INTRODUÇÃO: A neuromielite óptica (NMO) recorrente não foi completamente estudada em pacientes brasileiros após a descoberta do autoanticorpo sérico NMO-IgG e seu antígeno específico aquaporina-4. Neste trabalho, descrevemos os aspectos clínicos, imunológicos e de ressonância magnética (RM) de pacientes portadores de NMO recorrente. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados retrospectivamente vinte e oito pacientes portadores de NMO recorrente regularmente acompanhados no Ambulatório de Doenças Desmielinizantes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e que preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos originalmente propostos em 1999. Foram analisados os dados relativos ao resultado da pesquisa sérica do NMO-IgG, características clínicas e de RM. RESULTADOS: Três homens e 25 mulheres foram estudados. A mediana de idade de instalação da doença foi 26 anos (intervalo: 755); a mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de sete anos (intervalo: 214). O tempo médio decorrido entre o primeiro e o segundo episódios clínicos foi de 17 meses (mediana: 8,5; intervalo 288). A mediana da Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade (EDSS) na última avaliação foi de 5,5 (intervalo de 2 a 10). Não houve diferença estatística entre o resultado do NMO-IgG e o grau de incapacidade medido pela EDSS (p = 0,03; teste de Mann-Whitney). O autoanticorpo NMO-IgG foi detectado em 18 pacientes (64,3%). A desordem associada mais comumente encontrada foi a disfunção da tireóide (quatro casos de hipotireoidismo e um caso de hipertireoidismo subclínico). A alteração laboratorial mais encontrada foi a presença do fator antinúcleo (FAN) em 13 pacientes (46,4%). Dois pacientes apresentaram positividade concomitante para o FAN e para o SSA/SSB (um paciente com positividade para o FAN e SSA e outro paciente para o FAN e o SSB. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a prevalência dos autoanticorpos FAN, SSA e SSB entre os pacientes NMO-IgG positivos e NMO-IgG negativos (p = 0,52; teste exato de Fisher). Quatro pacientes faleceram por insuficiência respiratória secundária a mielite cervical (3 casos) ou a tromboembolismo pulmonar (1 caso). Em relação aos achados de RM, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou mielite cervical (36%) e cérvico-torácica (46,4%) na análise longitudinal. O padrão mais comum de acometimento no plano axial foi holoespinhal (50%). Não houve associação estatística entre a extensão longitudinal da mielite e o resultado do autoanticorpo NMO-IgG. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta série de pacientes brasileiros portadores de NMO recorrente foi encontrada uma idade mais precoce de instalação da doença do que aquela previamente relatada na literatura. Em contraste com séries internacionais, não houve correlação entre maior extensão longitudinal da mielite e positividade aumentada do anticorpo NMO-IgG / INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis optica has not been thoroughly studied in Brazilian patients following the discovery of NMO-IgG and its specific antigen aquaporin-4. In this study we aimed to describe the clinical NMO-IgG immunological status and neuroimaging characteristics of recurrent neuromyelitis optica in a series of Brazilian patients. SUBJECTS and METHODS: We undertook a retrospective study of 28 patients with recurrent neuromyelitis optica, according to 1999 Wingerchuks diagnostic criteria followed at the Center for Myelin Disorders of the Neurologic Clinic of São Paulo University School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. Data on NMO-IgG status, clinical features, and MRI findings were analyzed. RESULTS: Three men and 25 women were evaluated .Median age at onset of disease was 26 years (range 755); median time of follow-up was 7 years (range 214). The mean time elapsed between the first and the second attack was 17 months (median 8.5; range 288). Median Kurtzkes Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score on last visit was 5.5 (range 210).There was no statistical difference between positive and negative NMO-IgG groups regarding EDSS score (p = 0.03, Mann-Whitney U test). NMO-IgG was detected in 18 patients (64.3%). The most common associated abnormality was thyroid dysfunction. Hypothyroidism was found in four patients: isolated in two patients and associated with hyperprolactinemia and diabetes mellitus type 1 in two other patients. In one patient subclinical hyperthyroidism was detected. Autoantibodies were detected in 13 patients: anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), with titers ranging from 1/40 to 1/320, in all of them; one patient had both ANA and SSA and another had both ANA and SSB. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of ANA and SSA/SSB antibodies between patients NMO-IgG positive and NMO-IgG negative (p = 0.52, Fishers exact test). Four patients died due to respiratory failure: three of them because of cervical myelitis and one of them because of pulmonary thromboembolism. Most patients presented with cervical (36%) and cervical-thoracic myelitis (46.4%). Holocord lesion was the most common pattern of involvement (50%) on the axial plane. We did not find a statistical association between myelitis extension and NMO-IgG result. CONCLUSIONS: Our series of Brazilian patients showed a younger age of onset than previously reported. In our series, in contrast to previous reports, there was no correlation between the extension of myelitis and NMO-IgG positivity

This thesis is focused on synthesis of quantum dots (QDs) for protein detection. It comprises three parts. The first part summaries the theory of QDs, their synthesis, functionalization, interactions and applications in medicine. In the second part synthesis of CdTe/ZnS core/shell QDs modified by glutathione (GSH) is described, followed by the conjugation with biomolecules BSA and IgG. Several coupling agents such as EDC with NHS and CDI were used. In the last part, the final products were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. The results show the dependence of the fluorescence intensity of the QDs on pH range, concentration of BSA and IgG concentrations using different crosslinkers.

Long-term antiviral antibody responses provide protection from re-infection and recurrence of persistent viruses. Using a polyomavirus (PyV) mouse model, our lab has shown that MyD88-deficient mice generate low levels of virus-specific IgG after the acute phase of infection and that these IgG responses have a skewed isotype distribution with low levels of IgG2a/c. Moreover MyD88-deficient mice have reduced numbers of long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow. These studies suggest an important role of MyD88-mediated signaling in long-term antiviral responses. Our lab has shown that T cell-deficient mice can also maintain long-term virus-specific IgG responses following PyV infection. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the role of innate signaling pathways in maintaining serological memory to persistent virus infection and to elaborate on how long-term antiviral responses can be maintained in an immunocompetent or partially immune compromised, T cell-deficient host. Regarding T cell-dependent B cell responses, I set out to investigate the upstream and downstream components of the MyD88-mediated pathways required for normal antibody isotype and long-term humoral responses. IgG2a is a predominant immunoglobulin isotype in most virus infections. Wild type mice, in response to PyV infection, primarily induce antiviral IgG2a with some IgG1. MyD88-deficient mice in response to PyV infection display attenuated levels of virus-specific IgG2a, but normal levels of IgG1. Using Unc93B1 mutant mice (3d mice), which are defective in TLRs 3, 7 and 9 signaling, I show that 3d mice also generated low levels of virus-specific IgG2a following PyV infection. Studies in individual TLR3-/-, TLR7-/- or TLR9-/- mice displayed PyV-specific IgG2a responses similar to wild type responses. TLR7 and TLR9 double deficient mice generated similar skewed antibody isotype responses, where virus-specific IgG2a was reduced compared to wild type mice. This shows that TLR7 and TLR9-MyD88 mediated pathways are important in regulating IgG2a responses during a PyV infection. To investigate what components downstream of MyD88 are involved in mediating IgG2a responses, I worked with IRF5-deficient mice. IRF5 is a transcription factor that is activated upon stimulation of TLR7 or TLR9-MyD88-mediated pathways. Moreover, IRF5-deficient mice cannot generate autoantibodies specifically of the IgG2a isotype in a mouse lupus model, suggesting that IRF5 plays an important function in mediating class switching to IgG2a. In vitro studies where IRF5-/- B cells were stimulated with TLR7 or TLR9 ligands also generated low levels of γ2a germ-line transcripts, suggesting a B cell-intrinsic role for IRF5 in regulating γ2a germ-line transcription. PyV infection of IRF5-deficient mice resulted in similar skewed isotypes as observed in MyD88-deficient and 3d mice. To investigate a B cell-intrinsic role for IRF5 in regulating IgG2a responses in vivo upon PyV infection, I transferred IRF5-/- B cells and WT T cells into RAG KO mice prior to infection and compared the responses of these mice with mice reconstituted with wild type B6 B and T cells. Diminished numbers of IgG2a+ B cells and reduced levels of virus-specific IgG in mice reconstituted with IRF5-/- B cells were seen compared to mice reconstituted with wild type B cells. Regarding the defect in long-term IgG production in MyD88-/- mice upon PyV infection, I conducted studies in IRF5-/-, 3d, single TLR3-/-, TLR7-/-, TLR9-/- and TLR7/9 double deficient mice. These studies reveal an important and redundant role for TLR7- and TLR9-MyD88 signaling in maintaining long-term anti-PyV IgG responses. To determine how MyD88 signaling affects the generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells, I investigated germinal center (GC) responses in MyD88-deficient mice. A defect in GC B cell numbers is observed in MyD88-deficient mice after the acute phase of infection. The GC reaction is essential for the generation and maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are absolutely required to generate normal GC. l found reduced numbers of TFH cells in MyD88-deficient mice. Lower numbers of T FH cells suggests that poor T cell help may contribute to the diminished number of GC B cells. However, interaction with B cells is required for the formation of fully differentiated TFH cells. Along with B cell function, MyD88 signaling can affect T cell and dendritic cell function as well. Thus, it is not clear at this point whether the requirement for intact MyD88 signaling for the formation and maintenance of long-term B cell populations is completely B cell-intrinsic. Some viruses can induce T cell-independent B cell responses, perhaps due to their complex arrays of repetitive antigenic epitopes on virions, coupled with the induction of innate cytokines. Nevertheless, T cell help is usually necessary for generating long-term antibody responses in the form of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. In contrast, our lab has found that T cell-deficient mice infected with PyV develop long-lasting, protective antiviral IgG responses. I questioned whether these mice could generate TI B cell memory cells or long-lived plasma cells. I show that long-lasting anti-PyV antibody in T cell-deficient mice was not due to the presence of long-lived plasma cells or memory B cell responses. TCRβδ deficient mice, which lack both CD4 and CD8 T cells, had ~10 a times higher virus load persisting in various organs. Therefore, I hypothesized that the high level of persistent PyV antigen, in completely T cell-deficient mice, may activate naïve B cell populations continuously, thereby maintaining the long-lasting IgG responses. Prior to PyV infection, T cell-deficient mice received wild type CD8 T cells, which reduced PyV loads, and this was associated with decreased levels of antiviral serum IgG over time. As in TCRβδ deficient mice, high PyV loads were detected in the bone marrow, which is the site for B cell lymphopoiesis, I questioned how B cells develop in the presence of PyV antigen and still stay responsive to PyV, generating long-term antiviral IgG responses in the periphery. Studies have shown that self-antigens that trigger both B cell receptor signaling and TLR-MyD88 signaling pathways in the bone marrow lead to the breaking of B cell tolerance and production of autoantibody in the periphery. Thus, we hypothesized that high PyV levels in the bone marrow signal through both B cell-receptors and TLRs, allowing continuous antiviral antibody production by B cells. Using mice that are deficient in T cells and MyD88 signaling, I found that PyV-specific TI IgG levels gradually decreased, supporting this hypothesis. Thus, high PyV loads and innate signaling together can break B cell tolerance. During a persistent virus infection this can result in sustaining long-term protective T cell-independent IgG responses.

No description available.

No description available.

Ce travail porte sur différentes méthodes de détection de protéines par des anticorps (Acs) marqués par des boîtes quantiques (QD, « quantum dots »). La première partie de la thèse porte sur le développement et l'optimisation de méthodes de conjugaison d'Acs polyclonaux à des QDs. Une étude de 2007 avait démontré que les conjugués anticorps-quantum dots (Acs-QDs) commerciaux ne présentent que de très rares anticorps fonctionnels à leur surface [Pathak et al., 2007]. Nous avons donc : (i) développé des conditions de réduction ménagée des ponts disulfures des Acs en utilisant soit du dithiothreitol, soit du 2-mercapotethanolamine, (ii) purifié les fragments d'Acs fonctionnels grâce à une colonne d'affinité, (iii) conjugué ces fragments fonctionnels d'Acs aux QDs en utilisant l'agent de liaison amine-thiol SMCC et (iv) développé une méthode de purification des conjugués sur gel d'agarose afin d'éliminer les fragments d'Acs non conjugués et les QDs libres. Des tests en cytométrie en flux ont permis de déterminer l'efficacité des conjugués pour détecter l'expression de la molécule CD4 à la surface de lymphocytes T humains. Un marquage de CD4 réalisé avec des conjugués préparés selon notre méthode s'avère être cinq fois plus sensible qu'en utilisant des conjugués réalisés selon les recommandations commerciales. Une autre méthode de préparation des Acs pour la conjugaison aux QDs a été testée : l'ajout de groupements fonctionnels sulfhydriles sur des amines primaires grâce au N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA). Cependant, cette méthode ne permet pas d'avoir un contrôle précis du nombre ni de l'emplacement des groupements fonctionnels sulfhydriles ainsi ajoutés. Les tests de conjugaison aux QDs qui ont été réalisés avec ces Acs-SH, en utilisant l'agent de liaison SMCC, a entraîné la formation d'agrégats de taille variable. Cette méthode a donc été abandonnée.La seconde partie de la thèse porte sur la démonstration de la faisabilité et l'optimisation d'un marquage de l'antigène carcino-embryonnaire (CEA, « carcinoembryonic antigen ») humain à la surface de lignées cellulaires murines avec un anticorps simple domaine (sdAb) anti-CEA biotinylé détecté grâce à des conjugués streptavidine-QDs commerciaux et analysé par cytométrie en flux. Ces sdAbs ont été biotinylés selon deux approches : (i) avec des agents de biotinylation chimique qui permettent d'ajouter une biotine sur les amines primaires (biotinylation in vitro) et (ii) par une enzyme lors de leur production par E. coli (biotinylation in vivo). La détection du CEA humain à la surface des 100 000 cellules (lignées cellulaires murine MC38 et MC38-CEA) par ces sdAbs biotinylés a été testée en cytométrie de flux puis comparée à celle obtenue par un anticorps monoclonal biotinylé in vitro. Les résultats ont démontré que les sdAbs biotinylés ont une sensibilité de détection similaire que la biotinylation soit réalisée in vitro ou in vivo. Par contre, la sensibilité de la détection du CEA est environ cinquante fois meilleure en utilisant des sdAbs biotinylés (0,6 fmol d'anticorps sont nécessaires pour détecter le CEA) qu'avec des anticorps monoclonaux biotinylés (33 fmol). / We have been working on different ways to detect proteins with antibodies (Abs) labeled by quantum dots (QDs). The first part of his work is to develop and optimize the conjugation of polyclonal antibodies to quantum dot. A study has reported that commercial antibody-quantum dots conjugates (Abs-QDs) present very few functional Ab fragments at the surface of the conjugate [Pathak et al., 2007]. We had: (i) developed an advanced procedure of antibody reduction using dithiothreitol (DTT) or 2-mercaptoethanolamine (2-MEA) (to prevent the loss of antibody functions), (ii) purified the active fragments by affinity purification on column, (iii) conjugated the active reduced antibody fragments to QDs using the amine-thiol crosslinker SMCC for SH coupling, and (iv) developed the purification of the conjugates on agarose gel to remove free QDs and unconjugated antibody fragments. Our conjugates present about a five times better ability to detect CD4 by flow cytometry on 500 000 isolated human lymphocyte T cells than those made after the commercial procedure. Another procedure for antibody preparation was addition of sulfhydryl groups on primary amines using N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA). However this procedure presents some variable yield and the number and the localization of sulfhydryl groups added on antibody cannot be fully controlled. Thereby, the conjugation of these Abs-SH to QDs using SMCC chemistry leads to the creation of aggregates. This Ab preparation in preparation for conjugation to QDs was abandoned.The second part of our work focusses on testing and comparing the ability to detect carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by flow cytometry with anti-CEA single domain antibodies (sdAbs) labeled by QDs. The sdAbs were biotinylated by using two methods: (i) in vitro chemical biotinylation reagent which adds biotins on primary amines, and (ii) enzymatic in vivo biotinylation during their production in E. coli. These anti-CEA sdAb biotinylation methods were compared to in vitro biotinylated monoclonal Abs against CEA for their respective ability to detect human CEA on 100 000 mice cells (MC38 and MC38-CEA cell lines) using flow cytometry. The results show that the limit detection for biotinylated sdAbs is similar between in vitro and in vivo biotinylation. Furthermore the limit detection with biotinylated sdAb (0.6 fmol are required to detect CEA) is about fifty times better than with biotinylated monoclonal Abs (33 fmol).

Introdução: Sepse é uma síndrome complexa definida por resposta inflamatória sistêmica, de origem infecciosa e caracterizada por manifestações múltiplas que podem determinar disfunção ou falência de um ou mais órgãos ou sistemas. É a principal causa de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva em pacientes críticos e tem representado uma fonte constante de preocupação para os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo, devido, principalmente, às taxas elevadas de morbimortalidade. O tratamento da sepse é um desafio e continua a ser uma tarefa difícil devido a inúmeros fatores interferentes. Um estudo do nosso grupo demonstrou que a Escherichia coli (E. coli) é capaz de se ligar CD16 de um modo independente de opsonina, levando a um aumento na resposta inflamatória e a inibição da sua própria fagocitose, por conseguinte, procurou-se identificar os peptídeos no proteoma da E. coli envolvidos neste cenário. Metodologia: Utilizando a metodologia de Phage Display, que consiste numa técnica de clonagem, que permite a expressão de diversas sequências de peptídeos na superfície de bacteriófagos, nós identificamos 2 peptídeos que obtiveram interação com CD16. Após a seleção dos peptídeos identificamos uma proteína de membrana de E.coli que possui alta similaridade com um de nossos peptídeos selecionados. Nós acreditamos que esta proteína de membrana possa estar envolvida no processo de evasão imune desenvolvida pela E.coli e parece ser um forte candidato como uma nova opção terapêutica para controlar infecções por E. coli. Conclusão: A identificação de proteínas capazes de induzir inibição de fagocitose, através do receptor CD16, pode ser usada como uma nova forma de tratamento da sepse, assim como explorada no tratamento de doenças autoimunes / Introduction: Sepsis is a complex syndrome defined by a systemic inflammatory response of infectious origin and characterized by multiple manifestations that can determine dysfunction/failure of one or more organs and systems. It is the leading cause of death in intensive care units and represents a major health problem around the world, mainly due to its high mortality and morbidity rates. The treatment of sepsis is challenging and remains a difficult task due to numerous interfering factors. A study from our group demonstrated that Escherichia coli (E. coli) is able to bind CD16 in an opsoninindependent manner, leading to an increase in the inflammatory response and inhibition of its own phagocytosis, therefore we sought to identify the peptides in the E. coli proteome involved in this scenario. Methods and Results: Using the Phage Display technique, which is a cloning technique that allows the expression of various peptide sequences on the surface of bacteriophages (phages) and selecting these on the basis of affinity for a target molecule, we identified two peptides that interact with CD16. Next, using bioinformatic tools, we found an E. coli membrane protein that has high similarity with one of our selected peptides. We believe this membrane protein is involved in the process of immune evasion developed by E. coli and it is a strong candidate as a new therapeutic option to control E. coli infections. Conclusion: The identification of proteins capable of inducing inhibition of phagocytosis through the CD16 receptor, can be used as a new treatment of sepsis, as well as exploited in the treatment of autoimmune diseases

Introdução: Gestações múltiplas apresentam alta morbidade relacionada a fatores como prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e sepse. Em gemelares, a aquisição de imunidade passiva por meio do cordão umbilical e do colostro ainda não é bem conhecida. O objetivo geral do estudo foi descrever a concentração de IgG total e específico anti-Streptococcus B, antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae e antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa no cordão umbilical de recém-nascidos gemelares e a concentração de IgA secretora total e específica destes anticorpos no colostro. O objetivo específico foi analisar a associação entre infecção neonatal e concentração dos anticorpos no sangue de cordão umbilical e no colostro. Métodos: estudo prospectivo transversal de uma coorte de recémnascidos gemelares internados no Centro Neonatal do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP no período de 20 meses. Foram excluídos: recém-nascidos com malformação; mães com infecção ou imunodeficiência. Variáveis analisadas: idade gestacional; peso de nascimento; classificação gestacional; concentrações de IgG total e específicos e IgA total e específicas anti-Streptococcus B, antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae e antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa no sangue de cordão umbilical e no colostro; nutrição enteral; episódios de infecção; desfecho. As dosagens de IgG total foram realizadas por nefelometria e dos demais anticorpos através de ensaio imunoenzimático. Os testes t-Student pareado ou teste de Wilcoxon pareado, teste de Mann-Whitney e teste de Kruskal-Wallis, foram utilizados, considerando-se significante p< 0,005. Resultados: Foram incluídos 57 pares de gêmeos, compondo a casuística de 114 recém-nascidos. A idade gestacional foi 36±1,65 semanas (média±DP) e o peso de nascimento foi 2.304,8 ± 460g (média±DP). As concentrações de anticorpos encontradas foram (média±DP): IgG total 835,71 ± 190,73 mg/dL, IgG anti-Streptococcus B 295,1 ± 250,66 UA/mL, IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa 280,04 ± 498,66 UA/mL e IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae 504,75 ± 933,93 UA/mL; IgA total 210,2 ± 285,3 g/L, IgA anti-Streptococcus B 6640 ± 9526,8 UA/mL, IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3231,0 ± 2935,2 UA/mL, IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae 3070,1±2886,6 UA/mL. A concentração de IgG total foi menor nos recém-nascidos prematuros (p < 0,001). Em gemelares com idade gestacional < 34 semanas a concentração de IgG total (p=0,013) e IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p=0,032) foi menor. A concentração de anticorpos IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae foi menor nos recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional (p=0,013). No colostro, houve detecção de IgA total, IgA anti-Streptococcus B, IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae e antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa em 98,1% das mães. A concentração de IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi menor no colostro das mães de recém-nascidos prematuros (p=0,013). A concentração de IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae foi menor no colostro das mães com parto antes de 34 semanas (p=0,001). Houve infecção em cinco recém-nascidos, cuja concentração de IgG total foi menor (p<0,05). Os neonatos que receberam colostro apresentaram menor incidência de infecção (p < 0,001). Conclusões: Os anticorpos IgG total e específicos foram detectados no sangue do cordão umbilical em todos os gemelares, comprovando sua passagem transplacentária. Houve diminuição significativa na concentração de anticorpos IgG total nos gemelares prematuros e de IgG total e IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa nos gemelares com idade gestacional inferior a 34 semanas. No colostro houve detecção de IgA total e específica em 98,1% das mães. A concentração de IgA anti-lipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi menor no colostro das mães de gemelares prematuros. Nas mães com parto antes de 34 semanas houve diminuição da concentração de IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae, sugerindo que a prematuridade possa ter influenciado a transferência de anticorpos maternos pelo colostro. A maior incidência de infecção no grupo de recém-nascidos, que não receberam colostro e naqueles que apresentavam concentração sérica de IgG total significativamente menor, reforça a importância da proteção anti-infecciosa conferida pela imunidade passiva transferida da mãe / Introduction: Multiple pregnancies have high morbidity related to factors such as prematurity, low birth weight and sepsis. In twins, acquisition of passive immunity through the umbilical cord and colostrum is not yet known. The overall aim of the study was to describe the concentration of total and specific IgG antibodies anti-Streptococcus B, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae and anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the umbilical cord of newborn twins and the concentration of total and specific secretory IgA antibodies in the colostrum. The specific aim was to analyze the association between neonatal infection and antibody concentration in the umbilical cord blood and colostrum. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of a cohort of newborn twins admitted to the Neonatal Center of Children\'s Institute, University of São Paulo during the period of 20 months. Patients with malformations and mothers with infection or immunodeficiency were excluded from our analysis. Variables analyzed: gestational age; birth weight; sex; gestational classification; antibody concentrations of total and specific IgG and IgA anti-Streptococcus B, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae and antilipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in umbilical cord blood and colostrum; enteral nutrition; infection episodes; outcome. Total IgG measurements were performed using nephelometry and the specific antibodies were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. We used paired Student t test or Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test considering significant p < 0.005. Results: During the study period a total of 57 pairs of twins were included, making the sample of 114 newborns. Gestational age was 36 ± 1.65 weeks (mean±SD) and birth weight was 2304.8 ± 460g (mean±SD). We found the following antibody concentrations (mean±SD): total IgG 835.71 ± 190.73 mg/dL, anti-Streptococcus B IgG 250.66 ± 295.1 AU/mL, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgG 280.04 ± 498.66 AU/mL and anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae IgG 504.75±933.93 AU/mL; total IgA 210.2 ± 285.3 g/L, anti- Streptococcus B IgA 6640±9526.8 AU/mL, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgA 3231.0±2935.2 AU/mL, antilipopolysaccharide Klebsiella pneumoniae IgA 3070.1±2886.6 AU/mL. The concentration of total IgG was lower in preterm infants (p < 0.001). In twins with gestational age < 34 weeks both total IgG concentration (p = 0.013) and anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgG concentration (p = 0.032) were lower. The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae IgG was lower in small for gestational age newborns (p=0,013). There was detection of total IgA and specific antibodies in the colostrum of 98.1% mothers. The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgA was lower in the colostrum of premature\'s mothers (p = 0.013). The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae IgA was lower in the colostrum of mothers with delivery before 34 weeks (p = 0.001). Five newborns were diagnosed with sepsis and in this group the concentration of total IgG was lower (p < 0.05). Neonates receiving colostrum had a lower incidence of infection (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed detection of total and specific IgG antibodies in umbilical cord blood for all twin newborn, proving its transplacental passage. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of total IgG antibodies in premature twins and antilipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgG in twins with gestational age less than 34 weeks. There was detection of total and specific IgA in the colostrum of 98.1% mothers. The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgA was lower in mothers of premature twins. Among the newborns with gestational age less than 34 weeks there was a decrease in the concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide Klebsiella pneumoniae IgA, suggesting that prematurity may have influenced the transfer of maternal antibodies through colostrum. The highest incidence of infection in the newborn group who did not receive colostrum and in those who had significantly lower total IgG serum antibodies reinforces the importance of anti-infectious protection afforded by passive immunity transferred from the mother

Introdução: Gestações múltiplas apresentam alta morbidade relacionada a fatores como prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e sepse. Em gemelares, a aquisição de imunidade passiva por meio do cordão umbilical e do colostro ainda não é bem conhecida. O objetivo geral do estudo foi descrever a concentração de IgG total e específico anti-Streptococcus B, antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae e antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa no cordão umbilical de recém-nascidos gemelares e a concentração de IgA secretora total e específica destes anticorpos no colostro. O objetivo específico foi analisar a associação entre infecção neonatal e concentração dos anticorpos no sangue de cordão umbilical e no colostro. Métodos: estudo prospectivo transversal de uma coorte de recémnascidos gemelares internados no Centro Neonatal do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP no período de 20 meses. Foram excluídos: recém-nascidos com malformação; mães com infecção ou imunodeficiência. Variáveis analisadas: idade gestacional; peso de nascimento; classificação gestacional; concentrações de IgG total e específicos e IgA total e específicas anti-Streptococcus B, antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae e antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa no sangue de cordão umbilical e no colostro; nutrição enteral; episódios de infecção; desfecho. As dosagens de IgG total foram realizadas por nefelometria e dos demais anticorpos através de ensaio imunoenzimático. Os testes t-Student pareado ou teste de Wilcoxon pareado, teste de Mann-Whitney e teste de Kruskal-Wallis, foram utilizados, considerando-se significante p< 0,005. Resultados: Foram incluídos 57 pares de gêmeos, compondo a casuística de 114 recém-nascidos. A idade gestacional foi 36±1,65 semanas (média±DP) e o peso de nascimento foi 2.304,8 ± 460g (média±DP). As concentrações de anticorpos encontradas foram (média±DP): IgG total 835,71 ± 190,73 mg/dL, IgG anti-Streptococcus B 295,1 ± 250,66 UA/mL, IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa 280,04 ± 498,66 UA/mL e IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae 504,75 ± 933,93 UA/mL; IgA total 210,2 ± 285,3 g/L, IgA anti-Streptococcus B 6640 ± 9526,8 UA/mL, IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3231,0 ± 2935,2 UA/mL, IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae 3070,1±2886,6 UA/mL. A concentração de IgG total foi menor nos recém-nascidos prematuros (p < 0,001). Em gemelares com idade gestacional < 34 semanas a concentração de IgG total (p=0,013) e IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p=0,032) foi menor. A concentração de anticorpos IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae foi menor nos recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional (p=0,013). No colostro, houve detecção de IgA total, IgA anti-Streptococcus B, IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae e antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa em 98,1% das mães. A concentração de IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi menor no colostro das mães de recém-nascidos prematuros (p=0,013). A concentração de IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae foi menor no colostro das mães com parto antes de 34 semanas (p=0,001). Houve infecção em cinco recém-nascidos, cuja concentração de IgG total foi menor (p<0,05). Os neonatos que receberam colostro apresentaram menor incidência de infecção (p < 0,001). Conclusões: Os anticorpos IgG total e específicos foram detectados no sangue do cordão umbilical em todos os gemelares, comprovando sua passagem transplacentária. Houve diminuição significativa na concentração de anticorpos IgG total nos gemelares prematuros e de IgG total e IgG antilipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa nos gemelares com idade gestacional inferior a 34 semanas. No colostro houve detecção de IgA total e específica em 98,1% das mães. A concentração de IgA anti-lipopolissacarídeos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi menor no colostro das mães de gemelares prematuros. Nas mães com parto antes de 34 semanas houve diminuição da concentração de IgA antilipopolissacarídeos de Klebsiella pneumoniae, sugerindo que a prematuridade possa ter influenciado a transferência de anticorpos maternos pelo colostro. A maior incidência de infecção no grupo de recém-nascidos, que não receberam colostro e naqueles que apresentavam concentração sérica de IgG total significativamente menor, reforça a importância da proteção anti-infecciosa conferida pela imunidade passiva transferida da mãe / Introduction: Multiple pregnancies have high morbidity related to factors such as prematurity, low birth weight and sepsis. In twins, acquisition of passive immunity through the umbilical cord and colostrum is not yet known. The overall aim of the study was to describe the concentration of total and specific IgG antibodies anti-Streptococcus B, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae and anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the umbilical cord of newborn twins and the concentration of total and specific secretory IgA antibodies in the colostrum. The specific aim was to analyze the association between neonatal infection and antibody concentration in the umbilical cord blood and colostrum. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of a cohort of newborn twins admitted to the Neonatal Center of Children\'s Institute, University of São Paulo during the period of 20 months. Patients with malformations and mothers with infection or immunodeficiency were excluded from our analysis. Variables analyzed: gestational age; birth weight; sex; gestational classification; antibody concentrations of total and specific IgG and IgA anti-Streptococcus B, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae and antilipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in umbilical cord blood and colostrum; enteral nutrition; infection episodes; outcome. Total IgG measurements were performed using nephelometry and the specific antibodies were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. We used paired Student t test or Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test considering significant p < 0.005. Results: During the study period a total of 57 pairs of twins were included, making the sample of 114 newborns. Gestational age was 36 ± 1.65 weeks (mean±SD) and birth weight was 2304.8 ± 460g (mean±SD). We found the following antibody concentrations (mean±SD): total IgG 835.71 ± 190.73 mg/dL, anti-Streptococcus B IgG 250.66 ± 295.1 AU/mL, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgG 280.04 ± 498.66 AU/mL and anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae IgG 504.75±933.93 AU/mL; total IgA 210.2 ± 285.3 g/L, anti- Streptococcus B IgA 6640±9526.8 AU/mL, anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgA 3231.0±2935.2 AU/mL, antilipopolysaccharide Klebsiella pneumoniae IgA 3070.1±2886.6 AU/mL. The concentration of total IgG was lower in preterm infants (p < 0.001). In twins with gestational age < 34 weeks both total IgG concentration (p = 0.013) and anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgG concentration (p = 0.032) were lower. The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae IgG was lower in small for gestational age newborns (p=0,013). There was detection of total IgA and specific antibodies in the colostrum of 98.1% mothers. The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgA was lower in the colostrum of premature\'s mothers (p = 0.013). The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae IgA was lower in the colostrum of mothers with delivery before 34 weeks (p = 0.001). Five newborns were diagnosed with sepsis and in this group the concentration of total IgG was lower (p < 0.05). Neonates receiving colostrum had a lower incidence of infection (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed detection of total and specific IgG antibodies in umbilical cord blood for all twin newborn, proving its transplacental passage. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of total IgG antibodies in premature twins and antilipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgG in twins with gestational age less than 34 weeks. There was detection of total and specific IgA in the colostrum of 98.1% mothers. The concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IgA was lower in mothers of premature twins. Among the newborns with gestational age less than 34 weeks there was a decrease in the concentration of anti-lipopolysaccharide Klebsiella pneumoniae IgA, suggesting that prematurity may have influenced the transfer of maternal antibodies through colostrum. The highest incidence of infection in the newborn group who did not receive colostrum and in those who had significantly lower total IgG serum antibodies reinforces the importance of anti-infectious protection afforded by passive immunity transferred from the mother

Introdução: Sepse é uma síndrome complexa definida por resposta inflamatória sistêmica, de origem infecciosa e caracterizada por manifestações múltiplas que podem determinar disfunção ou falência de um ou mais órgãos ou sistemas. É a principal causa de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva em pacientes críticos e tem representado uma fonte constante de preocupação para os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo, devido, principalmente, às taxas elevadas de morbimortalidade. O tratamento da sepse é um desafio e continua a ser uma tarefa difícil devido a inúmeros fatores interferentes. Um estudo do nosso grupo demonstrou que a Escherichia coli (E. coli) é capaz de se ligar CD16 de um modo independente de opsonina, levando a um aumento na resposta inflamatória e a inibição da sua própria fagocitose, por conseguinte, procurou-se identificar os peptídeos no proteoma da E. coli envolvidos neste cenário. Metodologia: Utilizando a metodologia de Phage Display, que consiste numa técnica de clonagem, que permite a expressão de diversas sequências de peptídeos na superfície de bacteriófagos, nós identificamos 2 peptídeos que obtiveram interação com CD16. Após a seleção dos peptídeos identificamos uma proteína de membrana de E.coli que possui alta similaridade com um de nossos peptídeos selecionados. Nós acreditamos que esta proteína de membrana possa estar envolvida no processo de evasão imune desenvolvida pela E.coli e parece ser um forte candidato como uma nova opção terapêutica para controlar infecções por E. coli. Conclusão: A identificação de proteínas capazes de induzir inibição de fagocitose, através do receptor CD16, pode ser usada como uma nova forma de tratamento da sepse, assim como explorada no tratamento de doenças autoimunes / Introduction: Sepsis is a complex syndrome defined by a systemic inflammatory response of infectious origin and characterized by multiple manifestations that can determine dysfunction/failure of one or more organs and systems. It is the leading cause of death in intensive care units and represents a major health problem around the world, mainly due to its high mortality and morbidity rates. The treatment of sepsis is challenging and remains a difficult task due to numerous interfering factors. A study from our group demonstrated that Escherichia coli (E. coli) is able to bind CD16 in an opsoninindependent manner, leading to an increase in the inflammatory response and inhibition of its own phagocytosis, therefore we sought to identify the peptides in the E. coli proteome involved in this scenario. Methods and Results: Using the Phage Display technique, which is a cloning technique that allows the expression of various peptide sequences on the surface of bacteriophages (phages) and selecting these on the basis of affinity for a target molecule, we identified two peptides that interact with CD16. Next, using bioinformatic tools, we found an E. coli membrane protein that has high similarity with one of our selected peptides. We believe this membrane protein is involved in the process of immune evasion developed by E. coli and it is a strong candidate as a new therapeutic option to control E. coli infections. Conclusion: The identification of proteins capable of inducing inhibition of phagocytosis through the CD16 receptor, can be used as a new treatment of sepsis, as well as exploited in the treatment of autoimmune diseases