Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Changes in global context, especially in environmental aspects, are increasing sustainability issues, which also encompasses the social and economic perspectives. In this context, the role of organizations as participants in society, generating profit and impacting on the environment, becomes clear in the triple helix of sustainability. Organizations have incorporated sustainability into their practices because they are agents with financial and technological resources, and therefore society expects these corporations to adopt sustainable practices (HINZ, VALENTINA AND FRANCO, 2006). There are many instruments that measure the sustainable development of organizations, however, there is a latent need for tools that measure sustainability in a complex way, which consider the three areas of sustainability: social, economic and environmental jointly. In this context the model developed by Chow and Chen (2011) becomes the ideal for measuring corporate sustainable development, since it includes 22 questions about sustainable practices in daily industries. Thus, this work, which has the general objective "check sustainable practices that are adopted in the agricultural machinery and implements sector of the State of Rio Grande do Sul that lead to Corporate Sustainable Development" used the model (CHOW AND CHEN, 2011) as support for the questionnaire survey instrument sent by electronic mail to the companies belonging to SIMERS. To this end, it was implemented a quantitative and descriptive research. Among the findings it was found that the economic, social and environmental variables, formed by practices arising from Chow and Chen (2011) model positively influence the Corporate Sustainable Development, confirming the three hypotheses of the research. The results also showed that social variable is the one that most influences the Corporate Sustainable Development in the studied organizations, which depends 28.8% of the social variable, 11.3% of the economic variable and 17.6% of the environmental variable. In addition, open questions were added about the practices that are performed and that are intended to be adopted by organizations, as it was noticed a dominance of quotes regarding environmental practices. / As mudanças em contexto global, principalmente de ordem ambiental, têm tornado ascendente o tema da sustentabilidade, que engloba também as perspectivas sociais e econômicas. Neste contexto, o papel das organizações como participantes da sociedade, geradores de lucro e que impactam no meio ambiente, se torna claro na tríplice hélice da sustentabilidade. Cada vez mais organizações têm incorporado à sustentabilidade nas suas práticas, pois elas são agentes com recursos financeiros e tecnológicos, e, portanto, a sociedade espera destas corporações práticas sustentáveis (HINZ, VALENTINA E FRANCO, 2006). Existem muitos instrumentos que medem o desenvolvimento sustentável das organizações, porém, há uma necessidade latente de ferramentas que mensurem a sustentabilidade de uma forma complexa, ou seja, que considerem os três âmbitos da sustentabilidade: social, econômico e ambiental de forma integrada. Neste contexto o modelo desenvolvido por Chow e Chen (2011) torna-se o ideal para medir o desenvolvimento sustentável corporativo, uma vez que o mesmo contempla 22 questões sobre práticas sustentáveis no dia a dia das indústrias. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho, que tem como objetivo geral verificar as práticas sustentáveis que são adotadas no setor de indústrias de máquinas e implementos agrícolas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul que levam ao Desenvolvimento Sustentável Corporativo utiliza-se do referido modelo como suporte para o questionário, instrumento de pesquisa enviado por correio eletrônico para as empresas do setor pertencentes ao SIMERS. Para tanto, implementou-se uma pesquisa com caráter quantitativo e descritivo. Dentre os resultados encontrados obteve-se que, as variáveis econômica, social e ambiental, formadas pelas práticas, oriundas do modelo de Chow e Chen (2011) influenciam positivamente o Desenvolvimento Sustentável Corporativo, confirmando as três hipóteses da pesquisa. Os resultados também demonstraram que a variável social é a que mais influencia no Desenvolvimento Sustentável Corporativo nas organizações estudadas, sendo que ele depende 28,8% da variável social, 11,3% da variável econômica e 17,6% da variável ambiental. Além disso, foram acrescentadas questões abertas sobre as práticas que são e que pretendem ser adotadas pelas organizações, no que percebeu-se uma dominância de citações de práticas ambientais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAPM.pdf: 1112642 bytes, checksum: 9a209084e16df2ecb1b97bec1a18c0bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The industry of Agricultural Implements and Machines has had an expressive development in the country, following the expansion of the Brazilian agro-industrial area and focusing in the exportation increase of the agricultural products as alternative to reach a better distributed invoicing throughout the year, being tried to overlap the problems of the internal seasonality. It demands from the national companies a quality improvement of the projects and manufacture of these products, adjusting them to international standards of performance and to the trend of homologation requirements of the new products. This improvement passes for a revision and adequacy of the product development process management in the sector s national companies. This work presents a research about the practices and problems of the management of the process development of the agricultural products from five national companies located in the Sao Paulo state. For the data collecting, it was used an interview script, which was applied to the person in charge of the PPD. It was observed a heterogeneous vision of the purpose of the PPD in the five national companies studied. There are some companies that see the PPD as an essential set of project activity of the product. The others companies, however, face the PPD as a market research of the launching of the new product. Often the activities of the PPD are practical and empirical: researching the physical prototype and specifying the project (using software like CAD). For this reason, the use of supporting tools for the product development contributes for a better quality of the project and for a better management of the product / A indústria de Máquinas e Implementos Agrícolas (MIAs) apresenta grande potencial de crescimento no país, acompanhando a expansão do setor agroindustrial brasileiro e focando o aumento da exportação de seus produtos como alternativa para se atingir um faturamento melhor distribuído ao longo do ano, tentando sobrepor os problemas da sazonalidade interna. Isso exige das empresas nacionais uma melhoria na qualidade, tanto do projeto dos produtos quanto da manufatura destes, adequando-se a padrões de desempenho internacionais e à tendência de exigências de homologação dos novos produtos. Essa melhoria passa por uma revisão e adequação da gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produto das empresas nacionais do setor. Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento das práticas e problemas da gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) em cinco empresas nacionais de grande porte, do setor, localizadas no estado de São Paulo. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevistas, que foi aplicado ao responsável pelo PDP, em visitas realizadas às empresas. Observou-se entre as empresas: - heterogeneidade na visão do escopo do PDP, coexistindo empresas que vêem esse processo como um conjunto de atividades essencialmente de projeto do produto, com empresas que compreendem o desenvolvimento de produto como um processo mais amplo que abrange da pesquisa de mercado ao acompanhamento do novo produto após o lançamento; - as atividades de desenvolvimento de produto são essencialmente práticas e empíricas, buscando-se prioritariamente o protótipo físico para em seguida detalhar o projeto; - foco em ferramentas de auxilio ao desenho do protótipo como CAD, e pouca utilização de outras ferramentas de apoio ao desenvolvimento de produto, que podem contribuir para uma melhor qualidade de projeto e manufaturabilidade do produto

This thesis explore the technological role of bone and antler artifacts from two contact period southern Northwest coast archaeological sites, the Cathlapotle site (45CL1) and the Meier site (35CO5). Technological measures of sedentism are based on lithics, and predict residential sedentism promotes technological expediency in hunter-gatherers (Parry and Kelley 1987). Cathlapotle and Meier lithic assemblages consist of expedient and opportunistic assemblages and raw material stockpiles, with the exception of highly curated projectile points and endscrapers (Hamilton 1994). The expectation that residential sedentism promotes technological expediency in hunter-gatherers was tested on the Cathlapotle and Meier bone and antler artifact assemblages in two ways. First, curation and expediency were recorded for each artifact by measuring level of energy investment in manufacture or degree of working. Second, a spatial analysis was used to explore methods of artifact storage and disposal. Results revealed both Cathlapotle and Meier osseous assemblages are highly curated, except for expedient awls and flakers. Specifically, artifact classes related to subsistence procurement, modification including woodworking, and ornamentation were highly curated. Both sites contain stockpiles of unmodified bone and antler. The spatial analysis showed level of curation did not affect artifact disposal method. Despite this, some patterns were evident. At Cathlapotle, curated procurement and modification artifacts, expedient awls as well as worked fragments were concentrated outside the houses, specifically in Sheet Midden. Broken modification artifacts, ornaments, and detritus were randomly distributed. At the Meier site, curated procurement and modification artifacts, as well as expedient awls were randomly distributed. Broken modification artifacts, detritus and worked fragments were concentrated outside the houses. Ornaments were concentrated in the northern segment (elite area) of the house. There were also significantly more curated complete tools recovered from the cellar facility, while significantly fewer curated complete tools were recovered from the midden facility at Meier. In this thesis, the effects of contact on osseous assemblages were examined. It is an assumption of North American archaeologists that European-introduced metals replace and/or change the character of traditional technologies such as lithic and osseous technologies. Few quantitative studies comparing pre and postcontact artifact assemblages exist (Bamforth 1993, Cobb 2003). In some parts of northeast North America, European contact is followed by a proliferation of osseous tool working, and over time osseous artifacts drop out of the archaeological record (Snow 1995, 1996). Cathlapotle and Meier were occupied from AD 1400 to AD 1830, spanning European contact. People at Cathlapotle were in direct contact with Europeans and Euro-Americans since 1792 (Boyd 2011). Previously, it was assumed Cathlapotle was more involved in the fur trade than Meier, because Cathlapotle was mentioned several times in ethnohistoric accounts, while Meier was never mentioned. Also Cathlapotle contains far more historic trade items than Meier (Ames 2011). The assumption that European-introduced metals replace and/or change the character of traditional technologies was tested on the Cathlapotle and Meier assemblages by comparing artifact frequency, density, and assemblage diversity of pre and postcontact assemblages. Results show contact is reflected in the osseous assemblages at both Cathlapotle and Meier. Contact is evident, but is reflected in different ways. At Cathlapotle, artifact frequencies, densities, and assemblage diversity decrease postcontact. In contrast at Meier, artifact frequencies and densities increase postcontact, with some artifact classes tripling or quadrupling in frequency. The introduction of metal could have enabled people to work osseous materials faster and easier, decreasing manufacture time, cost, and overall energy investment. The gain in efficiency promoted the proliferation of bone working and an abundance of osseous tools at the Meier site. These results encourage a reevaluation of Meier's role in the fur trade. At Cathlapotle, metal objects may have replaced osseous tools resulting in the decline of bone and antler working and/or activity patterns shifted away from activities requiring osseous tools. The results of this thesis deviate from typical Northwest Coast bone and antler assemblages, challenge technological models of sedentism that are based on lithics, and contradict assumptions of Lower Columbians involvement in the fur trade.

This thesis establishes the earliest appearance of ground slate points at 50 locations throughout the Northwest Coast of North America. Ground slate points are a tool common among maritime hunter-gatherers, but rare among hunter-gatherers who utilize terrestrial subsistence strategies; ground slate points are considered one of the archaeological hallmarks of mid-to-late Holocene Northwest Coast peoples. The appearance of ground slate points in the archaeological record is frequently marked by a concurrent decline in the prevalence of flaked stone points, a phenomenon often referred to as "the ground slate transition." Until now, the specific timing of the appearance of these tools has been ill-defined, and a number of competing theories have arisen to explain the apparent preference for ground slate points over flaked points by prehistoric peoples. By drawing upon a sample of 94 artifact assemblages from 50 sites in Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington, I have constructed a database of artifacts counts, provenience information, and radiocarbon dates which allows for inter-site comparisons of the earliest appearance of the technology. My research has identified a general north to south trend in the appearance of slate points; which begin to appear in the archaeological record around 6,300 cal BP in southeast Alaska, to 2,900 cal BP in Puget Sound. There are notable exceptions to this pattern, however. Given that these data are drawn from both cultural resource management reports and academic literature, I have qualified these findings by addressing some of the common problems of making inter-site comparisons, such as the comparability of radiometric dates, which I address by undertaking a radiocarbon hygiene program. The chronology constructed here provides an important tool for evaluating theories about the ground slate transition, and thereby aiding in untangling the link between aquatic subsistence strategies and technological decision making.

<p dir="ltr">Hydraulic actuation technology is one of the most common ways of transferring power in agricultural and construction machinery. As the system efficiency and fuel consumption of these machines gains more attention due to climate change, a new generation of high-efficient hydraulic architecture is in need. This dissertation presents a study for reducing energy loss in the hydraulic control system of agricultural tractors and their implements. The solution is referred to as a multi-pressure rail (MPR) system and provides power to the hydraulic functions following a pressure control logic, as opposed to the traditional flow control logic typical of hydraulic systems used in off-road vehicles.</p><p dir="ltr">The proposed hydraulic architecture and controller allows for elimination of redundant flow control valves in the state-of-the-art system, which cause excessive throttling losses leading to poor overall energy efficiency. Related work on MPR technology targets construction vehicles, where the MPR solution can allow energy recovery during overrunning loads and better engine management. This study alternatively addresses the case of agricultural applications where functions mostly operate under resistive load conditions with slow dynamics, which offers an opportunity to target throttle losses. The hydraulic architecture design starts with the choice of number of rails, then supply system and pressure selection and control valve set. Next, the controller is proposed. The controller contains two layers. The lower layer directly controls the command tracking, rotational speed, or pressure, for each subsystem. The higher layer, namely the supervisory controller, optimizes the rail pressure levels in real time to guarantee minimum overall throttling loss.</p><p dir="ltr">To prove the effectiveness of the hydraulic system architecture and controller design, a standalone test rig was conceived and used to validate a numerical simulation model of the MPR system and its control strategy. Particular focus is given to the dynamic behavior of the system during the switches of a function between different pressure rails, which needs to ensure reduced oscillations of the flow provided to each hydraulic function. Then, to demonstrate the ability on power saving in real working conditions, reference machines were chosen: a 435 hp hydraulic tractor powering a 16-row planter, for which operating features during typical drive cycles were available to the authors. Simulation models of the two reference machines were built and validated with in field experiments. A full MPR system model on the reference machines was constructed using the validated models. This full model was used to predict the reference tractor and planter hydraulic system performance and power consumption during typical drive cycles. The results show up to 52.4% total power reduction at the pump shaft, corresponding to 113.8% system efficiency gain.</p><p dir="ltr">The dissertation also laid out the planned activities to complete the study. The system controller will be generalized that could suit more equipment in addition to the reference machine in this study. In the meantime, the reference tractor and planter will be modified into the proposed MPR system for field testing. That includes new sensors, controllers, valves, etc. The field test is the final experimental validation for the proposed MPR system on the front of effectiveness and power saving in real working condition.</p>

The subject of the work is Sustaqinable transportation system in Klaipeda city. The work covers the analysis of the importance of the transportation system in Klaipeda city in the context of global transportation system in Lithuania and EU. It provides with a number of soliutions corresponding to the provisions of White Paper on European Transport policy for 2010 and designed to achieve the sustainability of the existing transportation system. The progressive management of the transportation system invoking strategies and principles of the sustainable policy is proposed as one of the main soliutions for sustainable transportation. The establishment of a unified automatic ticketing system and an innovative transport mode is also proposed for the optimization of the operation of public transport in Klaipeda city. The work includes the research on the formation and the structure of parking places in the central part of Klaipeda city. The action plan and detailed, feasible solutions are proposed for the systematic development of the parking places. Sustainabgle transportation system in Klaipeda city is shaped with a view of creating proper conditions for both society and environment, harmonizing their interaction, and proposing strategy of sustainable transportation system suitable for unique surroundings of the city.

This thesis will explore the significance of a cache of Late Archaic lithics found in Randolph County, Indiana by Bobby Manning. These points, thought to mostly be of the McWhinney Heavy Stemmed type are unique in that very few caches of these points have found been in such good condition in unmixed contexts. The McWhinney Heavy Stemmed point, as currently defined, is not well represented in the archaeological record. Point typology is important to archaeology because point types indicate the age and cultural affiliation of most surface sites. Point typologies, then, require accurate description of good samples from unmixed contexts. By presenting background data concerning the McWhinney Heavy Stemmed point and known morphological correlates this thesis aims to provide a better description of the point type. Also this data, coupled with the data from the Manning cache is used to produce results that determine the significance of the cache and determine if this isolated cache reflects a new variant in the McWhinney type or, if justified, a new type altogether. / Department of Anthropology

Dans cette thèse nous analysons l’évolution et les mutations subies par trois sous-systèmes de l’industrie de machines et équipements agricoles au sud du Brésil à travers l’analyse de certaines caractéristiques structurelles de l’articulation territoriale. Notre approche a été celle de la dynamique du territoire. C’est ainsi que nous nous sommes engagés à identifier la dynamique existante dans la création de connaissances et de technologies produites et provenant de l’extérieur. Dans le Chapitre 1 nous étudions l’origine de la discussion concernant le développement localisé dans les pays émergents, dans le but de montrer la pertinence de la littérature marshallienne pour analyser la réalité brésilienne autour de l’expérience des APLs. Dans le chapitre 2 nous couvrons un large ensemble de facteurs qui semblent pertinents pour la compréhension de la relation entre industrie et agriculture ainsi que du développement de l’industrie de machines et équipements agricoles dans la région du plateau du Rio Grande do Sul. Dans le chapitre 3 nous nous consacrons à l’étude du fonctionnement des trois sous-systèmes de la métal-mécanique (Avant-récolte, Récolte et Après-récolte) face aux stratégies des entreprises. Le chapitre 4 est consacré à l’analyse de chacun des trois sous-systèmes autour de quatre points clés : l’organisation de chaque sous-système (les différentes entreprises, les associations commerciales, industrielles et agricoles et les relations entre elles, la technologie, les stratégies d’appui à l’innovation et le marché du travail) ; l’évolution récente du développement et de la spécialisation productive et les relations avec les institutions (le Sebrae et la politique des APLs, les obstacles au développement de l’industrie dans chaque sous-système). Dans ce dernier chapitre nous mettons en relief les points communs entre les trois sous-systèmes sur les mutations et ruptures que l’industrie a connues et l’analyse de la dynamique existante dans chaque sous-système. En conclusion, nous arrivons au constat que, pour favoriser le processus de développement local, une politique d’accompagnement est plus cohérente pour prendre en compte les spécificités et les besoins de chaque territoire afin de réunir les conditions nécessaires à l’émergence des vrais facteurs d’un territoire. / Nesta tese nós analisamos a evolução e as mutações sofridas por três subsistemas da indústria de máquinas e implementos agrícolas no sul do Brasil através da análise de certas características estruturais de articulação territorial. Nossa abordagem foi a dinâmica territorial. É assim que nós nos engajamos a identificar a dinâmica existente na criação de conhecimentos e de tecnologias produzidas e provenientes de fora. No capítulo 1 nós estudamos a origem da discussão referente ao desenvolvimento local nos países emergentes, com o objetivo de mostrar a pertinência da literatura marshalliana para analisar a realidade brasileira em torno da experiência dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs). No capítulo 2 nós abordamos um vasto conjunto de fatores que parecem pertinentes para a compreensão da relação entre a indústria e a agricultura, assim como do desenvolvimento da indústria de máquinas e implementos agrícolas na região do planalto do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). No capítulo 3 nós nos destinamos ao estudo do funcionamento de três subsistemas da indústria metal-mecânica face as estratégias das empresas. O capítulo 4 é consagrado à análise de cada um dos subsistemas (pré-colheita, colheita e pós-colheita) em torno de quatro pontos-chave: A) a organização de cada subsistema: as diferentes empresas, as associações comerciais, industriais e agrícolas e as relações entre elas; B) a tecnologia, as estratégias de apoio a inovação; C) o mercado de trabalho; D) a evolução recente do desenvolvimento e da especialização produtiva e as relações com as instituições (o Sebrae e a política dos APLs, os obstáculos ao desenvolvimento da indústria em cada subsistema). Nesse último capítulo nós evidenciamos os pontos comuns entre os três subsistemas sobre as mutações e rupturas que a indústria conheceu e a análise da dinâmica existente em cada subsistema. Assim, na conclusão, nós constatamos que para favorecer o processo de desenvolvimento local, uma política de acompanhamento é mais coerente para levar em consideração as especificidades e as necessidades de cada território a fim de reunir às condições necessárias a emergência de verdadeiros fatores de um território. / This thesis concerns the evolution and mutation suffered by three subsystems of agricultural machinery industry and agricultural implements in the south of Brazil by analyzing certain cultural characteristics of articulation of territory. The approach was the territorial dynamic. The aim was to identify the dynamic which exists in the creation of knowledge and technology produced outside the territory. In chapter 1 we studied the discussion about the local development of emerging countries, with the objective to show the pertinence of the marshallian literature to analyze the Brazilian reality with the experience of the Local Productive Arranges (APLs). In chapter 2 a wide range of factors were studied to the comprehension of the relation between industry and agriculture, with the development of the machinery and agricultural implements in the plateau region of “Rio Grande do Sul – RS” - Brazil. In Chapter 3, the aim was the study of the operation of three subsystems in the metal mechanical industry in relation to the strategy of the industries. In chapter 4, each subsystem was analyzed (pre harvest, harvest and postharvest) considering four key points: A) Organization of the subsystem: the different industries and the commercial associations of industry and agricultural and their relations; B) The technology of support for innovation; C) the job market; D) The recent evolution of development and productive specialization and the relations with the institutions responsible for this segment in Brazil (Sebrae and APLs) and the obstacles to the industry development in each subsystem). In this last chapter the common points of the three subsystems about the mutation and ruptures that the industry met and the analysis of the existing dynamic in each subsystem. So, in conclusion, it was found that in order to favor the local development, a follow up is more coherent to consider the specification and the needs of each territory in order to unite to the necessary conditions to favor the arise of the essential variables of a territory.

Dans cette thèse nous analysons l’évolution et les mutations subies par trois sous-systèmes de l’industrie de machines et équipements agricoles au sud du Brésil à travers l’analyse de certaines caractéristiques structurelles de l’articulation territoriale. Notre approche a été celle de la dynamique du territoire. C’est ainsi que nous nous sommes engagés à identifier la dynamique existante dans la création de connaissances et de technologies produites et provenant de l’extérieur. Dans le Chapitre 1 nous étudions l’origine de la discussion concernant le développement localisé dans les pays émergents, dans le but de montrer la pertinence de la littérature marshallienne pour analyser la réalité brésilienne autour de l’expérience des APLs. Dans le chapitre 2 nous couvrons un large ensemble de facteurs qui semblent pertinents pour la compréhension de la relation entre industrie et agriculture ainsi que du développement de l’industrie de machines et équipements agricoles dans la région du plateau du Rio Grande do Sul. Dans le chapitre 3 nous nous consacrons à l’étude du fonctionnement des trois sous-systèmes de la métal-mécanique (Avant-récolte, Récolte et Après-récolte) face aux stratégies des entreprises. Le chapitre 4 est consacré à l’analyse de chacun des trois sous-systèmes autour de quatre points clés : l’organisation de chaque sous-système (les différentes entreprises, les associations commerciales, industrielles et agricoles et les relations entre elles, la technologie, les stratégies d’appui à l’innovation et le marché du travail) ; l’évolution récente du développement et de la spécialisation productive et les relations avec les institutions (le Sebrae et la politique des APLs, les obstacles au développement de l’industrie dans chaque sous-système). Dans ce dernier chapitre nous mettons en relief les points communs entre les trois sous-systèmes sur les mutations et ruptures que l’industrie a connues et l’analyse de la dynamique existante dans chaque sous-système. En conclusion, nous arrivons au constat que, pour favoriser le processus de développement local, une politique d’accompagnement est plus cohérente pour prendre en compte les spécificités et les besoins de chaque territoire afin de réunir les conditions nécessaires à l’émergence des vrais facteurs d’un territoire. / Nesta tese nós analisamos a evolução e as mutações sofridas por três subsistemas da indústria de máquinas e implementos agrícolas no sul do Brasil através da análise de certas características estruturais de articulação territorial. Nossa abordagem foi a dinâmica territorial. É assim que nós nos engajamos a identificar a dinâmica existente na criação de conhecimentos e de tecnologias produzidas e provenientes de fora. No capítulo 1 nós estudamos a origem da discussão referente ao desenvolvimento local nos países emergentes, com o objetivo de mostrar a pertinência da literatura marshalliana para analisar a realidade brasileira em torno da experiência dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs). No capítulo 2 nós abordamos um vasto conjunto de fatores que parecem pertinentes para a compreensão da relação entre a indústria e a agricultura, assim como do desenvolvimento da indústria de máquinas e implementos agrícolas na região do planalto do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). No capítulo 3 nós nos destinamos ao estudo do funcionamento de três subsistemas da indústria metal-mecânica face as estratégias das empresas. O capítulo 4 é consagrado à análise de cada um dos subsistemas (pré-colheita, colheita e pós-colheita) em torno de quatro pontos-chave: A) a organização de cada subsistema: as diferentes empresas, as associações comerciais, industriais e agrícolas e as relações entre elas; B) a tecnologia, as estratégias de apoio a inovação; C) o mercado de trabalho; D) a evolução recente do desenvolvimento e da especialização produtiva e as relações com as instituições (o Sebrae e a política dos APLs, os obstáculos ao desenvolvimento da indústria em cada subsistema). Nesse último capítulo nós evidenciamos os pontos comuns entre os três subsistemas sobre as mutações e rupturas que a indústria conheceu e a análise da dinâmica existente em cada subsistema. Assim, na conclusão, nós constatamos que para favorecer o processo de desenvolvimento local, uma política de acompanhamento é mais coerente para levar em consideração as especificidades e as necessidades de cada território a fim de reunir às condições necessárias a emergência de verdadeiros fatores de um território. / This thesis concerns the evolution and mutation suffered by three subsystems of agricultural machinery industry and agricultural implements in the south of Brazil by analyzing certain cultural characteristics of articulation of territory. The approach was the territorial dynamic. The aim was to identify the dynamic which exists in the creation of knowledge and technology produced outside the territory. In chapter 1 we studied the discussion about the local development of emerging countries, with the objective to show the pertinence of the marshallian literature to analyze the Brazilian reality with the experience of the Local Productive Arranges (APLs). In chapter 2 a wide range of factors were studied to the comprehension of the relation between industry and agriculture, with the development of the machinery and agricultural implements in the plateau region of “Rio Grande do Sul – RS” - Brazil. In Chapter 3, the aim was the study of the operation of three subsystems in the metal mechanical industry in relation to the strategy of the industries. In chapter 4, each subsystem was analyzed (pre harvest, harvest and postharvest) considering four key points: A) Organization of the subsystem: the different industries and the commercial associations of industry and agricultural and their relations; B) The technology of support for innovation; C) the job market; D) The recent evolution of development and productive specialization and the relations with the institutions responsible for this segment in Brazil (Sebrae and APLs) and the obstacles to the industry development in each subsystem). In this last chapter the common points of the three subsystems about the mutation and ruptures that the industry met and the analysis of the existing dynamic in each subsystem. So, in conclusion, it was found that in order to favor the local development, a follow up is more coherent to consider the specification and the needs of each territory in order to unite to the necessary conditions to favor the arise of the essential variables of a territory.

Dans cette thèse nous analysons l’évolution et les mutations subies par trois sous-systèmes de l’industrie de machines et équipements agricoles au sud du Brésil à travers l’analyse de certaines caractéristiques structurelles de l’articulation territoriale. Notre approche a été celle de la dynamique du territoire. C’est ainsi que nous nous sommes engagés à identifier la dynamique existante dans la création de connaissances et de technologies produites et provenant de l’extérieur. Dans le Chapitre 1 nous étudions l’origine de la discussion concernant le développement localisé dans les pays émergents, dans le but de montrer la pertinence de la littérature marshallienne pour analyser la réalité brésilienne autour de l’expérience des APLs. Dans le chapitre 2 nous couvrons un large ensemble de facteurs qui semblent pertinents pour la compréhension de la relation entre industrie et agriculture ainsi que du développement de l’industrie de machines et équipements agricoles dans la région du plateau du Rio Grande do Sul. Dans le chapitre 3 nous nous consacrons à l’étude du fonctionnement des trois sous-systèmes de la métal-mécanique (Avant-récolte, Récolte et Après-récolte) face aux stratégies des entreprises. Le chapitre 4 est consacré à l’analyse de chacun des trois sous-systèmes autour de quatre points clés : l’organisation de chaque sous-système (les différentes entreprises, les associations commerciales, industrielles et agricoles et les relations entre elles, la technologie, les stratégies d’appui à l’innovation et le marché du travail) ; l’évolution récente du développement et de la spécialisation productive et les relations avec les institutions (le Sebrae et la politique des APLs, les obstacles au développement de l’industrie dans chaque sous-système). Dans ce dernier chapitre nous mettons en relief les points communs entre les trois sous-systèmes sur les mutations et ruptures que l’industrie a connues et l’analyse de la dynamique existante dans chaque sous-système. En conclusion, nous arrivons au constat que, pour favoriser le processus de développement local, une politique d’accompagnement est plus cohérente pour prendre en compte les spécificités et les besoins de chaque territoire afin de réunir les conditions nécessaires à l’émergence des vrais facteurs d’un territoire. / Nesta tese nós analisamos a evolução e as mutações sofridas por três subsistemas da indústria de máquinas e implementos agrícolas no sul do Brasil através da análise de certas características estruturais de articulação territorial. Nossa abordagem foi a dinâmica territorial. É assim que nós nos engajamos a identificar a dinâmica existente na criação de conhecimentos e de tecnologias produzidas e provenientes de fora. No capítulo 1 nós estudamos a origem da discussão referente ao desenvolvimento local nos países emergentes, com o objetivo de mostrar a pertinência da literatura marshalliana para analisar a realidade brasileira em torno da experiência dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs). No capítulo 2 nós abordamos um vasto conjunto de fatores que parecem pertinentes para a compreensão da relação entre a indústria e a agricultura, assim como do desenvolvimento da indústria de máquinas e implementos agrícolas na região do planalto do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). No capítulo 3 nós nos destinamos ao estudo do funcionamento de três subsistemas da indústria metal-mecânica face as estratégias das empresas. O capítulo 4 é consagrado à análise de cada um dos subsistemas (pré-colheita, colheita e pós-colheita) em torno de quatro pontos-chave: A) a organização de cada subsistema: as diferentes empresas, as associações comerciais, industriais e agrícolas e as relações entre elas; B) a tecnologia, as estratégias de apoio a inovação; C) o mercado de trabalho; D) a evolução recente do desenvolvimento e da especialização produtiva e as relações com as instituições (o Sebrae e a política dos APLs, os obstáculos ao desenvolvimento da indústria em cada subsistema). Nesse último capítulo nós evidenciamos os pontos comuns entre os três subsistemas sobre as mutações e rupturas que a indústria conheceu e a análise da dinâmica existente em cada subsistema. Assim, na conclusão, nós constatamos que para favorecer o processo de desenvolvimento local, uma política de acompanhamento é mais coerente para levar em consideração as especificidades e as necessidades de cada território a fim de reunir às condições necessárias a emergência de verdadeiros fatores de um território. / This thesis concerns the evolution and mutation suffered by three subsystems of agricultural machinery industry and agricultural implements in the south of Brazil by analyzing certain cultural characteristics of articulation of territory. The approach was the territorial dynamic. The aim was to identify the dynamic which exists in the creation of knowledge and technology produced outside the territory. In chapter 1 we studied the discussion about the local development of emerging countries, with the objective to show the pertinence of the marshallian literature to analyze the Brazilian reality with the experience of the Local Productive Arranges (APLs). In chapter 2 a wide range of factors were studied to the comprehension of the relation between industry and agriculture, with the development of the machinery and agricultural implements in the plateau region of “Rio Grande do Sul – RS” - Brazil. In Chapter 3, the aim was the study of the operation of three subsystems in the metal mechanical industry in relation to the strategy of the industries. In chapter 4, each subsystem was analyzed (pre harvest, harvest and postharvest) considering four key points: A) Organization of the subsystem: the different industries and the commercial associations of industry and agricultural and their relations; B) The technology of support for innovation; C) the job market; D) The recent evolution of development and productive specialization and the relations with the institutions responsible for this segment in Brazil (Sebrae and APLs) and the obstacles to the industry development in each subsystem). In this last chapter the common points of the three subsystems about the mutation and ruptures that the industry met and the analysis of the existing dynamic in each subsystem. So, in conclusion, it was found that in order to favor the local development, a follow up is more coherent to consider the specification and the needs of each territory in order to unite to the necessary conditions to favor the arise of the essential variables of a territory.