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A qualitative study regarding the situation of an extensive number of people who have joined violent Islamic extremism groups, such as the Islamic state, from the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. The study is based on previous research and relevant material on violent islamic extremism as well as interviews conducted with experts in the field. The study sheds light towards the growing problem that individuals from Gothenburg have traveled and are currently travelling to mainly Syria and fight for organizations like the Islamic state. The study aims to investigate the present situation in Gothenburg, trends that have been noted by experts, as well as who the people whom have joined violent Islamic extremist organizations in Gothenburg are. The result of the study indicates that it is legitimate to say that the city of Gothenburg are facing big issues with violent Islamic extremism. Contributing factors are, among many others, segregation, unemployment, low income, exclusion and individuals failure in work and education. Aspects such as propaganda in social media and networks of friends who think alike are expected to be two reasons why young individuals in Gothenburg have been radicalized. It is problematic to determine a typical case or stereotype of individuals in Gothenburg who have been radicalized or are in the risk zone of radicalization. However, some aspects such as a troublesome background and residing in a segregated suburbian area may increase the risk. The reason that the study focuses on violent Islamic extremism is that Swedish security police officials presently classify it as the most security threatening form of extremism in Sweden. The study focuses on Gothenburg due to the fact that it has been pointed out to be the hub for violent Islamic extremism in Sweden.

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As the innovation systems approach becomes increasingly transferred from developed to developing countries as a framework for achieving increased productivity, the notion of deficient institutions becomes more important. Prior research on innovation systems has adopted a broad treatment of institutions that has resulted in an omission of the impact that deficient institutions have on implementing innovation. Towards providing a treatment of institutions that is more specific and by extension, accounts for the impact of deficient institutions within developing country innovation systems, this thesis on the account of both the personcentric characteristic of the entrepreneur and the entrepreneur’s ability to deal with uncertainty focused on answering the research question: How do entrepreneurs deal with deficient institutions in developing country innovation systems in order to introduce innovation? By considering the context of the Nigerian film industry innovation system, this thesis showed that entrepreneurs dealt with the deficient institutions by substituting them with informal institutions during their interactions with Nigerian actors, and with formal institutions that looked to be external to the Nigerian environment when interacting with international actors. In addition to this, the decision to use these institutions was seen to have been influenced by both the situations that the entrepreneurs faced and their personal experiences personal experiences. By showing this, the thesis contributed to the literature on innovation systems by providing a more nuanced understanding of institutions in comparison with what previously existed. Another contribution was the introduction of agency (through analytical focus on the entrepreneur) within innovation systems research.

This thesis discusses the historical development of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Anti- och based upon its origins in the Tur 'Abdin region up to the time of its believers' emig- ration to Europe. The difficulties with which the Church was confronted are discussed, duly referencing instances of conflict, division and political upheaval. The topic of the persecution of Christians is depicted by way of an excursus. The positive develo- pments, the golden ages through history and the current (continued) subsistence of old traditions and culture in European nations are also addressed. Concomitantly, a picture is presented of the situation of those believers who live in a diaspora and may be affec- ted by discrimination and difficulties in terms of integration. The current situation in the Near East is prompting the westward migration of persecuted peoples of the most diverse ethnicities and faiths. This thesis may serve as the basis for a comparative retro- spective, since it portrays the manner in which integration in Europe was once achieved.