxia intermitente (HI). A HI culmina com a geração de radicais livres, estresse oxidativo, inflamação e esteatose hepática. A Melatonina (MEL) e N-acetilcisteína (NAC), são potentes antioxidantes, capazes de inibir esses radicais livres e o estresse oxidativo. Objetivos: Investigar o mecanismo de inflamação em um modelo de hipóxia intermitente que simule a apneia do sono, avaliando-se o fígado e o pulmão, as respostas aos tratamentos com MEL e NAC frente às alterações oxidativas e inflamatórias no fígado de camundongos. Métodos: Utilizamos 120 camundongos machos, adultos, divididos em três experimentos: avaliação do modelo experimental (n=36), avaliação inflamatória molecular em fígado e pulmão (n=12) e avaliação molecular em camundongos com uso de antioxidantes (n=72). Para a hipóxia intermitente foi utilizado o sistema de câmaras que mantêm os roedores em um equipamento que simula a apneia do sono, durante oito horas diárias. No primeiro experimento avaliaram-se as alterações hepáticas em dois momentos, com 21 dias de exposição e 35 dias de exposição à HI. Nos demais experimentos foram utilizados o mesmo sistema durante 35 dias de exposição. No terceiro experimento, a partir do 21° dia iniciaram-se a administração intraperitoneal dos antioxidantes (MEL-200uL/Kg) e NAC-10mg/Kg). Resultados: Foi verificado que o tempo de 21 dias de exposição, não foi encontrado alterações nos fígados dos camundongos. Nos animais expostos durante 35 dias à HI, contatou-se a presença de estresse oxidativo, com aumento de dano oxidativo a lipídios e ao DNA e a redução das defesas antioxidantes, e aumento significativo de metabólitos de óxido nítrico (NO), além da presença de lesão tecidual na histologia hepática. Nos pulmões e nos fígados dos camundongos submetidos à HI, contatou-se a presença de estresse oxidativo, e aumento de expressão de fatores de transcrição: hipóxia induzível (HIF-1α), nuclear (NF-κB) e necrose tumoral (TNF-α), como mediadores inflamatórios, bem como elevação da expressão da óxido nítrico sintase induzível (iNOS) e fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF), como mediadores de resposta vascular, e Caspase 3 clivada, como enzima responsável pela apoptose. Nos animais que foram tratados com MEL e NAC, houve redução significativa, nos fígados, de todas proteínas que apresentaram-se elevadas expressões do grupo exposto sem tratamento, assemelhando-se aos controles. Conclusão: Sugerimos que o tempo necessário de hipóxia intermitente, que simule a apneia do sono, para lesão hepática e estresse oxidativo seja de 35 dias, nesse tempo de exposição sabemos que tanto o pulmão quanto o fígado possuem estresse oxidativo, inflamação e apoptose, e que o uso de Melatonina e N-acetilcisteína foram capazes de proteger os fígados dessas agressões. / Introduction: Sleep apnea is a chronic respiratory disease with high prevalence causing multiple interruptions in breathing, leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH). The IH culminates with the generation of free radicals, oxidative stress, inflammation and hepatic steatosis. Melatonin (MEL) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are potent antioxidants, capable of inhibiting these free radicals and oxidative stress. Objectives: To investigate the mechanism of inflammation in a model of intermittent hypoxia that simulates sleep apnea, evaluating the liver and lung, responses to treatment with MEL and NAC front of oxidative and inflammatory changes in the liver of mice. Methods: We used 120 male mice, adults, divided into three experiments: evaluation of the experimental model (n = 36), inflammatory molecular assessment in liver and lung (n = 12) and molecular evaluation in mice with antioxidants (n = 72) . For intermittent hypoxia was used to maintain camera system rodents in a device that simulates sleep apnea during eight hours. The first experiment evaluated the hepatic changes in two stages, with 21 days of exposure and 35 days of exposure to IH. In other experiments we used the same system for 35 days of exposure. In the third experiment, from day 21 began intraperitoneally administration of antioxidants (MEL-200uL/Kg and NAC-10mg/Kg). Results: It was found that the time of exposure of 21 days, no changes were found in the livers of mice. In animals exposed for 35 days to IH, contacted the presence of oxidative stress, with increased oxidative damage to lipids and DNA and reduction of antioxidant defenses, and a significant increase of metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), and the presence of tissue injury in liver histology. In the lungs and livers of mice subjected to IH, contacted the presence of oxidative stress, and increased expression of transcription factors: hypoxia inducible (HIF-1α), nuclear (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), such as inflammatory mediators and increase the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular response mediators, and cleaved Caspase 3 as enzyme responsible for apoptosis. In animals treated with NAC and MEL, a significant reduction in the livers of all proteins that were elevated expression of the exposed untreated, similarly to controls. Conclusion: We suggest that the time required for intermittent hypoxia, simulating sleep apnea, to liver damage and oxidative stress is 35 days exposure at this time we know that both the lungs and the liver have oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and the use of Melatonin and N-acetylcysteine were able to protect the livers of these aggressions.

A hipótese desse estudo foi de que o manejo do pasto baseado no comportamento ingestivo (pastoreio Rotatínuo - RN) resulta em maior eficiência de utilização do pasto, mas menor eficiência de colheita quando comparado ao manejo clássico (pastoreio rotativo). O experimento ocorreu na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, onde foram contrastadas duas estratégias de manejo (tratamentos) em pastos de azevém anual pastejados por ovinos. No primeiro tratamento foi utilizado o pastoreio Rotativo (RT), com metas de altura de manejo pré-pastejo de 25 cm e pós-pastejo de 5 cm. Este tratamento representou o conceito clássico de manejo que privilegia o período de descanso para acumular forragem, e a ocupação da faixa de forma tal a colher o máximo da massa de forragem acumulada. No segundo tratamento foi utilizado o método RN, onde as metas de pré-pastejo foram de 18 cm e pós-pastejo de 11 cm, metas essas definidas objetivando maximizar a taxa de ingestão. Os animais tinham aproximadamente 10 meses de idade com peso vivo médio de 26,2±0,95 kg, e eram oriundos do cruzamento das raças Texel e Ideal. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os resultados demonstraram que o RN resultou em ciclos de pastejo mais curtos do que o RT (13 vs 35 dias) que aconteceram em maior quantidade (11 vs 4). A maior quantidade (~20%) de massa de lâminas foliares verdes no pós-pastejo do tratamento RN possibilitou maior interceptação luminosa pela planta (78% vs 63%) resultando em maior produção de matéria seca (PMS) no método RN (9023 kg MS ha-1) comparado ao RT (6819 kg MS ha-1). As diferentes metas de manejo resultaram em maior oferta de lâminas foliares verdes para o RN comparado ao RT, gerando maiores ganhos médio diários por animal (GMD) e também por área (GPV), embora a carga animal tenha sido maior no RT. A eficiência de colheita do pasto (ECP) foi similar entre tratamentos. Por outro lado, registrou-se maior eficiência de utilização do pasto (EUP) no RN, sendo que para cada 1 kg de ganho de peso os animais necessitaram consumir 16,2 e 28,1 kg MS, respectivamente para RN e RT. Conclui-se que as metas de manejo do pasto do método RN, baseadas na maximização da taxa de ingestão, resultam em maior eficiência de utilização sem comprometimento da eficiência de colheita. / We hypothesized that grazing management based on ingestive behavior (named rotatinuos stocking – RN) results in better herbage use efficiency, but in lower harvesting efficiency when compared to classic rotational stocking (RT). This experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. Two stocking strategies (RN and RT) were used as treatments in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture grazed by sheep. In the RT treatment, target height for grazing initiation and stubble were 25 and 5 cm, respectively. This represented the classical management approach where long regrowth intervals are allowed for accumulating maximum forage and pasture is grazed down to a low stubble for maximum harvesting efficiency. In the alternative treatment RN, pre- and post-grazing target heights were 18 and 11 cm, respectively, for maximizing ingestion rate. Animals were Texel and Ideal crossbreed, of approximately 10 months old and averaged 26.2±0.95 kg live weight. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. Compared with RT, the RN treatment had resulted in shorter (13 vs 35 days, compared to RT) and more frequent (11 vs. 4 days, for RT) regrowth cycles. The greater green leaf blade mass (~20%) post-grazing in the RN treatment allowed more light interception compared with RT (78 vs. 63%, respectively), resulting in greater herbage accumulation (9020 vs. 6819 kg MS ha-1 for RN and RT, respectively). The different grazing strategies resulted in greater allowance of green leaf blades in RN than in RT, resulting in a greater live weight gain per hectare and per animal despite the lower stocking rate in RN. The herbage harvesting efficiency was similar for both treatments. On the other hand, herbage use efficiency was greater for RN, where for 1 kg of live weight gain animals ate 16.2 kg dry matter, compared with 28.1 kg in the RT treatment. In conclusion, pasture management based on maximizing the ingestion rate resulted in greater herbage use efficiency without compromising harvesting efficiency.

Title: Effect of water temperature during cold water immersion on repeated isometric performance Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of water temperature on recovery using repeated isometric performance of finger flexors to exhaustion Methods: The study was attended by a group of climbers consisting of 16 men (aged 30.8 ± 7.2 years) and 18 women (aged 26.7 ± 4.5 years). Participants came 3 times in the laboratory, where repeated intermittent isometric performance until exhaustion with different recovery strategy (passive recovery, immersion of forearm to 8ř C water - CWI 8, immersion of forearm to 15ř C water - CWI 15) were completed Results: The results were evaluated according time of contraction and force- time-integral (FTI). After passive recovery, the second time of contraction dropped by ↓ 9% and the third contraction by 20% compared to the first one. In response to cold water (CWI), after CWI 8 second time of contraction increased by ↑ 32% and CWI 15 by ↑ 36% compared to the first one. The third time of contraction was worse for CWI 8 by ↓ 4%, and CWI 15 was better by ↑ 26% compared to the first contraction. Conclusion: Cold water immersion is an effective recovery method between intermittent isometric performance compared to passive recovery strategy. CWI 15 is more...

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est une pathologie neurodégénérative multifactorielle constituant la première cause de démence. Au niveau cérébral, deux types de lésions histopathologiques sont retrouvées chez les patients : les dépôts amyloïdes, constitués de peptides bêta ;-amyloïdes (A bêta;) agrégés dans le milieu extracellulaire ; et la dégénérescence neurofibrillaire (DNF), accumulation intra-neuronale de fibrilles formées de filaments appariés en hélices, majoritairement constitués de protéines Tau agrégées et pour lesquelles l’état de de phosphorylation est altéré. Si le principal facteur de risque de MA est l’âge, de nombreux facteurs de risques environnementaux et génétiques ont également été identifiés. Depuis plusieurs années, les études cliniques réalisées chez des patients atteints de la MA semblent indiquer que les troubles du sommeil, et en particulier le syndrome d’apnées du sommeil (SAS), pourraient être à l’origine de la conversion des patients présentant une déficience cognitive légère vers une MA, ainsi que d’une aggravation du tableau cognitif chez ces patients Alzheimer. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs études expérimentales se sont intéressées aux effets d’un stress hypoxique intermittent sur la composante amyloïde de la MA. En particulier, il a été démontré qu’un stress hypoxique intermittent pouvait potentialiser la synthèse de peptides Aβ in vitro mais également in vivo. En revanche, à l’heure actuelle, l’effet d’un stress hypoxique intermittent sur la pathologie Tau demeure très peu connu. Or, chez l’homme, la progression de la DNF est corrélée avec celle des atteintes cognitives. De fait, et suite aux études cliniques semblant indiquer une majoration des troubles cognitifs chez les patients Alzheimer présentant un SAS, il nous a semblé pertinent de nous intéresser à la pathologie Tau en situation d’hypoxie. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thèse étaient d’évaluer l’effet d’un stress hypoxique sur la mémoire et la protéine Tau chez l’animal. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé le modèle murin transgénique THY-Tau22, qui surexprime une protéine Tau humaine mutée et développe une pathologie Tau progressive corrélée avec une atteinte mnésique observable lors de tests comportementaux. Nous avons utilisé des animaux à différents stades de la pathologie Tau : les premiers présentaient une pathologie Tau modérée, les seconds présentaient une pathologie Tau à un stade plus avancé. Les animaux ont été soumis à deux protocoles d’hypoxie différents : un protocole d’hypoxies aiguës (Fraction inspirée en oxygène (FiO2) égale à 8% pendant une heure) mais répétées de façon bihebdomadaire pendant plusieurs mois, et un protocole d’hypoxies intermittentes (FiO2 variant de 5% à 21% par cycles de 60 secondes, 8 heures par jour, pendant deux semaines). Nos résultats ont mis en évidence des effets inattendus du stress hypoxique sur la mémoire des animaux, associés à des modifications de l’état de phosphorylation et de l’agrégation de la protéine Tau. En particulier, les animaux transgéniques les plus âgés (donc présentant une pathologie Tau a un stade avancé) soumis au protocole d’hypoxies intermittentes (modèle de SAS) ont présenté une amélioration de leurs capacités mnésiques, ce qui va à l’encontre des observations réalisées en clinique humaine (aggravation des troubles cognitifs des sujets atteints de la MA et présentant un SAS). Ces résultats sont associés à une réduction des quantités de protéines Tau agrégées dans l’hippocampe, signe d’une réduction de la pathologie Tau dans le modèle. Nous discutons ici ces résultats et leur apport en clinique humaine. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative pathology constituting the first cause of dementia. At a cerebral level, two kinds of histopathological lesions are found in patients: amyloid deposits (extracellular aggregates of β-amyloid peptides: Aβ) and neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). NFD consists in intraneuronal accumulation of paired helical filaments, mainly composed of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. Aging is the main risk factor for AD. However, numerous environmental and genetic risk factors have also been identified. Since several years, some clinical studies have shown that sleep disorders breathing, and especially the sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) could be responsible of the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to AD. SAS could also be an aggravating factor for AD, with an increase of the cognitive decline seen in patients. In this context, many experimental studies have been interested in the consequences of an intermittent hypoxic stress on the amyloid pathology. More specifically, it has been shown that an intermittent hypoxic stress could potentiate Aβ synthesis both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, the impact of an intermittent hypoxic stress on Tau pathology remains poorly investigated. As clinical studies in AD patients with a SAS have shown an increase of the cognitive decline, and that it is well known that NFD is correlated with the cognitive impairment in AD patients, we were interested to study the Tau pathology under hypoxia.Our objectives in this thesis were to evaluate the consequences of a hypoxic stress on memory and Tau protein in animals. We used the THY-Tau22 transgenic mouse model, overexpressing a human mutated Tau protein and presenting a progressive Tau pathology correlated with a memory impairment observable in behavioural tasks. The animals were submitted to hypoxia at different stages of the Tau pathology: the younger animals showed a moderate Tau pathology whereas the olders presented a major Tau pathology. Two different protocols were used in this work. The first one consisted in repeated acute hypoxias (inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2): 8% for 1 hour, twice a week, for several months). The second one was a protocol of intermittent hypoxias (FiO2 comprised between 5% and 21%, 60 seconds cycles, 8 hours per day, for 2 weeks). We observed some unexpected results of hypoxic stress on memory and Tau pathology in our transgenic mice. More specifically, the THY-Tau22 mice exhibiting the stronger Tau pathology (the older animals) have shown an improvement of their memory after two weeks of intermittent hypoxia. This result goes against the clinical observations (aggravation of the cognitive decline of AD patients with a SAS), but is correlated in our model to a significant decrease of aggregated Tau protein in the hippocampi of our mice. We discuss here these results and their contribution to human pathology.

Modelos de desusos do músculo esquelético como imobilização gessada, suspensão são frequentemente utilizados em grupos de pesquisas experimentais. Esse tempo de desuso por período prolongado pode determinar alterações significativas na citoarquitetura muscular. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos morfológicos do músculo sóleo de ratas em desenvolvimento pós-natal que tiveram seus membros posteriores direitos imobilizados, e posteriormente foram submetidas ao protocolo passivo de alongamento (alongamento manual passivo intermitente), por um período de sete dias. Utilizou-se 20 ratas da raça Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus Albinus) com 21 dias de idade, dividas em cinco grupos: Grupo Controle 21 dias (GC21- Animais com 21 dias), Grupo Imobilizado (GI- Animais de 21 dias que foram imobilizados por 7 dias), Grupo Imobilizado e Alongado (GIA- Animais de 21 dias que foram imobilizados por 7 e reabilitados pelo alongamento durante 3 dias) e Grupo Alongado (GA- Animais de 21 dias não imobilizados por 7 dias e posteriormente alongamentos durante 3 dias), Grupo Controle 30 (GC30 - Animais com 30 dias). Fragmentos dos músculo sóleo foi processado sob diferentes métodos histoquímicos, coloração hematoxilina-eosina e picro-sirius. As variáveis foram avaliadas inter- e intra-grupos através de técnicas estatísticas como: Teste de Kruskall Wallis e pós teste de Dunn. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram que o músculo sóleo de ratas bebês sofreram modificações citoarquiteturais significativas quando o alongamento manual intermitente foi usado como recurso terapêutico após 7 dias de desuso do segmento posterior direito (imobilização em flexão plantar). Nos músculos imobilizados, ambas as proteínas (desmina e vimentina) tiveram seus conteúdos reduzidos em relação aos valores controle (21 ou 30 dias), indicando balanço negativo para o tecido pós-desuso. A quantidade dessas proteínas não foi modificada nos animais submetidos somente ao procedimento de alongamento intermitente. Os animais que sofreram imobilização e que foram reabilitados, a quantidade de desmina não aumentou significativamente, não atingindo valores similares ao grupo controle 30 dias. Esses dados sugerem que os filamentos de desmina necessitam de tempo superior a 3 dias de reabilitação por alongamento intermitente para restabelecerem a arquitetura intersticial das fibras e consequentemente favorecerem a transdução mecânica de sinais entre os meios intra e extracelular. Porém, o efeito citoarquitetural do alongamento sobre os filamentos intermediários deve ser acompanhado longitudinalmente e confirmados em adicionais estudos bioquímicos e moleculares. / Disuses models of skeletal muscle as immobilization , suspension are often used in experimental research groups. This time of disuse for a prolonged period can cause significant changes in muscle cytoarchitecture .This study aimed to evaluate the morphology of the soleus muscle of rats in postnatal development that had its members later immobilized rights, and subsequently were subjected to passive stretching protocol (passive manual stretching flashes), for a period of seven days. We used 20 Wistar rats (Rattus Norvegicus Albinos) race with 21 days of age , divided into five groups: Control Group (CG21- Animal 21 days ), Immobilized Group (IG- Animal 21 days that were immobilized for 7 days ) , Immobilized and Stretched Group (ISG - Animal 21 days that were immobilized for 7 and rehabilitated by stretching for 3 days) and Stretched Group (SG -Animal 21 days not immobilized for 7 days and subsequently stretching for 3 days), Control Group (CG30 - Animals 30 days).Fragments of the soleus muscle was processed under different histochemical methods, hematoxylin - eosin staining and picro-sirius. Variables were evaluated inter - and intra - groups through statistical techniques such as Kruskall Wallis and Dunn\'s post test . Conclusion: The results indicated that the soleus muscle of rats were babies citoarquiteturais significant changes when the manual stretching intermittently been used as a therapeutic resource after 7 days of disuse of the right posterior segment ( immobilization in plantar flexion). The immobilized muscles , both proteins (desmin and vimentin ) content had decreased compared to control values (21 or 30 days), indicating negative after- tissue balance disuse. The amount of these proteins was not modified in animals subjected only to intermittent stretching procedure. The animals underwent immobilization have been rehabilitated and that the amount of desmin was not significantly increased, not reaching values similar to the control group 30 days. These data suggest that desmin filaments need to 3 days longer than the time for rehabilitation to restore the intermittent stretching interstitial fiber architecture and hence favor the mechanical transduction of signals between intra-and extracellular media. However, the effect of stretching on cytoarchitectural intermediate filaments should be followed longitudinally and confirmed in additional biochemical and molecular studies .

Orientador: Newton Nunes / Banca: José Antonio Marques / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Patto dos Santos / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da ventilação mandatória intermitente sincronizada (SIMV) e da ventilação espontânea associadas à ventilação com pressão de suporte, sobre as variáveis hemodinâmicas, hemogasométricas e ventilatórias em cães anestesiados com propofol. Para tal, foram utilizados 10 cães adultos, machos ou fêmeas, sadios, os quais foram distribuídos em dois grupos de igual número, sendo denominados GE (submetidos à ventilação espontânea associada a PSV) e GM (SIMV associada a PSV) . Os cães foram induzidos à anestesia geral pela administração intravenosa de propofol na dose média de 9,2 ± 6,6 mg/kg, e mantidos com infusão contínua na dose de 0,6 mg/kg/min do mesmo fármaco. Os parâmetros foram mensurados 30 minutos após a indução (M0) e a cada 15 minutos (M15 até M60), por um período de 60 minutos. O método estatístico utilizado foi à Análise de Perfil, com p<0,05. A SIMV resultou em aumentos da PaO2, PAO2, Vt, Vm, Tinsp, MAP, PIP, WoBvt, Vdalv, Vdaw, IRVP,IRPT e em redução da FC, DC, PAM, PAPm, PaCO2, Qs/Qt e AaDO2. Concluiu-se que ambas as modalidades ventilatórias foram eficientes quanto à oxigenação arterial sendo igualmente eficazes na manutenção da estabilidade respiratória e cardiovascular e que a SIMV promoveu melhores trocas gasosas, nas condições experimentais propostas. / Abstract: The hemodynamic, ventilatory and blood gases parameters were evaluated in adult dogs undergoing either spontaneous breathing or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) associated with ventilation pressure support. Ten healthy adult dogs (male and female) were used. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (9.2 ± 6.6 mg/kg), and maintained with propofol 0.6 mg/kg/min. Two groups were constituted with different ventilatory methods, namely: GE - spontaneous breathing and GM - synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. The initial measurement was record thirty minutes after induction (M0). Additional recordings were performed at 15 minute intervals for 60 minutes (M15-M60). Data were assessed by Profile Analysis; p<0.05 was adopted as significant. The SIMV resulted in an increase of PaO2, PAO2, Vt, Vm, Tinsp, MAP, PIP, WoBvt, Vdalv, Vdaw, IRVP, IRPT and decrease FC, DC, PAM, PAPm, PaCO2, Qs/Qt, AaDO2. It was concluded that both ventilatory methods were had been efficient how much to the arterial oxygenation and were shown to be reliable in maintaining respiratory and cardiovascular stability and that the SIMV promoted better exchanges gaseous, under the proposed experimental conditions. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 casagrande_dr_me_jabo.pdf: 395284 bytes, checksum: 72f661526d93863790c9ca71cddffce5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo avaliar as características morfogênicas e o acúmulo de forragem do dossel de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em função de diferentes ofertas de forragem, em regime de desfolha intermitente, ao longo da estação chuvosa. O experimento foi realizado no setor de forragicultura da FCAV, no período chuvoso de 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, utilizando o esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas foi avaliado o efeito das ofertas de forragem (4, 7, 10 e 13 % de OF) e na subparcela o efeito dos ciclos de pastejo (CP). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura do dossel comprimido, massa de forragem, dinâmica de acúmulo de forragem e características morfogênicas e estruturais. Observou-se aumento da altura do dossel comprimido com acréscimo da OF. Da mesma forma foi verificado acréscimo na massa de forragem. Constatou-se aumento da massa de forragem, pós pastejo, com a sucessão dos CP, exceto para OF de 4 %, que se manteve constante (3181 kg/ha) ao longo dos CP. Apenas a taxa de alongamento de colmo, das características morfogênicas sofreu alteração em função da OF, sendo que, esta variável aumentou linearmente com a OF. A densidade de perfilhos vegetativos aumentou linearmente com a intensidade de pastejo, no entanto, a densidade de perfilhos reprodutivos e totais ajustou-se ao modelo quadrático. Observou-se tendência de maior acúmulo de forragem nas OF intermediárias (7 e 10 %). Sendo assim, concluise que OF ao redor de 8 % parece ser a mais indicada para o manejo de pastagem de capim - Marandu em pastejo rotacionado. / The present study aimed to evaluate the morphogenetic characteristics and the herbage accumulation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu swards in function different herbage allowance, managed on intermittent stocking during the summer season. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, FCAV/UNESP, in the summer period of 2005/2006 year. The experimental design was the complete randomized block, with split plot scheme, and three replications. In the plot the effect of the herbage allowance was evaluated (4, 7, 10 and 13% of HA) and in the split plot the effect of the grazing cycles (GC). There were evaluated the following variables: height of the compressed sward, forage mass, forage accumulation dynamics and morphogenetic and structural characteristics. An Increase of the compressed sward height was observed with increment of HA. Thus, the increase in the herbage mass was verified. An increase herbage mass after grazing was verified with the GC succession, except for 4% of HA, which kept constant (3181 kg/ha) along GC. The stem elongation rate, was the only morphogenetic characteristics altered in function of HA and, this variable increased lineally with HA. The vegetative tiller density increased lineally with the grazing intensity. However, reproductive and total density of tillers was adjusted to the quadratic model. There was a tendency of larger forage accumulation in intermediate HA (7 and 10%). As conclusion the HA around 8% showed the most suitable for grassland management with Marandu-grassin rotational stocking.