Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Alecandre Borges.pdf: 384748 bytes, checksum: c238e91179b5f6c0bb447436c8fe5605 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The cogito is the statement that expresses the first certainty of Cartesian philosophy. It is the relation of itself to itself, through which the ego becomes conscious of its existence. This research work develops the problem about the statute of cogito, analyzing the possibility of the I think therefore I am , or I am, I exist by Descartes, to be a representation. On the one hand, it seems that there is not a problem in considering the cogito a representation, since in the cogito, the ego has a thought, and all the representation is a thought; on the other hand, consider the cogito as representation is to consider that the thought of the ego about itself occurs in the same way as the thought of the ego about the other things. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the notion of representation to analyze the possibility of the cogito to be thought in the representative patterns. The representation is a concept connected with the notion of idea, and to represent consists of having ideas, in realizing the presence of something through an idea. Things are represented to the ego because it does not have direct access to these things, which become present through the ideas that represent them. Having in view that in the cogito the object of thought is the own I-thinking, something that has direct access to itself, the cogito cannot be considered a representation. As things become present to the ego through the objective reality of ideas, and the representation is connected with the notion of objective reality reality that Descartes attributes an ontological inferior statute, since it does not express the own reality of one thing, but mere representation to represent means to realize the presence of the reality of something to what the ego does not have direct access. As the cogito expresses its own reality of the thing thought, and what is accessed is a formal reality, the cogito cannot be a representation, since a representation does not concern to the formal reality of something, but merely to the objective reality. / O cogito é o enunciado que expressa a primeira certeza da filosofia cartesiana. É a relação de si a si, através da qual o ego se torna consciente de sua existência. O presente trabalho desenvolve o problema sobre o estatuto do cogito, analisando a possibilidade de o penso, logo existo , ou o eu sou, eu existo de Descartes, ser uma representação. Por um lado, parece não haver problema em considerar o cogito uma representação, pois, no cogito, o ego tem um pensamento, e toda a representação é um pensamento; por outro lado, considerar o cogito como representação é considerar que o pensamento do ego sobre si ocorre do mesmo modo como o pensamento do ego sobre as outras coisas. Deste modo, é necessário investigar a noção de representação para analisar a possibilidade de o cogito ser pensado sob os moldes representativos. A representação é um conceito ligado à noção de idéia, e representar consiste em ter idéias, em perceber a presença de algo através de uma idéia. As coisas são representadas ao ego porque ele não tem acesso direto a essas coisas, que se tornam presentes através das idéias que as representam. Tendo em vista que no cogito o objeto de pensamento é o próprio o eu pensante, algo que tem acesso direto a si mesmo, o cogito não pode ser considerado uma representação. Como as coisas se tornam presentes ao ego através da realidade objetiva das idéias, e a representação está ligada a noção de realidade objetiva - realidade esta a qual Descartes atribui um estatuto ontológico inferior , pois não expressa a própria realidade de uma coisa, mas a mera representação representar significa perceber a presença da realidade de algo ao que o ego não tem acesso direto. Como o cogito acessa a própria realidade do objeto de pensamento, concluiu-se que não é uma representação. Como o cogito expressa a própria realidade da coisa pensada, e o que é acessado é uma realidade formal, o cogito não pode ser uma representação, pois a representação não diz respeito à realidade formal de algo, mas meramente à realidade objetiva.

O presente trabalho faz uma análise do movimento do software livre, um importante movimento de conotação mundial criado para superar as barreiras impostas ao fluxo do conhecimento pela propriedade privada das idéias. O nosso foco não é a luta entre as duas formas de tecnologia de software, livre e proprietária, mas compreender melhor a dinâmica do movimento que foi criado por Richard Stallman. Assim, o objetivo é mostrar que apesar de sua globalidade, o software livre não é recebido e desenvolvido da mesma forma, ao contrário, em cada país ele é recriado a partir das práticas e concepções políticas acerca do papel da tecnologia para o desenvolvimento social e econômico. Para justificar nossa hipótese, escolhemos analisar a América Latina, um continente que enxergou no software quando livre, através de seus governantes, a ferramenta capaz de proporcionar o desenvolvimento e até a independência nacional frente aos países desenvolvidos. Como contraponto de análise, discorremos também sobre o impacto da tecnologia livre, ou melhor, de código aberto, no país ícone da sociedade informacional, os Estados Unidos, onde as empresas privadas (em especial Apple e Google) e as universidades impulsionam a criação e a inovação tecnológica. No confronto analítico entre o poder de criação estatal x privado ou livre x aberto, a junção privado/aberto foi mais incisiva na criação de um terceiro modo de produção de software, que chamamos de híbrido - meio fechado, meio aberto. Esse software híbrido parece ser o modelo que manterá os países hegemônicos na liderança da corrida tecnológica. / The present work performs an analysis of the free software movement, an important movement worldwide developed to overcome the barriers imposed to the knowledge flow by the idea private property. Our focus is not the fight between the two software technology forms, free and proprietary, but to understand in a better way the dynamic of the movement created by Richard Stallman. Thus, the purpose is to show that, despite its globality, the free software is not received and developed the same way, on the contrary, in every country it is recreated from the practices and political conceptions about the technology role for the social and economical development. In order to justify our hypothesis, we chose to analyze Latin America, a continent which saw in the free software, by means of its governors, a tool capable of providing the development and even the national independence before the developed countries. As an analysis counterpoint, we also approached the free technology impact, that is, the open source, in the informational society icon country, the United States, where the private companies (especially Apple and Google) and the universities trigger the technological development and innovation. In the analytical confrontation between the state vs. private or free x open development power, the private/open junction has been more assertive at a third software production means, which we call \"hybrid\" - half closed, half open. Such hybrid software seems to be the model which will keep the hegemonic countries in the technological race leadership.

Orientador: Eduardo Roberto Junqueira Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T23:22:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_DaniloRicardode_M.pdf: 11393359 bytes, checksum: d77903f0e95a1653fc289574dc77cf50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma história das ideias linguísticas nas relações internacionais do Estado brasileiro. Na constituição dessa história, espera-se dar visibilidade específica à categoria interpretativa "espaço de enunciação", sobretudo pela análise de um corpus constituído a partir do Arquivo Histórico e Diplomático do Itamaraty, com documentos do período entre 1930-1950, momentos em que a designação da língua oficial esteve no centro das discussões no Brasil. É nosso objetivo analisar as possíveis implicações que a polêmica quanto ao nome da língua do Brasil teria nas políticas de línguas no cenário internacional. Grosso modo, considera-se o cruzamento das discursividades sobre o nome da língua e sobre a expansão dessa língua como objeto de especial interesse para compreender como, historicamente, o Estado pôde constituir uma política de sua língua justamente quando a identidade dessa língua estava, então, se construindo. Dar visibilidade a esse impasse histórico abre terreno para uma leitura particular quanto aos meios e objetivos da "expansão do idioma", permitindo interpretar uma história de sentidos para a língua nacional do Brasil e uma história das políticas de língua enquanto políticas do Estado brasileiro nas relações internacionais. Os materiais de pesquisa são aqui tomados enquanto textos e analisados com base no quadro teórico-metodológico do programa História das Ideias Linguísticas e da Semântica do Acontecimento. Nosso procedimento de análise de textos fundamenta-se em recortes dos materiais de pesquisa, recortes esses que respondem a dois interesses: de um lado, constituir uma história pelos sentidos que o texto tem sobre um objeto específico, a língua; de outro, marcar decisiva e explicitamente essa pesquisa e leitura do corpus enquanto prática política e, consequentemente, constituir uma história que, ao admitir seu caráter interpretativo, realça uma posição ética na pesquisa linguística. O interesse pela história das políticas de língua, na sua relação com o conceito de espaço de enunciação, e os dispositivos de análise do corpus posicionam este trabalho de modo especial entre os estudos da língua e da linguagem. Confiamos, porém, que o diálogo com as relações exteriores e com a própria história possa indicar também outros domínios disciplinares nos quais este trabalho venha potencialmente a se constituir enquanto objeto de interesse acadêmico / Abstract: This paper aims to make a history of linguistic ideas in international relations from Brazilian State. In that history, it is expected to give special visibility to the linguistic concept of "space of enunciation". We analyze a corpus, constituted from Itamaraty¿s Historic and Diplomatic Archive, with documents from the period between 1930-1950, moment in which the name of official language was at the center of discussions in Brazil. It is our aim analyzing the possible implications that the controversy about the name of the language would have on language policies in the international scenario. In short, we consider the intersection of discourses on the name of the language and on the expansion of the language as a subject of special interest to understand how the State could elaborate a policy of one language whose identity was being built. Giving visibility to this historical stalemate allows a particular reading on the means and objectives of the "expansion of language", allowing to interpret a history of senses to the national language of Brazil and a history of language policies as policies of Brazilian State in the international relations. In this work, the research materials are taken as texts and analyzed based on the theoretical and methodological framework of the program History of Linguistic Ideas and of the Semântica do Acontecimento (Semantics of the Utterance Event). Our procedure of analysis of text is based on clippings of research materials. These clippings correspond to two interests: on one hand, to constitute a history by the meanings of a text about a specific object, the language; on the other hand, to define decisive and explicitly this research and reading as political practice. By this procedure we are highlighting an ethical position in linguistic research. The interest in the history of language policies, in its relation to the concept of space of enunciation, as well as the device of analysis, position this job especially between studies of language. We trust, however, that the dialogue with the international relations and with history itself can also indicate other subject areas in which this work will potentially be constituted as an object of academic interest / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Context:- Software companies have changed their strategies from “innovating for customers” and “innovating with customers” to innovating “by customers” which is also known as customer-driven innovation. Actually, companies move toward customer-driven innovation programs because they need to collect as many ideas as possible from suitable customers to ensure their global competitiveness and set the stage for profitable growth. As customer-driven innovation is comparatively a new trend, the objective of our research is to explore its status in the new era of software development. Objectives:- The main aim of our study is to investigate customer-driven innovation in the modern era of software development. It also explores the motives, benefits, communication channels and barriers between customers and software companies to cooperate with each other. Methods:- Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and industrial interviews are two basic types of data collection methods which are utilized to accomplish the objectives of our study. Then qualitative data analysis software is used to perform thematic analysis (Grounded Theory) in order to draw conclusions and highlight useful information from the collected data. Results:- Based on the SLR and interviews result the conclusion was made that there are different types of motives and benefits for company and customer to cooperate with each other during idea generation stage of product and service innovations. We identified various types of activities and communication channels in the context of customer-driven innovation. In addition, we identified different types of barriers that can limit the cooperation between company and customers. Conclusions:- The comparison between theory and practice explored most important motive and benefit for company and customers to cooperate with each other during ideation process of product and service innovation. It also identified most significant activities and communication channels for idea generation in the context of customer-driven innovation. In addition, we identified most common barriers which prevent company and customers to cooperate with each other during ideation process. / In this thesis different aspects of customer-driven innovation were investigated. In this type of innovation customers feedbacks are considered as a driving force for products and services improvement. Therefore, companies let their customers to drive idea generation stage for products and services in order to be become marketplace leader. In this case, customers’ are considered to be primary sources of ideas and suggestions. While the role of company is to listen carefully, analyze, filter and implement the retrieved customers feedbacks into new products and services, then deliver to the customers and receives once again feedbacks from them. In this competitive era, customer is a ‘king’ because he will buy only the products that satisfy their needs and wants therefore company need to actively involve customers in innovation. This study evidences show that customers could be involved in idea generation process for products and service which is beneficial to the company sustainable competence. In addition, we have provided different examples of the companies i.e., Sony Ericsson, Telenor, Sun and Hallmark that have developed products and service with customer cooperation. They claim that the innovative idea should not be only provided by internally but by externally via customers because customer-driven innovation had a better chance of succeeding than company-driven innovation. One of the main issue is aimed to be discussed in this paper was to understand that how company can receive customers feedbacks (ideas, suggestions, complaints) about their products and services. The results of our study indicates that company are using different types of communication channels to retrieve customers feedbacks about their products and services i.e., website, blogs, twitter, facebook, call center, live chat, email, focal point software, share point software, CRM software, software toolkits, video conference, linkedIn and suggestion box. Another main issue that we were aimed to be presented in this paper was to understand different activities organized by companies in order to identify customers’ needs and demands. These different types of activities for idea generation in customer-driven innovation are facebook survey, website popup survey, client survey, market survey, closed feedback loop (call center survey), workshop with customers, brainstorming together with customers, idea contests, focus group, user cases, run a 360, following up meeting with customers, user stories and customers interviews. Based on the SLR and interviews results the conclusion was made that there are different types of motives and benefits for company and customer to cooperate with each other during idea generation process for products and services. The company motives and benefits behind a cooperation are increase customer satisfactions, achieve competitive advantages, collecting new ideas, reduction of market uncertainties, financial benefits and etc. On the other hands, customers achieved various types of benefits to cooperate with company i.e., cognitive or learning benefits, social integrative benefits, personal integrative benefits, monetary rewards, non-monetary rewards and etc. Potential barriers that can limit the cooperation between customers and company were identified. Based on theoretical material and interviews results the conclusion was made hat each side have their own barriers which prevent them to cooperate. The company side barriers are lack of secrecy, lack of expertise, lack of communication channels, hard to implement customers’ ideas and etc. While there are various customer side barriers that can limit cooperation with company during ideation process i.e., customers’ incapability to express, they don’t know whom they may contact, they afraid that the company will raise the cost of the products by identifying their demands and etc. Ultimately, it is not the ability of company to only innovate but their ability to innovate continuously and consistently that is very important. Company can no longer assumes that they have all the knowledge and abilities for innovating for customers nor it is enough to innovate with customers but company need to let their customers’ to drive innovation. In future, successful companies will be those that take benefit from customer-driven innovation in order to increase their growth, enter to new market and be competitors in their market. / Email: dirdard@yahoo.com Phone # +46 723255451

Feminist initiative – an idea analysis. On the fourth of April in the year 2005 Feministic initiative (Fi) was created, it was an main response to the slow changes in the Swedish society, which claimed to establish an equal society. Equality has become one of the major indicators of a contemporary democratic society. The Swedish government has long proclaimed to reach this goal, but even though Sweden currently lies in the front among the democratic societies, while you consider equality issues, especially between the sexes, there is still a lot that need to be done in the Swedish society. Feministic initiative began as an organization and established a political party and participated in the election during the year 2006, but failed to reach a place in the parliament. Recently Feministic initiative said that they will participate in the upcoming election in the year 2010. It made me wonder which feministic ideals that Feministic initiative actually practices. Feminism is a broad ideology, and a reaction against the society that claims to be democratic but systematically oppresses women. This oppression created feminism; but there is different views of feminism, my main objective in this paper is to present a few different feministic directions. These are, radicalfeminism, marxistic feminism, liberalfeminism, socialistic feminism, post-modernfeminism and black (women’s) feminism. From these theories will I create a analyze frame and try to locate different kinds of feministic ideas within Feministic initiatives policy documents called F! for a feministic policy, election manifest and platform for Feministic initiative Thus, the main focus in this paper to do an idea analyze and focus on Feministic initiative, do they really use the different ideas expressed within the different types of feminism that I consider in this paper in a equal manner? The conclusion is that Feministic initiative is tendentious, Feministic initiative uses ideas, perspectives and expressions that are typical for radicalfeminism more than they use ideas, perspectives and expressions from other types of feminism.

Cette recherche est consacrée à l’étude des dynamiques permettant de transformer des idées abstraites en innovations concrètes. Notre perspective stratégique vise à comprendre les mécanismes qui sont à l’œuvre lorsqu’il s’agit d’évaluer le potentiel des idées, d’organiser les ressources et de conduire le processus de passage de l’idée au projet d’innovation. Une idée abstraite devient une innovation concrète à travers un mouvement collectif de réalisation. Ce mouvement n’est possible que quand les acteurs parviennent à donner du sens à leur engagement. Ce postulat nous conduit à adopter une approche sociocognitive qui met le processus de construction de sens au cœur de l’analyse. Pour étudier un processus concret d’émergence de l’innovation, notre cadre conceptuel et méthodologique mobilise essentiellement la construction collective de sens de Weick, la sociologie de la traduction de Callon et Latour, et l’analyse processuelle de Pettigrew. Cette grille combine d’autres travaux moins répandus jusqu’à maintenant dans le management de l’innovation : la noologie de Morin, la philosophie de la technique de Simondon et l’ethnotechnologie de Gaudin. L’investigation empirique consiste en l’étude de cas d’une innovation majeure au sein de l’entreprise Air Liquide: dix ans de développement des garnissages pour la distillation cryogénique des gaz. L’étude de cas conforte la pertinence de notre approche sociocognitive. Tout particulièrement, elle permet de mettre en évidence deux dynamiques fondamentales et complémentaires dans la construction de sens : traduction et reconnaissance. Ce résultat conduit à tout à la fois remettre en cause et compléter la sociologie de la traduction en la reliant à la théorie de l’état naissant d’Alberoni à travers la « re-co-naissance » comme dynamique collective : plutôt que de se rallier par intérêt bien compris (l’intéressement / la traduction), les acteurs qui constituent le premier noyau actif, comme ceux qui se convertissent plus tard, « se reconnaissent » autour d’une idée dont ils « reconnaissent » ensemble le potentiel innovant et la capacité de transformation et de refondation de l’organisation (re-naissance / reconnaissance). Cette re-conceptualisation ouvre des perspectives théoriques et pratiques nouvelles pour la gestion des processus d’innovation. / This work is devoted to the study of sensemaking in the early stages of the development of innovative ideas. Our strategic perspective aims at understanding the dynamic mechanisms permitting to identify opportunities, to organize resources and to drive processes leading to the launch of innovation projects. We adopt a socio-cognitive view: ideas become innovations as players invest in a collective move, giving sense both to their commitment in the innovative process and to the resulting innovation. Our conceptual framework is based on Weick’s model of Organizational Sensemaking combined with Callon and Latour’s Actor-Network theory, and on Pettigrew’s Processual Analysis methodology. In addition, this conceptual construct articulates some others theories wich are less often seen in innovation management research: Morin’s works on “noology”, Simondon’s technical philosophy and Gaudin’s works on “ethno-technology”. The empirical work is a case study presenting a longitudinal analysis of a major process innovation in Air Liquide, an industrial and medical gaz producer. The main result stemming from the analysis combines two fundamental dynamics for sensemaking in innovation processes: translation and re-co-gnition. Our model thus challenges and extends the Actor-Network theory with Alberoni’s theory of Nascent state. Re-co-gnition is seen as the key mechanism operating in the ignition phase of collective movement: in contrast to transactional coalition building via a negotiated buy-in (translation), the initial players both recognize each other around the idea and recognize the innovative potential of the idea (re-cognition). These results offer a new promising approach for innovation management research and practice.

Abstract The ability to generate creative new ideas to develop innovative products and optimize processes has become crucially important for organizations’ survival in the competitive and turbulent market environment. The objective of this dissertation was to examine the value creation of systematic idea generation in a quantitative fashion by defining a new evaluation methodology. This called for designing a set of quantitative value creation metrics for creative idea generation. This study aims to enhance current knowledge of idea generation measurement that has so far mainly focused on human judgment-based methods. The goals of this exploratory study were formulated into two research questions. The first addressed the subject from a conceptual viewpoint, while the second involved a single-case study in the automotive industry. Documentation-based approaches were used as the primary means of data collection to maximize the quantitative accuracy of the measurement. Single-case study was selected as the research method because of the deep-level data access required to thoroughly assess an idea generation process. Patent information-based measures were adopted in the case organization to gain insights into the effectiveness of its idea generation process. The research data was collected from the case organization’s management information systems. Data analysis allowed for a fact-based evaluation of the idea generation process, which would not have been possible with traditional qualitative measures. The results demonstrate that idea generation can be measured rigorously like most other processes when proper metrics are in place. Nevertheless, several limitations were identified that must be considered when discussing further applications of the proposed measures in other organizations. This thesis proposes a new analysis method for the creative phase of the product creation process. Future studies could build on this model, for example, by experimenting with the indicators proposed by this study in other contexts or designing a set of “rival” value creation metrics for idea generation. / Tiivistelmä Kyky luoda uusia ideoita innovatiivisten tuotteiden kehitystä ja prosessien optimointia varten on elintärkeää organisaatioiden selviytymisen kannalta vahvasti kilpailluilla markkinoilla. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia arvonluontia systemaattisessa ideoiden luonnissa määrällisin menetelmin kehittämällä uusi arviointimenetelmä. Tässä yhteydessä oli määritettävä joukko määrällisiä arvonluontimittareita luovalle ideoiden luonnille. Tutkimus pyrkii täydentämään olemassa olevaa tietämystä ideoiden luonnin mittaamisesta, joka on tähän asti pääasiassa keskittynyt laadullisiin menetelmiin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteista johdettiin kaksi tutkimuskysymystä. Ensimmäinen kysymys käsitteli aihepiiriä teoreettisesta näkökulmasta, ja toinen liittyi autoteollisuudessa tehtävään tapaustutkimukseen. Empiirisen aineiston keruussa hyödynnettiin ensisijaisesti asiakirjapohjaisia lähestymistapoja määrällisen mittauksen tarkkuuden maksimoimiseksi. Tutkimusmenetelmäksi valittiin yhden tapauksen tutkimus, koska ideoidenluontiprosessin syvällinen analyysi vaatii pääsyä yksityiskohtaiseen yritysaineistoon, mikä ei monitapaustutkimuksessa olisi ollut mahdollista. Ideoiden luontiprosessin tehokkuuden arviointia varten tapausorganisaatiossa otettiin käyttöön patenttitietoon pohjautuvia indikaattoreita. Aineisto kerättiin organisaation tietojärjestelmissä. Aineiston tarkastelu mahdollisti ideoiden luonti-prosessissa tapahtuvan arvonluonnin konkreettisen havainnollistamisen, mikä ei olisi ollut mahdollista perinteisten laadullisten mittarien avulla. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että luovaa ideoiden luontia pystytään mittaamaan useimpien muiden yritysprosessien tapaan täsmällisesti, mikäli sovelletaan asianmukaisia indikaattoreita. Tutkimus nosti kuitenkin esiin tiettyjä tekijöitä, jotka rajoittavat tässä työssä esiteltyjen tehokkuuden mittarien käyttöä muissa organisaatioissa. Tämä työ esittää uuden arviointimenetelmän, jota voidaan soveltaa tuotekehitysprosessin luovassa vaiheessa. Aihetta käsittelevät jatkotutkimukset voisivat laajentaa tässä työssä kehitettyä mallia esimerkiksi kokeilemalla esiteltyjen indikaattorien käyttöönottoa muissa konteksteissa tai määrittelemällä vaihtoehtoiset arvonluontimittarit, jotka eivät jaa samoja rajoitteita.

L'idée olympique développée par Pierre de Coubertin s'avère être un projet de reconstruction démocratique de l'histoire politique et de l'éducation physique et sportive de 1892 à 1920. Ancré dans le période des révolutions industrielles et de l'avènement de l'État-nation, ce travail heuristique vise à décrire un processus d'actions dans la formation d'un citoyen exemplaire. Cette mission est accomplie grâce à l'importance et au charisme de Pierre de Coubertin, véritable initiateur et idéologue, ainsi que grâce à ses réseaux. Les pratiques culturelles et sportives créées sont diffusées par le biais de divers concepts (sociabilité, réseaux, rapports de pouvoirs et le jeu démocratique) à travers les Jeux et le CIO. Croisant des sources variées et originales, notre étude révèle que le processus inhérent à la renommée de l'œuvre de Pierre de Coubertin tient à trois indicateurs complémentaires. Premièrement, le succès de cette idée spécifique est dû à la personnalité et au parcours de vie de l'inspirateur, doté de réseaux utiles et multiples. Deuxièmement, Pierre de Coubertin fédère des acteurs internationaux et s'appuie sur un noyau d'hommes, les cooptés du Comité international olympique, pour créer une identité de groupe dans cette organisation. Le comité possède des spécificités politiques, éducatives, sportives et sociales suffisantes pour promouvoir un message d'envergure au sein d'espaces géographiques internationaux. Le Baron utilise les réseaux, les structures sociales et les échanges interpersonnels pour convaincre, légitimer et diffuser son projet de citoyen exemplaire. Enfin, il s'attache, à promouvoir son modèle en tirant profit de la modernité et de la force des espaces démocratiques lancés dans une «course au progrès et à la reconnaissance». Notre travail articule majoritairement ces trois logiques explicatives pour comprendre la naissance de l'idée olympique d'envergure internationales de 1892 à 2896, son développement entre 1897 et 1914 et enfin la fin de l'idée olympique idéale en 1920 pour laisser place au spectacle sportif. / The Olympic idea as it was developed by Pierre de Coubertin happens to be a project whose aim was to rebuild a democratic political history of physical education from 1892 to 1920. Anchored in the era of industrial revolutions and of the birth of the nation-State, this heuristic work aims at describing a process of actions in the creation of an exemplary citizen. Such a mission was accomplished thanks to the important charisma of a man, Pierre de Coubertin, who was also the father of the idea and an ideologist thanks to his network of acquaintances. The cultural and sporting practices that were created were spread through diverse concepts (sush as sociability, networks, power relations and democracy) both with the Games and the IOC. This study mixes different sources so as to reveal the process that was linked to Pierre de Coubertin's work in three complementary indicators. First, the success of this specific idea is due to the originator's personality and very life, whose network of acquaintances was decisive. Then Pierre de Coubertin federated international actors by relying on a group of men - those who were co-opted in the IOC - so as to create a group identity within the comittee. Indeed, the Committee possesses politicaln educational, sporting and social specificities that helped to spread the message within international geographic spaces. To finish, Pierre de Coubertin endeavored to promote his model by taking advantage from the modernity and the strength of the democratic spaces that were then launching into a "race to progress and to recognition". Our work uses these three logics to understand the birth of the olympic idea worldwide from 1892 to 1896, its development between 1897 and 1914 and eventually its en 1920 to make room for sports show.

Doctor of Education / Department of Special Education / Warren J. White / The current study, based solely on teacher-report, provides descriptive data regarding current transition-related instructional practices among Kansas special educators of secondary-aged youth with emotional and behavioral disorders. Students with E/BD are the least likely of all students with disabilities to gain and maintain positive post-school outcomes in the areas of employment, personal-social skills, and community and independent living. Students who demonstrate functional life skills and self-determination skills independent of instruction and directive generally report a higher quality of life than those who are unable. Transition-related instruction specifically addressing functional life skills and self-determination skills may assist these students in their quest for positive post-school outcomes. Research indicating what, if any, transition skills instruction these students receive is not available. Teachers (N = 165) reported a desire to provide transition skills instruction to youth with E/BD (N = 1,076) yet reported having very little transition training (fewer than eight clock hours) and providing very little instruction (less than two hours weekly). Teachers reported that many students with E/BD do not demonstrate life skills and self-determination skills independent of instruction or directive, yet fewer than 11% of the student population had, within their IEP, a goal addressing the specified transition skills. IDEA 2004 regulations mandate that teachers address the transition needs of students with disabilities within a statement of needed transition services, which is not happening with any regularity. The self-determination skills of demonstrating positive social interactions, making appropriate choices and decisions, and employing self-regulation, though often deficits of youth with E/BD, were among the skills mentioned least frequently within the goals of these students. Based on the Pearson r correlation-coefficient analysis no significant relationship was indicated between the number of years of experience of the teachers and the number of minutes of transition instruction teachers provided to this student population. Very few significant relationships existed between the level of independence students reportedly demonstrate each life skill and self-determination skill and a) the amount of transition training the teacher had received and, b) the amount of transition-related instruction teachers reportedly provide. The teacher’s focus has frequently shifted from transition to educational reform.

Originality is the most basic requirement for the copyrighting of a work and may be viewed as the mirror image of copyright infringement. In terms of section 2(3) of the Copyright Act, a work remains eligible for copyright even if the making thereof involved an infringement of copyright in some other work. However, a certain aspect or a feature of a work (relating to the “substantial part” requirement for copyright infringement; “substantial part” being understood from a hypertext rather than a linear point of view) cannot be infringing and original. In this thesis, the South African legal understanding of the originality concept is determined from case law. Specific attention is given to the meaning of “skill” and “labour”; the protection afforded to mere labour in South Africa and certain selected other jurisdictions; how the subjective nature of the originality test is affected by the “meritorious distinctiveness” requirement; and the degree of own skill and/or labour required for a work to be original and consequently protected. The present literary concept of originality is derived from literary discussions that appeared in newspapers and other publications in the wake of six “plagiarism scandals” which each caused a furore in Afrikaans literary circles. Even though the terminology used by littérateurs differs from that used in legal circles, originality essentially means the same for littérateurs and lawyers. Skill and/or labour as required by law is reflected in the literary “crucial distance” concept. The fact that a sufficient degree of skill and/or labour is required is reflected in the fact that the literary standard of a work is determined on the basis of how “tightly woven” a work is. Although a general protection of original ideas would negatively influence the free flow of information, measures for the protection of ideas are developing, particularly in the United States of America, where ideas (especially in the film industry) are a very valuable commodity. As Swarth proposes, applying the “novelty” and “concreteness” criteria in inverse ratio to each other could help to create an environment where idea purveyors and prospective buyers felt more free to negotiate and enter into agreements over original ideas. Postmodernism, a contemporary interpretative strategy that reaches into nearly every aspect of modern society, is discussed with specific reference to its interaction with originality. The influences of two phenomena of postmodernism on the originality concept, namely hypertext and Chaos theory, are investigated. Recommendations are made regarding measures aimed at the retention of talented authors and the original content of works in the wake of plagiarism scandals, while still holding the wrongdoer responsible for his actions. Certain suggestions are also made regarding the accessibility of courts and the supplementation of the few available precedents regarding originality in creative literary works. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Private Law / unrestricted