Cette thèse vise à analyser les contextes et interactions qui président à la construction de processus identitaires d’élèves de cours moyen dans une école rurale. Elle repose sur une observation participante, dans une démarche réflexive : que se passe-t-il dans l’école qui favorise l’émergence d’une identité ? Quelles modalités communicationnelles y participent ?Après avoir souligné l’importance de facteurs fortement contraignants tels que les institutions et les caractéristiques de l’interaction, l’auteur dégage quelques conduites qui ne cadrent pas avec ces facteurs. Ces conduites engendrent des jeux de rôle, de scène et de représentation des individus.Les individus endossent des rôles qui leur permettent d’interagir avec autrui. Ils revêtent des atours pour mieux accréditer leur rôle. Ils peuvent alors se trouver catégorisés, étiquetés, voire stigmatisés.Mais il ne suffit pas que les individus portent un masque pour paraître ; il faut que leur “présentation de soi” évolue en représentation, sur scène, face à un public. Les individus, devenus acteurs, livrent alors une véritable prestation dans les parenthèses spatio-temporelles et actantielles de la situation ou au cours d’une “carrière”.Les processus qui s’élaborent sont nombreux, car l’enjeu est de s’insérer dans le groupe, de trouver une place, sa place.L’expérience de chaque acteur se trouve ainsi dépendante des choix individuels comme des relations et représentations collectives.Pour conclure, l’auteur souligne la prégnance des structures comme la force des individus qui échappent à celles-ci. Et c’est précisément parce que les individus sont capables de mettre en oeuvre de telles stratégies qu’ils créent des processus identitaires à leur mesure et à celle du groupe qui les voit naître. / This thesis aims at analysing the contexts and interactions leading the construction of identity process of CM children in a rural school. The thesis rests on a participative observation in a reflexive approach : what happens in school that can favor the emergence of an identity ? Which communicationnal modalities are involved ?After having accentued the importance of very restrictive factors such as the institution and the characteristics of interaction, the author emits some behaviors that do not frame with.These behaviors generate games of role, of scene and of representation of persons. People assume roles which allow them to interact with others.They choose ways to accredit their role. Thenthey can be categorized, labelled or even stigmatized. However a mask isn’t enough to appear : the self representation must evolve in representation on scene, face to a public. The persons, becoming actors, deliver then a show in the spatiotemporal and acting frames of the situation or in a career.There are many process because the stake is to fit in the group, to find a place, its place.The experience of each actor becomes in fact dependent on individual choices and on collective relationships and representations.In conclusion, the author points the importance of structures and the strength of persons that escape them. It’s because people are able to enforce such strategies that they can create identity process.

The South African work environment is characterised by a highly differentiated labour force regarding culture, race, ethnicity, language, gender and school education. Since 1994 the focus has increasingly been on getting the labour corps to function at an equal level. As a result of the historic backlog with regard to training, social development and communication that prevails among the black labour corps, a breeding-ground for racial and/or ethnic conflict and stress can arise. Worldwide cultural differences within the same community are by no means an uncommon phenomenon. Die aim of this thesis was to establish what the nature and impact of values, attitudes, identity experiences and stress is among student groupings at the African School for Film and Dramatic Art (AFDA), as well as to determine the psychometric features of the distinctive measuring instruments. This study was undertaken after a decade of political transition in South Africa within a culturally diverse student population. A once-off cross-section population was used as sample (n = 247). The survey group consisted of two sub groups: black students (n = 80); white students (n = 160). Their terms of study at the AFDA ranged from one to four years. Values were measured by means of the Value Scale of Scholtz (1996). Attitudes were measured on the basis of Du Toit's Contact and Intercultural Perception Scale (1991). Group identity experience was evaluated by means of the Racial/Group Identity Scale of Helms (1993), and the Stress Scale of Van Gram (1981) was also applied. The statistical analyses were done by using the SAS-programme (SAS Institute, 2000). Cronbach alfa coefficients and inter-item correlations were used to determine the internal consistency of the measuring instruments. Exploratory factor analysis was used to establish the construct validity of the scales. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyse the data. Canonical correlation was utilised to analyse the relation between sets of variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied. Effect sizes rather than statistical inference were utilised to determine the significance of the findings. t-tests were also used. The results were presented in the form of four research articles. These results indicated that a diversity of values, attitudes, identity experiences and stress experiences are present among the two groupings of students. A discrepancy occurred more specifically regarding values as experienced by individuals (especially within group context) and regarding organisational values (Article 1). Within the white grouping, a value pattern came to the fore in which values such as honesty, dependability and respect were very important to the group. They also rated the values reasonableness and thankfulness high. A strong value pattern for the black grouping comes to the fore with values such as respect, honesty, dependability, thankfulness, politeness and hospitality. In both groupings uncertainty prevailed concerning the importance of value within the organisation such as mutual respect, honesty, religion and hospitality. These values will therefore predict how the individual in the group experiences his or her activities, relationship with others, nature and time. The bipolar attitude scale provides an account of how each grouping experiences its own as well as its external group (Article 2). In general, positive attitudes are present from the white grouping towards the black grouping (for instance kind-heartedness, goodness, pleasantness). However, cognitive growth is necessary in the white grouping concerning their perception of the dependability, wisdom, diligence and sense of responsibility of the black grouping. In the one field there seems to be an experience dimension in the white grouping with regard to attitudes, namely that the black grouping always turns up late. Within the black grouping, more negative-attitude tendencies occur towards the white grouping. Fields they find problematic are the dependability, fairness, honesty, helpfulness, sense of responsibility and peacemaking-attempts of the white grouping. The moderated attitudes of the white grouping toward themselves regarding being less ambitious and uncertain about their worth for the organisation, corresponds with how the black group experiences them. An assumption can be made that this attitude probably originates from the policy of affirmative action. Only three group identity phases manifested in the black grouping, while five group identity phases manifested in the white grouping (Article 3). The differences in the phases in the various groupings correspond with the impact of the South African political history on the identity moulding of the distinctive groupings. In the factor analysis, different factors from those in the theory of Helms (1993) were identified. In general, the white grouping is positive concerning their own identity - not shy of being white (90,63%) and feel at ease with other groupings (85%). These findings therefore indicate an established group identity that is developing positively. In the black grouping a positive to very positive tendency prevails that implies that they are experiencing positive identity-development growth. The uncertain vacuum of the black group identity has faded, and instead, internalisation and black self acceptance has crystallised. In both the groupings the impact that values, attitudes and identity experiences have on stress, was divided into the frequency of stress and the intensity of stress that the groups experience in different fields. Both groupings reported high stress frequencies on items such as frustration and anxiety, while the intensity of stress on dimensions such as anxiety substructure and boredom comes to the fore stronger in both groupings. The psychometric features of the measuring instruments were satisfactory. The construct validity of Helms' scale (1993) for the black grouping should be further investigated, seeing that the chronological development of identity moulding perhaps is embodied differently in South Africa with its unique history than elsewhere. Recommendations were made for future research. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The South African work environment is characterised by a highly differentiated labour force regarding culture, race, ethnicity, language, gender and school education. Since 1994 the focus has increasingly been on getting the labour corps to function at an equal level. As a result of the historic backlog with regard to training, social development and communication that prevails among the black labour corps, a breeding-ground for racial and/or ethnic conflict and stress can arise. Worldwide cultural differences within the same community are by no means an uncommon phenomenon. Die aim of this thesis was to establish what the nature and impact of values, attitudes, identity experiences and stress is among student groupings at the African School for Film and Dramatic Art (AFDA), as well as to determine the psychometric features of the distinctive measuring instruments. This study was undertaken after a decade of political transition in South Africa within a culturally diverse student population. A once-off cross-section population was used as sample (n = 247). The survey group consisted of two sub groups: black students (n = 80); white students (n = 160). Their terms of study at the AFDA ranged from one to four years. Values were measured by means of the Value Scale of Scholtz (1996). Attitudes were measured on the basis of Du Toit's Contact and Intercultural Perception Scale (1991). Group identity experience was evaluated by means of the Racial/Group Identity Scale of Helms (1993), and the Stress Scale of Van Gram (1981) was also applied. The statistical analyses were done by using the SAS-programme (SAS Institute, 2000). Cronbach alfa coefficients and inter-item correlations were used to determine the internal consistency of the measuring instruments. Exploratory factor analysis was used to establish the construct validity of the scales. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyse the data. Canonical correlation was utilised to analyse the relation between sets of variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied. Effect sizes rather than statistical inference were utilised to determine the significance of the findings. t-tests were also used. The results were presented in the form of four research articles. These results indicated that a diversity of values, attitudes, identity experiences and stress experiences are present among the two groupings of students. A discrepancy occurred more specifically regarding values as experienced by individuals (especially within group context) and regarding organisational values (Article 1). Within the white grouping, a value pattern came to the fore in which values such as honesty, dependability and respect were very important to the group. They also rated the values reasonableness and thankfulness high. A strong value pattern for the black grouping comes to the fore with values such as respect, honesty, dependability, thankfulness, politeness and hospitality. In both groupings uncertainty prevailed concerning the importance of value within the organisation such as mutual respect, honesty, religion and hospitality. These values will therefore predict how the individual in the group experiences his or her activities, relationship with others, nature and time. The bipolar attitude scale provides an account of how each grouping experiences its own as well as its external group (Article 2). In general, positive attitudes are present from the white grouping towards the black grouping (for instance kind-heartedness, goodness, pleasantness). However, cognitive growth is necessary in the white grouping concerning their perception of the dependability, wisdom, diligence and sense of responsibility of the black grouping. In the one field there seems to be an experience dimension in the white grouping with regard to attitudes, namely that the black grouping always turns up late. Within the black grouping, more negative-attitude tendencies occur towards the white grouping. Fields they find problematic are the dependability, fairness, honesty, helpfulness, sense of responsibility and peacemaking-attempts of the white grouping. The moderated attitudes of the white grouping toward themselves regarding being less ambitious and uncertain about their worth for the organisation, corresponds with how the black group experiences them. An assumption can be made that this attitude probably originates from the policy of affirmative action. Only three group identity phases manifested in the black grouping, while five group identity phases manifested in the white grouping (Article 3). The differences in the phases in the various groupings correspond with the impact of the South African political history on the identity moulding of the distinctive groupings. In the factor analysis, different factors from those in the theory of Helms (1993) were identified. In general, the white grouping is positive concerning their own identity - not shy of being white (90,63%) and feel at ease with other groupings (85%). These findings therefore indicate an established group identity that is developing positively. In the black grouping a positive to very positive tendency prevails that implies that they are experiencing positive identity-development growth. The uncertain vacuum of the black group identity has faded, and instead, internalisation and black self acceptance has crystallised. In both the groupings the impact that values, attitudes and identity experiences have on stress, was divided into the frequency of stress and the intensity of stress that the groups experience in different fields. Both groupings reported high stress frequencies on items such as frustration and anxiety, while the intensity of stress on dimensions such as anxiety substructure and boredom comes to the fore stronger in both groupings. The psychometric features of the measuring instruments were satisfactory. The construct validity of Helms' scale (1993) for the black grouping should be further investigated, seeing that the chronological development of identity moulding perhaps is embodied differently in South Africa with its unique history than elsewhere. Recommendations were made for future research. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The purpose of my research is to examine how copreneurial couples make sense of their lived experience of working in a copreneurial business and shape their mutual identity. The research context is copreneurs operating micro-businesses in the Greek leisure and tourism industry. Given the size of the tourism industry worldwide and the fact that many businesses within this sector are family-owned, this is an important area of inquiry. The aim is twofold: 1. To build theory in the field of entrepreneurship by focusing specifically on the undertheorized topic of how copreneurs understand and shape their identity and responsibilities within copreneurial businesses 2. To bring an under-utilized methodology to entrepreneurship studies, that of interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA), as a means of enhancing the understanding of the lived experience of copreneurs. Drawing on phenomenological philosophy, IPA foregrounds the meanings research participants give to their experience and therefore offers rich interpretations from copreneurial couples While taking an idiographic approach, which focuses on the first-person experience of copreneurs in a particular context, the findings will resonate with other copreneurs. The contribution of this research therefore lies in advancing our understanding of copreneurship and familial entrepreneurship by elucidating the interrelationship between personal and business partnerships. The study makes visible the often invisible recursive links between paid work and family life for men and women

Au cours de son existence, le consommateur, est amené à vivre des incidents qui génèrent des tensions identitaires. Il est engagé dans un processus de construction identitaire. Cette recherche montre que le point de vente accompagne le consommateur dans son projet identitaire. Il agit comme une ressource qui permet de gérer des dynamiques et tensions identitaires. Parmi ces tensions, nous identifions le rapport au corps, les distorsions avec le soi (avec ses composantes de l’image de soi et l’estime de soi) et les négociations en matière d’identité ethnique. Selon une approche psychologique, cette recherche montre que le magasin devient une ressource de (re)construction identitaire aux bienfaits thérapeutiques. Le consommateur, à travers ce qu’il vit dans le magasin, affronte ses fragilités et prend conscience de son état. L’intervention du magasin dans la gestion des dynamiques et tensions identitaires devient alors une expérience identitaire. Cette recherche montre que lorsque la visite au point de vente devient une démarche identitaire, elle s’apparente alors à une expérience offrant des ressources. L’approche phénoménologique que nous adoptons permet de mettre en évidence le processus d’engagement du consommateur dans l’expérience identitaire. Elle renseigne alors sur son contenu et ses caractéristiques, et éclaire sur le concept d’expérience de magasinage. / It happens that the consumer has to deal with life issues related to identity matters. He is engaged in a process of identity construction. This research shows that the store supports the consumer in his identity project. It acts as a resource allowing him to deal with all the idenity conflicts, like body issues, distortions with the self, self esteem issues and ethnic identity issues. According to a psychological approach, this research shows that the store becomes aresource for (re)constructing the self and provides the consumer with therapeutic benefits. Through what he lives in the store, the consumer will be confronting its weaknesses and become aware of his self. The way the store helps the consumer with these conflictual identity issues makes him experiencing his self.In this research, we use a phenomenological approach that helps to highlight the consumer engagement in the process of his identity experience. Then, it offers a better understanding of the shopping experience concept.