This study aimed to obtain 15% total solids and reduced mineral content in milk UF permeate by nanofiltration, hydrolysing the lactose content of nano-concentrate enzymically, partially substituting sucrose in ice cream formulations with hydrolysed lactose nano-concentrate (HLNC), and investigating the effects of HLNC on the physio-chemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. The desired 15% total solids in the nano-concentrate was achieved after three fold concentration of milk UF permeate. The colour of milk permeate changed, pH and mineral content decreased, and crude protein content, lactose content and titratable acidity increased. The lactose content was hydrolysed by enzyme lactase. HLNC was used to replace 25% and 50% of sucrose in ice cream formulations. Springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, adhesiveness, hardness, iciness, Ph and colour were not significantly affected. Viscosity, freezing point, glass transition temperature, melting temperature, gumminess and sweetness were significantly decreased, whereas freezing time, saltiness and cooked flavour were significantly increased. The overall acceptability of ice cream significantly decreased at 50% but was insignificantly affected at the 25% level. These results indicate that about one quarter of sucrose could be replaced by HLNC. / Master of Science (Hons) (Food Technology)

Because the beer market in Taiwan had been opened up, the monopoly, Taiwan Beer, has been facing intense competition. However, state-owned Taiwan Beer uses flexible strategies to respond to these challenges and always is the leading company in the industry. This study tried to use Game Theory to analyze the competitive strategy of Taiwan Beer in different period of time and find out the relationships between Taiwan Beer and competitor. At the beginning, this research used Game theory to describe the competition in the beer industry. Then, it used Prisoner's Dilemma, the Beach Ice Cream Selling Model, entry-deny strategies, multi-brand strategy and Co-opetition to explain Taiwan Beer¡¦s interaction with others. Finally, this study did not see the competition as the only way that can help companies survive. When the company is thinking about how to defeat others, it also has to be thinking about how to cooperate with others to derive more advantages.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The ice cream consumption in Brazil has grown in recent years and, in parallel to the demands by consumers for safer and less artificial additives food has also increased. The ice cream is a nutritionally enriched food, since the milk has as one of its ingredients. However, this high nutritional value makes the product is very favorable to the growth of micro-organisms being necessary means taking control measures to minimize potential microbiological hazards that may occur by a post-pasteurization contamination. Listeria monocytogenes is among pathogenic microorganisms that may be present in ice cream. It is a widely present in nature bacteria and contaminate the ice cream because of environmental hygiene, manipulator or through failures ingredients added after pasteurisation. An alternative to controlling the growth of micro-organism in foods has been the use of chitosan as an antimicrobial. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan as an antimicrobial agent against L. innocua ATCC 3309, replacing the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, by testing medium by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and added a food matrix (ice cream). To this end, high molecular weight chitosan was dissolved in a solution of citric acid in the ratio 1:1.5. In the test culture medium with the following concentrations were tested: 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800μg/mL; the test with ice cream, evaluated concentrations were 800, 1200 and 1600μg/mL. The inoculation of L. innocua the basic syrup to ice cream was made in the stage of maturation of syrup and ice cream in their growth was followed for a period of 60 days, this microorganism counting was performed in basic syrup to ice cream immediately after inoculation and 24 hours of aging at 5  C. elapsed On ice, the count was conducted at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of L. innocua ATCC chitosan on 330990 was 800μg/mL. Added to ice cream, none of the tested concentrations of chitosan (800, 1200 and 1600 g / ml) reduced the concentration of L. innocua at levels necessary to consider it an antimicrobial substance on the micro-organism in question in a product with following chemical composition: 23.29 to 27.30% carbohydrate, 2.50 to 3.57% protein and 4.91 to 6.50% lipids. / O consumo de sorvete no Brasil vem crescendo nos Ãltimos anos e paralelo a isso Ãs exigÃncias por parte dos consumidores por alimentos mais seguros e com menos aditivos artificiais tambÃm tem aumentado. O sorvete à um alimento nutricionalmente rico, pois tem o leite como um dos seus ingredientes. PorÃm, esse elevado valor nutricional faz com que o produto seja um meio extremamente favorÃvel ao crescimento de micro-organismos sendo necessÃria a tomada de medidas de controle visando minimizar possÃveis riscos microbiolÃgicos que possam ocorrer por uma contaminaÃÃo pÃs-pasteurizaÃÃo. Listeria monocytogenes està entre os micro-organismos patogÃnicos que podem estar presentes em sorvete. Trata-se de uma bactÃria amplamente presente na natureza, podendo contaminar o sorvete devido a falhas de higiene ambiental, de manipulador ou atravÃs de ingredientes adicionados apÃs pasteurizaÃÃo. Uma das alternativas para controlar o crescimento de micro-organismo em alimentos tem sido o uso da quitosana como antimicrobiano. A presente pesquisa visa avaliar a efetividade da quitosana como antimicrobiano sobre Listeria innocua ATCC 3309, em substituiÃÃo à patÃgena Listeria monocytogenes, atravÃs de testes com meio de cultura pela determinaÃÃo da ConcentraÃÃo InibitÃria MÃnima (CIM) e da ConcentraÃÃo Bactericida MÃnima (CBM) e adicionada a uma matriz alimentar (sorvete). Para isso, quitosana de alto peso molecular, foi dissolvida em soluÃÃo de Ãcido cÃtrico na proporÃÃo 1:1,5. No teste com meio de cultura foram avaliadas as seguintes concentraÃÃes: 50, 100, 200, 400 e 800Âg/mL; no teste com sorvete, as concentraÃÃes avaliadas foram 800, 1200 e 1600Âg/mL. A inoculaÃÃo de L. innocua na calda bÃsica para sorvete foi feita na etapa de maturaÃÃo da calda e o seu crescimento no sorvete foi acompanhado por um perÃodo de 60 dias, sendo realizada a contagem desse micro-organismo na calda bÃsica para sorvete logo apÃs a inoculaÃÃo e decorrido 24 horas de maturaÃÃo à 5ÂC. No sorvete, a contagem foi realizada nos tempos 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias. A ConcentraÃÃo Bactericida MÃnima (CBM) de quitosana sobre L. innocua ATCC 330990 foi 800Âg/mL. Adicionada ao sorvete, nenhuma das concentraÃÃes de quitosana testadas (800, 1200 e 1600g/mL) reduziram a concentraÃÃo de L. innocua a nÃveis necessÃrios para considerÃ-la uma substÃncia antimicrobiana sobre o micro-organismo em questÃo em um produto com a seguinte composiÃÃo centesimal: 23,29 à 27,30% de carboidrato, 2,50 à 3,57% de proteÃna e 4,91 à 6,50% de lipÃdios.

A curcumina possui uma grande variedade de propriedades benéficas para a saúde humana. Devido a este fato, a indústria alimentícia tem aumentado a aplicação deste bioativo como aromatizante, conservante e aditivo para substituição dos corantes amarelos artificiais. No entanto, incorporar a curcumina em formulações alimentícias pode ser problemático porque sua molécula hidrofóbica tem baixa solubilidade em água e é muito sensível à luz. Os métodos de encapsulação em nanoemulsões podem tornar viável a proteção do curcuminoide, bem como permitir sua dispersibilidade em água. O objetivo do presente trabalho de Mestrado foi produzir nanoemulsões encapsulando curcumina pelo método do ponto de inversão da emulsão (EIP, emulsion inversion point), determinando parâmetros de operação que viabilizem um futuro escalonamento do processo e incorporação das dispersões em sorvete de massa sabor abacaxi. Os parâmetros de produção foram ajustados como: tipo e concentração de tensoativo (razão SOR), concentração de óleo de soja, tipo e concentração de cosolvente, tipo de impelidor/ velocidade de agitação e vazão de entrada da fase aquosa. As porcentagens de curcumina encapsulada foram 0,03, 0,07 e 0,10%. Dentre estas, a concentração de 0,07% foi a mais viável para a aplicação no sorvete de massa sabor abacaxi, por apresentar melhor distribuição de tamanho de gotícula (diâmetro hidrodinâmico), não apresentar variação significativa de oxidação lipídica, boa manutenção da curcumina encapsulada (70%) e, consequentemente, a sua cor, apresentando maior estabilidade do parâmetro TCD por um período de 60 dias. Os testes reológicos não mostraram mudança na estrutura de nanoemulsões com a encapsulação de curcumina. Das formulações testadas para sorvete de abacaxi contendo curcumina, a formulação usando nanoemulsões substituindo 50% da mistura comercial (B) teve uma maior aceitação de cor, sabor e aroma, sendo compatível com a formulação comercial (A). Esta formulação (B) e aquela com substituição completa da mistura comercial (C) apresentaram uma maior estabilidade quanto à manutenção da cor durante o período do estudo. Os testes reológicos não mostraram diferença estrutural entre as formulações testadas para sorvete de abacaxi. Indicando que não houve influência nas características estruturais do sorvete contendo nanoemulsão com curcumina encapsulada. / Curcumin has several beneficial properties and the food industry has been trying to increase the use of curcumin as flavoring, conservant or as a replacer of artificial yellow dyes. However, incorporating curcumin can be difficult due to its hydrophobicity and low water solubility, as well as high sensitivity to light. Encapsulation in nanoemulsions can be an interesting technological alternative to encapsulate and protect the curcuminoid. The objective of this study was to produce nanoemulsions encapsulating curcumin by the low-energy method EIP (emulsion inversion point), determining operating parameters that enable a future escalation of the process and incorporation of dispersions in pineapple ice cream. The production parameters were adjusted as: type and concentration of surfactante, soybean oil concentration, type and concentration of cosolvent, impeller type/speed stirring and flow of the aqueous phase. The percentages of encapsulated curcumin were 0.03, 0.07 and 0.10%. The concentration of 0.07% was the most viable for application in pineapple ice cream, for presenting better distribution of droplet size (hydrodynamic diameter), do not presente of significant changes in lipid oxidation, good maintenance of encapsulated curcumin (70%) and therefore its color, with greater stability of the TCD parameter for a period of 60 days. The rheological tests showed no change in the nanoemulsions structure with encapsulating curcumin. Among the formulations tested for pineapple ice cream incorporating encapsulated curcumin, the formulation using nanoemulsions replacing 50% of the commercial mixture (B) had a better acceptance of color, flavor and aroma and it is compatible with the commercial formulation (A). This formulation (B) and that with complete replacement of the commercial mixture (C) had a higher stability and maintenance of color during the storage period. The rheological tests showed no structural difference between the formulations tested for pineapple ice cream, indicating no influence on the structural characteristics of the ice cream containing nanoemulsion with encapsulated curcumin.

Orientador: Helena Maria André Bolini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T07:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferraz_JulianaPereira_M.pdf: 2510030 bytes, checksum: a28d462816bf1afe8b5665a26f281aea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O sorvete é um alimento altamente consumido no mundo e a cada ano nota - se que o consumo no Brasil cresce cada vez mais iniciando um processo de transição de um alimento sazonal para um alimento consumido durante o ano todo. Este produto possui uma matriz energética e nutricional altamente complexa, pois trata - se de um produto que contém em sua formulação proteínas, gorduras, açucares, ar e minerais. O FOS atuou agregando um valor funcional ao produto juntamente com os edulcorantes que tiveram a finalidade de reduzir o valor calórico do produto tornando - o mais saudável e permitindo que portadores de doenças crônicas como os diabéticos e obesos possam consumi - lo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar análises a fim de se desenvolver um sorvete de creme de acordo com as preferências dos consumidores, foi avaliado a partir da análise descritiva quantitativa, análise múltipla de tempo intensidade, análise de aceitação e análises físico - químicas, sendo estas overrun, velocidade de derretimento, pH, textura e cor, para que as características do sorvete de creme fossem preservadas com a adição do prebiótico e dos edulcorantes. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e testes de médias de Tukey, utilizando o programa estatístico SAS. Com os dados de aceitação foi construído o Mapa de Preferência Interno através do programa XLStat. A análise de aceitação mostrou que todas as amostras foram bem aceitas pelos consumidores, exceto a amostra com estévia em sua formulação que recebeu notas inferiores a seis. Na ADQ® as amostras foram diferenciadas pelo gosto amargo, doce residual e gosto doce devido à presença dos edulcorantes na formulação. Na análise Múltipla de Tempo Intensidade foi possível verificar as semelhanças das amostras em relação à intensidade de dulçor e amargor diferenciando - se somente a amostra com estévia que obteve intensidades altas tanto para amargor quanto para dulçor. Podendo - se concluir que a adição do FOS e dos edulcorantes, aspartame, sucralose, neotame e ciclamato/ sacarina na proporção de 2:1 no sorvete de creme não afetou a aceitação das amostras perante aos consumidores, já a amostra com FOS e estévia em sua formulação foi rejeitada pelos consumidores, estes resultados auxilia a indústria de sorvetes, que poderá desenvolver um sorvete com apelo funcional e redução calórica sem influenciar nas características sensoriais e físico - químicas do sorvete de creme atingindo um novo público consumidor / Abstract: The ice cream is a highly consumed aliment in all around the world and year by year we can notice that brazilian ice cream consumption increases starting a transition process of a seasonal food to a food that is consumed throughout the year. This product has an energetic and nutritional load that is highly complex, because it formulation contains proteins, fats, sugars, minerals and air. The FOS had operated adding a functional value to the product with the sweeteners that had the finality or reduce the product's calories that becomes more healthy and allowing that patients with chronic diseases, like diabetes, can consume the product. This research had as purpose perform analysis in order to develop a product according to the consumers preferences, it had been valued from qualitative descriptive analysis, multiple time-intensity analysis, acceptance analysis and physical - chemical, these being overrun, melting rate, pH, texture and color, in order that the vanilla ice cream characteristics were still the same with the addition of the prebiotic and sweetener. The data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and measurements Tukey tests using static programs. The acceptance analysis showed that all the samples were well accepted except the sample with estevia in its formula. In ADQ the samples were differentiated by the bitter or sweet taste. In the analyses multiple of time intensity was possible verifying the sample similarities in relation to sweetness and bitterness. We concluded that the addition of FOS, sweeteners, aspartame, sucralose, neotame and cyclamate / saccharin in a 2:1 ratio in the ice cream did not affect the acceptance of samples before consumers, on the other hand the sample with estevia was rejected by the consumers, this results helps the ice cream industry, wich may develop an ice cream with functional appeal and caloric reduction without affecting the sensory characteristics and physical - chemical ice cream reaching a new consumer audience / Mestrado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

Foram produzidas micropartículas simbióticas com carreador de natureza lipídica, obtidas por spray chilling. Como materiais ativos foram utilizadas duas cepas de micro-organismos probióticos (L. acidophilus-LA e L. rhamnosus-LR), dois prebióticos (inulina e polidextrose) e gordura de palma e palmiste interesterificada. Estudou-se a resistência destes probióticos ao processo aplicado, o comportamento das micropartículas sólido lipídicas (MSLs) frente ao fluido gástrico e intestinal simulados e suas viabilidades durante 120 dias de armazenamento à -18, 7 e 22°C sob vácuo ou umidade relativa controlada. A caracterização morfológica, granulometria, análise térmica (DSC), atividade de água, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e difração de raios-X (XRPD) foram estudados. Spray chilling configurou-se como processo adequado aos probióticos, devido à baixa perda de células viáveis durante a obtenção das micropartículas, sendo que não foi observado interferência da ausência, presença e do tipo de prebiótico. Foram obtidas MSLs esféricas com superfície relativamente uniforme, e com tamanho médio entre 62,4±2,8 a 69,6±5,1 µm, sendo que não houve diferença significativa entre as formulações. As análises de difração de raios-X indicaram que não ocorreram alterações polimórficas durante o armazenamento refrigerado das MSLs. Quanto à análise térmica pode-se dizer que a presença de probióticos e prebióticos praticamente não interferiu na alteração da temperatura de fusão para todas as formulações estudadas, que variou de 45,37°C a 47,58°C, inferindo-se a ausência de interações significativas entre os ingredientes microencapsulados e o carreador, ausência que foi reafirmada pelos espectros de infravermelho. A microencapsulação favoreceu a sobrevivência frente aos fluidos gástrico e intestinal simulados, e possibilitou a manutenção de células viáveis acima de 106 UFC por grama até 120 dias de armazenamento em umidade relativa controlada para a formulação com L. acidophilus e polidextrose, a qual foi influenciada pela atividade de água da partícula, que por sua vez foi afetada pela incorporação de prebióticos. Tendo em vista o potencial da MSLs desenvolvidas, estas foram incorporadas ao sorvete. Nesta matriz as micropartículas não apresentaram um bom desempenho, seja na sobrevivência de L. acidophilus durante o armazenamento do produto, como na proteção diante da exposição às condições gastrointestinais simuladas. Além disso, sorvetes com adição das MSLs foram avaliados com notas significativamente menores (p≤0,05) nos atributos textura, sabor e aceitação global em relação a amostras controle e a com adição de probióticos livres na análise sensorial do produto desenvolvido. As micropartículas lipídicas produzidas mostraram-se aptas como ingrediente alimentício, porém no sorvete não atenderam as premissas de proteção e extensão de contagens apropriadas do probiótico. As MSLs também foram incorporadas em polpas de fruta, abacate e melão, neste tipo de matriz as MSLs conferiram proteção ao micro-organismo pois aumentaram sua viabilidade em relação aos micro-organismos livres. / Symbiotic microparticles were produced with a lipid carrier, obtained by spray chilling technology. In this study were used two strains of probiotic (L. acidophilus-LA and L. rhamnosus-LR) and two prebiotics (inulin and polydextrose) as active or core materials. The resistance of these probiotics to the spray chilling process was evaluated, as well as the viability of the solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) during the exposition to the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and stability during 120 days of storage at -18, 7 and 22°C, in vacuum or controlled relative humidity. Morphology characterization, particle size, water activity, thermal analysis (DSC), infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRPD) were studied. Spray chilling process was configured as a suitable technology to probiotics due to low loss of viable cells in processing of the particle, and no interference was observed from the presence/absence and type of prebiotic component. MSLs were obtained with relatively uniform spherical surface, and average size between 62.4 ± 2.8 µm to 69.6 ± 5.1 µm, there was no significant difference between formulations. Analyses of X-ray diffraction indicated that there were no polymorphic changes during refrigerated storage of SLMs. As for the thermal analysis it can be said that the presence of probiotics and prebiotics had practically no effect on the melting temperature for all formulations, which was 45.37° C up to 47.58° C, inferring with this the absence of significant interactions between the lipid carrier and microencapsulated ingredients, absence that was reaffirmed by the infrared spectra. Microencapsulation favored the survival against gastric and simulated intestinal fluids, and was possible to maintain viable cells up to 106 CFU per gram up to 120 days of storage for formulation with L. acidophilus and polydextrose in low temperatures and relative humidity (11%), which the stability was influenced by the water activity of the particle, which in turn is affected by the incorporation of prebiotics to the formulation of the SLMs. Given the potential of SLMs developed, they were incorporated into the ice cream. In this matrix microparticles not performed well, either on the survival of L. acidophilus during product storage, such as in protection against exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, the addition of SLMs on strawberry ice cream was evaluated with grades significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the attributes texture, flavor and overall acceptability compared to the control samples and with added of free probiotic sensory analysis of the product developed. The lipid microparticles produced were shown to be suitable as a food ingredient, but the ice cream did not meet the assumptions of protection and extension of appropriate probiotic counts. The MSLs were also incorporated in the fruit pulp, avocado and melon, in this application the SLMs provided protection to the micro-organism increasing the probiotic viability in relation to the free microorganisms.

Presented diploma thesis was focused on study of influence of stabilizers and other components on final quality of mixtures for ice-cream production. This thesis was worked out in cooperation with Frujo Co., Ltd., Tvrdonice to find out the most suitable stabilizer with positive influence on the quality of final product. In experimental part six mixtures of stabilizers, three mixtures for ice-cream production and particular ingredients for production of mixtures for ice-cream production were analysed. Saccharides and lipids were analysed only in mixtures of stabilizers. Content of saccharides was analyzed using spectrophotometry and HPLC/RI. Lipid components were analysed by TLC. Viscosity was measured by rotatory viscosimeter and the differences of flow curves of each mixture with different stabilizers were monitored. Based on viscosity measurements some ice-creams with different stabilizers were chosen for sensory analysis. Mixture of stabilizers “Stobicol” was analysed for active compounds and antioxidant stability. Microbiological stability was tested in all of the stabilizers and also in particular ingredients including final mixture for ice-cream production. In three ice-cream mixtures of different flavour protein composition was measured by microfluidic electrophoresis. The highest content of total and reducing saccharides was determined in hydrolyzed samples. The highest values of total saccharides were found in mixture of stabilizers “Meyprogen”, the highest values of reducing saccharides were detected in stabilizer “Swissgum”. Content of triglycerides was found out almost in all of the measured mixtures of stabilizers using TLC method even though according to formulas provided by producers there should not be any. Diglycerides were detected in “Meyprogen” too even though this mixture of stabilizers should contain only saccharides. Based on results of rheology measurements and in connection with sensory analysis “Meyprogen” stabilizer could be recommended as the best material for the industrial production.

Properly dried sweet cream buttermilk, because of its high fat and lecithin contents, should make superior ice cream. Its use as a source of serum solids in ice cream. Its use as a source of serum solids in ice cream mix would open an outlet for this butter by-product and would serve the needs of ice cream manufacturers during nonfat dry milk solids shortage and it may make a higher score ice cream. The demand for milk solids shortage and it may make a higher score ice cream. The demand for milk solids has been increasing so rapidly that today the by-products of the dairy industry are being utilized as sources of human food to a much greater extent than before. In past years the greater bulk of creamery buttermilk has been utilized as animal feeds. Attempts are being made to convert more of this by-product into channels of human consumption. As the manufacture of sweet cream butter is increasing at a rapid pace, a larger supply of buttermilk product of high quality which is fit for human consumption is available in the market. Many previous investigators have used buttermilk products as a source of serum solids in ice cream mix with favorable results. The advantage claimed has been that it tends to improve the whipping ability of ice cream mixes and to impart richer flavor to the product. These beneficial qualities have been attributed to the butterfat and the phospholipids, of which lecithin is predominant. The work of Chapman and Supplee shows that buttermilk and cream contins several times as much licithin as skimmilk. The amounts of total phospholipids reported by Holm et al and Wright et al are approximately 1.77 per cent in dry buttermilk and 1.06 per cent in dry skim milk.