Thesis advisor: Thomas O'Hare / Depression in adolescence is associated with a number of negative consequences, including low school achievement, substance abuse, increased risk of later major depression, and suicide. Adolescent children of immigrants are arguably at greater risk of depression than their native counterparts, due to greater likelihood of migration-related stress, a minority racial/ethnic background, lower socioeconomic status, and lower proficiency in the host society language. Informed by theories of assimilation and social network theory, this study examines the contribution of assimilation, sociodemographic factors, and social supports to depressive symptoms in immigrant and native United States adolescents. Nationally representative data on United States adolescents from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 4,263) are analyzed. Results demonstrate immigrant adolescents report significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and more risk factors for depression than their native peers. However, hierarchical regression analysis shows generational status ceases to be a significant correlate of depressive symptoms when age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and home language are controlled. Mediation analysis shows unique relationships between control variables, social supports, and depressive symptoms. Findings are in accordance with social network theory, but challenge assimilation theories premised on the assumption that immigrants face unique migration related challenges that are overcome through generations. Findings support adolescent children of immigrants and native children share common non-migratory related risk factors of depressive symptoms, and adolescent children of immigrants are at greater likelihood of experiencing these risk factors. Practice and policy implications are discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

A prática do Turnen teve suas origens na Alemanha, em 1810. O principal nome relacionado à sua criação é Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph Jahn. Desde finais da década de 1840 ondas imigratórias chegavam ao Brasil para incrementar a economia. Imigrantes alemães deixaram a crise econômica européia para tentar uma vida melhor no Novo Mundo. Outros vieram devido à liberdade religiosa. A cidade de São Paulo, nos finais do século XIX, tornou-se a cidade mais cosmopolita da América Latina. Dentre as mais diversas nacionalidades e contribuições culturais, nosso estudo escolheu as contribuições dos imigrantes alemães para a história do esporte brasileiro, com especial atenção à Ginástica. Este estudo apresenta uma análise interpretativa histórica baseada na exploração de fontes secundárias. Trata-se de uma dissertação de narrativa histórica sobre a prática do Turnen na cidade de São Paulo e suas contribuições ao desenvolvimento esportivo no começo do século XX / Turnen has its origins in Germany in 1810. The main name related to its creation is Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph Jahn. Since late 1840 waves of immigrants had been arriving to Brazil to improve economical basis. Many of German immigrants left the European economical crisis to pursue new life at the new world. Some came because the religious freedom assured by Brazilian Constitution. The city of São Paulo during late 19th century became the most cosmopolitan center in Latin America. Among the most diverse nationalities and cultural contributions, our study presents the contribution of the German immigrant to the History of Brazilian Sport, with special focus on Gymnastics. This study had the purpose to introduce an Interpretative analysis based on secondary sources. It is a historical narrative on the Turnen Practice within the city of São Paulo and its contributions to the sportive development in the beginning of the 20th Century

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the literature on the educational outcomes and protective factors (i.e., support systems) in the lives of Latino immigrant youth, with a special emphasis on how these experiences relate to and are impacted by their migration experiences. Using the cultural-ecological theoretical framework and the Stages of Migration framework, this study utilized an existing data set to explore the relationships between migration stress, psychological distress, experiences of discrimination, and awareness of discrimination in relation to educational outcomes in a sample of 281 Latino immigrant youth. These relationships were then examined to see if they differed as a function of perceived support, gender, and school type (i.e., middle school versus high school). Structural equation modeling was utilized to test the hypothesized model that included migration stress, psychological distress, and education outcomes. The structural model showed very good fit. Results suggest that migration stress has a significant direct effect on psychological distress and on educational outcomes among Latino immigrant youth. Participants reporting high migration stress reported greater psychological distress and had poorer educational outcomes with respect to academic grades, educational aspirations, and educational expectations. Moderation testing indicated the structural model did not vary as a function of perceived support, gender, or school. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

"Family unity" is often upheld as the principle of U.S. immigration policy, central to the making and self-understanding of the U.S. as a "nation of immigrants." However, family-based immigration system was only born of struggles of immigrant families against the regime of restriction. As the era of open immigration ended in the U.S. in 1921, there emerged a fundamental tension between claims of immigrant families and the regime of immigration restriction. Much of what current immigration law recognizes as family, or how it matters, originated in the post-1921 era, born out of struggles by immigrant families. This dissertation examines the period between 1921 and 1978 from two perspectives. One is as an era of the three-tiered regulatory system created in the 1920s that lasted until the 1960s to the 1970s: 1) quotas restriction applied to European immigrants 2) exclusion of Asian immigrants, and 3) administrative regulation of immigration from Mexico without a firm ceiling. Another is as the formative years of contemporary immigration control that lasts today. The three-tiered system marked by explicit ethno-racial hierarchization closed first in 1965 by abolition of the quotas system in the Eastern Hemisphere, and finally in 1978 when Congress placed all countries including the Western Hemisphere under a worldwide ceiling. But the end of the quotas era was not a return to an era of open immigration, but an onset of alternative form of immigration restriction and regulation. With particular attention to linkage between ideas about family and ethno-racial composition of the U.S., the dissertation will discuss how claims of family, selective admission and restriction of family immigration, created, reinforced, and unmade the three-tiered immigration restriction regime. To date there has been no comprehensive historical study of the concept of the "family" in immigration law -- how it is defined, who is eligible as a family member and who is not, under what conditions families may be united or separated, and how family-based policies varied according to ethno-racial origin. This lack has resulted in a static and naturalized view of the family rather than a dynamic and contested concept in immigration law and policy. This dissertation explains the changes in definitions of family in immigration, deportation, and nationality law during the quotas era, shows how they are the product of challenges raised by immigrant families, and how they were inherited to the era of formally neutral and at the same time global immigration restriction.

Introdução - O Brasil tem sido um dos países latino-americanos que, apesar dos grandes contrastes socioeconômicos, tem mantido uma estabilidade política e social favorecendo seu desenvolvimento econômico e, dessa maneira, tem atraído a atenção de pessoas e famílias de países vizinhos que vêem no país um futuro promissor. Nas últimas décadas tem ocorrido um grande aumento no número de pessoas que vêem para o Brasil em busca de mais oportunidades de trabalho e melhores condições de vida. Conhecer o perfil epidemiológico desta população é de fundamental importância a fim de proporcionar políticas públicas adequadas para esta demanda crescente. Objetivo - O presente estudo teve a finalidade de conhecer o perfil epidemiológico das condições de saúde bucal da população de crianças imigrantes latino-americanas e comparar com crianças brasileiras na mesma idade de 5 (cinco) anos matriculadas nas escolas públicas do município de São Paulo. Métodos - A amostra foi do tipo conglomerado em duas etapas: na primeira etapa foram sorteadas 35 pré-escolas municipais (EMEI) estratificadas por regiões da cidade e em uma segunda etapa foram sorteadas 230 crianças imigrantes latino-americanas e 230 crianças brasileiras, totalizando uma amostra de 460 crianças. Foi realizado exame bucal para avaliar as condições de saúde bucal, de acordo com metodologia recomendada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (1997), e um inquérito estruturado dirigido aos responsáveis foi utilizado para avaliar o acesso aos serviços odontológicos, condições sócio-econômicas, percepção e atitude dos pais em relação à saúde bucal de seus filhos. Resultados Foram examinadas 217 crianças imigrantes latinas, sendo que 89,8% eram bolivianas, 5,1% eram peruanas e 5,1% eram paraguaias. Foram examinadas 215 crianças brasileiras. No grupo de crianças imigrantes 12,9% apresentavam-se livres de cárie, enquanto no grupo de crianças brasileiras 49,8% apresentavam-se livres de cárie. O grupo de crianças imigrantes latinas apresentou ceo-d = 6,18 e índice SiC = 10,69 enquanto que no grupo de crianças brasileiras o índice ceo-d foi de 2,21 e o índice SiC foi de 5,69. O fenômeno de polarização ficou mais evidente no grupo de crianças brasileiras no qual 34% das crianças concentraram 87% da doença cárie dentária. Conclusões Através dos resultados encontrados neste estudo, conclui-se que as crianças imigrantes latino-americanas apresentam piores condições de saúde bucal, quando comparadas com as crianças brasileiras. O grupo de crianças imigrantes apresenta piores condições socioeconômicas e demográficas. Está ocorrendo o fenômeno de polarização da doença cárie no grupo de crianças brasileiras. / Introduction - Brazil is one of the Latin American countries that have maintained political and social stability despite great socioeconomic contrasts. This fact has promoted economic development, and therefore attracted the attention of people and families from neighbouring countries who believe the country has a promising future. In recent decades there has been a large increase in the number of people who come to Brazil in search of more job opportunities and better living conditions. It is essential to understand the epidemiological profile of this population in order to provide adequate public policies for this growing demand. Objective - The objective of this study was to establish the epidemiological profile of the oral health status of a population of Latin America immigrants and compare with Brazilian children the same age of (five) years old who are enrolled in public schools in São Paulo. Methods The study used a two stage conglomerate sample. In the first stage, 35 municipal preschools (EMEI) spread throughout the city were randomly selected. In the second stage, 230 Latin American immigrants and 230 Brazilian children were randomly selected, with a total sample of 460 children. An oral examination was carried out to assess their oral health status, according to methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (1997). The childrens guardians were given a structured questionnaire in order to assess their access to dental care, socioeconomic conditions, the perceptions and the attitude of parents about their children\'s oral health. Results The study examined 217 Latin American immigrants, 89.8% of whom were Bolivian, 5.1% Peruvian and 5.1% from Paraguay. There were 215 Brazilian children. In the group of immigrant children, 12.9% were caries-free, while in the group of Brazilian children, 49.8% were caries-free. The group of Latin American children had a dmft score of 6.18 and an SiC index of 10.69 while in the group of Brazilian children, the dmft index was 2.21 and the SiC index was 5.69. The phenomenon of polarization was more evident in the Brazilian group in which 87% of the caries were concentrated in 34% of the children. Conclusions It can be concluded that Latin American immigrant children have a worse oral health status when compared with children from Brazil. The group of immigrant children has low socioeconomic status and demographic. It is occurring the phenomenon of polarization of caries is the Brazilian children.

This dissertation study investigated how immigrant youth attending two different high schools for late-arrival immigrants in New York City constructed civic belonging by attending to their everyday enactments of citizenship across the contexts of school, neighborhood and home. Civic belonging refers to the embodied social practices by which immigrant youth cultivate social trust and construct an emotional connection to particular communities and places. In conducting this research, I utilized a critical visual research methodology, as well as interviews and focus groups. Data was collected from 10 immigrant youth from Guinea, the Gambia, Senegal, Yemen, Bangladesh and the Dominican Republic. My findings were that participants constructed civic belonging in school by creating social trust that bridged cultural, religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences. In their neighborhoods, their civic belonging was restricted by a politics of belonging that created distrust and misrecognition of their cultural and religious identities. Finally, my participants constructed civic belonging in relation to their understandings of home. Family relationships mediated their civic belonging by reinforcing home country ties. This study has implications for how public schools can better educate immigrant youth as citizens who build solidarity with diverse others and work towards a common good. This is critical in today’s world that is more connected through the movement of people, and yet, where many nation-states seek to limit the rights of immigrants to belong within their borders.

A prática do Turnen teve suas origens na Alemanha, em 1810. O principal nome relacionado à sua criação é Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph Jahn. Desde finais da década de 1840 ondas imigratórias chegavam ao Brasil para incrementar a economia. Imigrantes alemães deixaram a crise econômica européia para tentar uma vida melhor no Novo Mundo. Outros vieram devido à liberdade religiosa. A cidade de São Paulo, nos finais do século XIX, tornou-se a cidade mais cosmopolita da América Latina. Dentre as mais diversas nacionalidades e contribuições culturais, nosso estudo escolheu as contribuições dos imigrantes alemães para a história do esporte brasileiro, com especial atenção à Ginástica. Este estudo apresenta uma análise interpretativa histórica baseada na exploração de fontes secundárias. Trata-se de uma dissertação de narrativa histórica sobre a prática do Turnen na cidade de São Paulo e suas contribuições ao desenvolvimento esportivo no começo do século XX / Turnen has its origins in Germany in 1810. The main name related to its creation is Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph Jahn. Since late 1840 waves of immigrants had been arriving to Brazil to improve economical basis. Many of German immigrants left the European economical crisis to pursue new life at the new world. Some came because the religious freedom assured by Brazilian Constitution. The city of São Paulo during late 19th century became the most cosmopolitan center in Latin America. Among the most diverse nationalities and cultural contributions, our study presents the contribution of the German immigrant to the History of Brazilian Sport, with special focus on Gymnastics. This study had the purpose to introduce an Interpretative analysis based on secondary sources. It is a historical narrative on the Turnen Practice within the city of São Paulo and its contributions to the sportive development in the beginning of the 20th Century

Purpose: Food insecurity is an important social determinant of health and is linked with higher health care costs. There is a high prevalence of food insecurity among recent immigrant households in Canada. The aim of the present project was to evaluate the prevalence of food insecurity in immigrant and non-immigrant households in Ottawa, to explore determinants of food insecurity in that population and to evaluate the link between food insecurity, diet quality and weight status. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 258 Ottawa households having a child between 6 and 12 years old, with a mother born in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean or Canada. Health Canada’s Household Food Security Survey Module was used to evaluate participants’ food access in the past 12 months. Children’s dietary intake was evaluated with the use of a 24-hour recall and a modified Healthy Eating Index diet quality score was calculated. Chi-square and logistic and linear regression analyses were used to determine correlates of food insecurity and its link with diet quality and weight status (n=249). Results: A high rate of food insecurity (39%) was found among participants. Household food insecurity was associated with low education attainment, lone motherhood, mother’s visible minority status, recent arrival to Canada, limited English fluency, reliance on social assistance, and subsidized/temporary/COOP housing. Food insecurity was associated with consumption of sweetened beverages, lower consumption of saturated fat among children, and with obesity among mothers. Conclusion: These findings suggest that food insecurity is associated with certain indicators of poor diet quality among children and with obesity among mothers. The findings also highlight the need for food insecurity to be explicitly addressed in immigrant integration strategies in order to improve the financial power of new immigrants to purchase sufficient, nutritious, and culturally acceptable foods. Enhancing immigrants’ access to affordable child care and well-paid jobs, improving social assistance programs, and providing more subsidized housing programs would be beneficial to help reduce food insecurity and increase diet quality.

Obesity has reached epidemic levels in the United States (U.S.). Despite an increasing number of studies on obesity, a very few have addressed this debilitating condition among Asian American adults. The overall objective of this study is to utilize the latest cycles of the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to better understand obesity and identify its correlates among Asian Americans. The study population comprised Asian American adults aged 18 years or older from the CHIS with data pooled from the 2013 and 2014 survey years. Obesity (≥27.5 kg/m2) was defined using the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian body mass index (BMI) cut points. This study examined differences in obesity prevalence across ethnically diverse groups, the association between geography and obesity, and investigated the influence of immigrant generation on obesity. Descriptive analyses were used to examine the prevalence of obesity. Weighted multiple logistic regression analyses were used for the analyses. The prevalence of obesity was 23.3% among Asian Americans. Compared to Whites, being Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese were associated with lower prevalence of obesity (Odd Ratio (OR) = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.18-0.45; OR=0.14, 95% CI=0.04-0.46; OR=0.28, 95% CI=0.14-0.58, respectively). Compared to Chinese, being Japanese and Filipino were associated with higher obesity prevalence (OR=2.75, 95% CI=1.52-4.95; OR=2.90, 95% CI=1.87-4.49). Living in rural areas was associated with lower prevalence of obesity in 2014 (OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.29-0.97). Being male was associated with higher prevalence of obesity overall, in 2013, and in 2014, respectively. In California, 1st generation of Asians had lower odds of being obese compared to Whites (OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.26-0.45). Among Asian adults, 2nd generation (OR=1.69, 95% CI=1.10-2.60) and 3rd generation (OR=2.33, 95% CI=1.29-4.22) were associated with higher odds of being obese compared to 1st generation. Disparities in ethnicity/race, geography, and immigrant generations were observed in Asian Americans in California in 2013-2014. Our findings can help resolve controversies surrounding the obesity etiology, especially as applied to health disparities in Asian Americans, and help guide future obesity and health disparity elimination intervention efforts.

This phenomenological study explored the perceptions and lived experiences of female West Indian immigrant students as they academically and socially acculturated while attending Florida Atlantic University (FAU). Snowball techniques were employed to select 11 female immigrant West Indian undergraduate and graduate students living in southeastern Florida and attending FAU. Data were gathered from two in-depth one-on one interviews with each participant. Stories emerged that highlight the immigrant experiences of these female West Indian students. Such narratives have been lacking in the higher education literature about how this population of women persists in colleges and universities in the United States (U.S.). Six findings emerged that constituted the acculturation and adjustment experiences of these women: 1) family influence, 2) financial difficulties, 3) emotional and physical challenges, 4) institutional support, 5) women’s empowerment, and 6) host society adaptation. In conclusion, female West Indian immigrant students are a valuable asset and provide a tremendous benefit to higher education institutions in the U.S. in terms of cultural and academic contributions that they offer. More attention needs to be paid towards better preparing university staff, administrators, and faculty. This can lead to increased retention and graduation rates. The study gives voice to these women whose lived experiences in higher education have been so seldom addressed. Analysis of their experiences suggests a plan of action that includes: family engagement programming, on-campus financial support, student health services outreach, healthier dining options, mentorship programs, immigrant student support services department, online community support, faculty, cultural awareness, and immigrant student programming. Recommendations for future research are also discussed. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection