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Doctor of Philosophy / This work was digitised and made available on open access by the University of Sydney, Faculty of Dentistry and Sydney eScholarship . It may only be used for the purposes of research and study. Where possible, the Faculty will try to notify the author of this work. If you have any inquiries or issues regarding this work being made available please contact the Sydney eScholarship Repository Coordinator - ses@library.usyd.edu.au

Polyreactive immunoglobulins (Ig) exhibit a capacity to recognise multiple, structurally dissimilar antigens through a single combining site. This characteristic differentiates these Igs from monoreactive Igs which bind to a single antigen, usually with high specificity and affinity. Chronic B lymphocytic leukaemia (B CLL) is a malignancy identified by the incessant accumulation, in the peripheral circulation, of B lymphocytes of a mature and resting morphology. B CLL malignant cells generally express both surface IgM and the pan T cell antigen CD5. Moreover, the IgM on the surface of these CD5 positive B CLL cells is frequently polyreactive. This thesis examines the structural diversity found in the combining sites of B CLL derived Igs in an attempt to elucidate the structural basis of polyreactive antigen binding displayed by a significant proportion of human Igs. The genes encoding the variable (V) domains of five B CLL derived IgM antibodies (Bel, Tre, Yar, Hod and Jak) were cloned and sequenced (Chapter Two). When the light chain V domain genes were aligned with the closest germline VL and JL coding DNA sequences it was determined that there was either a complete absence of somatic mutation (Tre, Yar and Jak) or a minimal number of mutations (Bel and Hod) present in the rearranged VL domain genes. A remarkable fidelity in the splicing of VL to JL genes was noted suggesting that the diversity, normally introduced through variability of splicing VL to JL, is reduced in Igs expressed by B CLL cells. Furthermore, the markedly reduced primary structural diversity was highlighted when two of the VL domain genes (Yar and Hod) were found to be different in sequence by only four nucleotides and two amino acids. The heavy chain V domain genes of the same five Igs were sequenced in another study (Brock, 1995), however, it was interesting to analyse the sequences of the VH domain genes and compare them with the VL domain genes. The naive or gerrnline nature of the B CLL antibodies was reflected in the VH genes by either an absence or a low frequency of mutations within these sequences compared with germline immunoglobulin gene sequences. No obvious conserved motif, which could be related to polyreactivity, was observed when the primary protein sequence was analysed for distribution of identical or similar amino acids. Thus, homology modelling was used to construct three-dimensional models of the Fv (VL-VH) portions of the five B CLL IgM molecules to examine the structures of the combining sites of these Igs (Chapter Three). Framework regions were constructed using X-ray coordinates taken from highly hon~ologous human variable domain structures. Complementarity determining regions (CDR) were predicted by grafting loops, taken from known Ig structures, onto the Fv framework models. The CDR templates were selected, where possible, to be of the same length and of high residue identity or similarity. If a single template CDR was not appropriate to model a particular CDR the loop was built from loop sterns of known conformation, followed by chain closure with a p-turn. Template models were refined using standard molecular mechanics simulations. The binding sites were either relatively flat or contained a deep cavity at the VL-VH domain interface. Further differences in topology were the result of some CDR loops protruding into the solvent. Examination of the electrostatic molecular surface did not reveal a common structural feature within the binding sites of the five polyreactive Fv. While two of the binding cavities were positively charged the other three structures displayed either negatively charged or predominantly hydrophobic combining sites. These findings suggested that a diversity of structural mechanisms are involved in polyreactive antigen binding. Rcsidues within CDRs which have aromatic side-chains and are partially exposed to solvent were distributed across large regions of the combining sites. It is possible that these aromatic residues are responsible for the conserved binding to mouse Igs observed (Chapter Two) for the B CLL derived polyreactive IgM molecules. Two Fv molecules (Be1 and Tre) were cloned as dicistronic constructs, into the bacterial expression vector pFLAG. The expression of the Fvs was fully characterised and unfortunately the VL and VH of Be1 and Tre Igs did not associate in an appropriate manner to yield large quantities of purified Fv (Chapter Four). Expression of correctly folded and stabilised fragments of human polyreactive immunoglobulins would enable the structural basis for the polyreactive binding phenomenon to be fully explored using protein crystallography.

It was proposed that some O-alkyl analogues of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol would be effective structural and functional congeners of clenbuterol which may then be used for the production of clenbuterol-specific idiotypic antibodies. These antibodies could possibly then be used to generate anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the energy-repartitioning effects of clenbuterol. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesise and characterise these compounds, evaluate their physiological effects, characterise the specificity of antibodies produced in response to protein conjugates of two of the novel compounds, and then use this data to determine the utility of these compounds for the generation of anti-idiotype antibodies which mimic clenbuterol. The target compounds were synthesised in five steps from 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyacetophenone in overall yields of 5-28%. A synthetic scheme similar to that which has led to clenbuterol was used to form the phenylethanolamine backbone, with modifications to include the O-alkyl moiety via a modified Williamson ether synthesis, and elimination of a synthetic chlorination step. Overall, 15 new compounds were synthesised, which were characterised and their structure confirmed from proton and carbon-13 NMR, IR and mass spectral data. The two haptenic analogues were then conjugated to carrier proteins using carbodiimide-based chemistries. In conclusion, the results indicated that the O-alkyl analogues, although structurally similar, were ineffective functional mimics of clenbuterol. Therefore, the anti-clenbuterol antobodies produced from the novel O-alkyl analogues would appear to be unsuitable for production of anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the energy-repartitioning effects of clenbuterol since the antibodies were unable to distinguish between the compound which demonstrated energy-repartitioning effects (clenbuterol) and those that did not (O-alkyl clenbuterol analogues). / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

v, 315 leaves : ill., graphs, tables, photos ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Microbiology, 1978

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed February 3, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--M.D., University of Hong Kong, 1980.