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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
631

La ville imprévisible : dynamiques de cheminement, expérience sensible partagée et épreuve du surgissement dans les espaces publics du quotidien. / The unpredictable city : dynamic of walking, shared sensitive experience and sudden appearance in public spaces of everyday life

Delas, Julien 18 December 2012 (has links)
Inscrit dans le champ des ambiances architecturales et urbaines, cette thèse interroge la constitution de l'expérience sensible dans les cheminements urbains à partir d'une méthode de parcours commenté « en aveugle ». Une enquête a été menée à Grenoble auprès de 34 personnes constituées en deux groupes d'âge, leur faisant parcourir, les yeux bandés, un espace de la ville où ils n'étaient jamais allés. À partir d'analyses détaillées des commentaires recueillis lors des parcours, nous montrons comment s'opère la mobilisation des sens dans la marche. En effet, des sens aux contextes de sens en passant par les objets d'expérience, nous explorons différentes perspectives pour rendre intelligible l'expérience sensible. Une réflexion particulière est alors menée sur l'impact du protocole d'enquête et la relation chercheur/participant en intégrant pleinement ces derniers aux analyses et à l'objet de recherche. Nous proposons enfin de nous saisir de la notion de « surgissement » pour révéler les aspects dynamiques de l'expérience sensible des espaces publics et cherchons à faire de cette notion un levier de discussion théorique ainsi qu'un outil de définition dans l'aménagement des espaces publics urbains, tant du point de vue physique et spatial que dans le cadre d'une politique du sensible confrontée à la standardisation ou à des effets de normalisation. S'appuyant sur des approches phénoménologiques et pragmatistes et soucieux des effets des modalités d'aménagement contemporain, ce travail contribue ainsi à la problématique des ambiances urbaines. / From the field of urban and architectural ambiances, this thesis focuses on the constitution of sensitive experience in the context of walking in the city from a method of commented walks without eyesight. We have conducted an inquiry in Grenoble (a french city) with 34 people belonging to two age groups. These people made a sensewalk blindfolded in the same place unknown to them. We show how senses are implicated in walking from specific analyses. Indeed, from senses to meaningful context through object of experience, we adopt different ways in order to understand sensitive experience. A methodological reflection relies both on the impact of survey protocol and on the relationship between researcher and the interviewed people. We suggest to consider the notion of « sudden appearance » in order to reveal dynamic caracteristics of sensitive experience in public spaces. In addition, a theoritical discussion emerges from this notion and we assume that « sudden appearance » could be a way of thinking in urban planning. Facing the standardization and normalization of public spaces, « sudden appearance » is a way to resist and to be politically engaged. Based on phenomenological and pragmatical approaches and being concerned with urban planning, our work contributes to the investigation of urban ambiances.
632

Etude des précipitations en Antarctique par télédétection radar, mesures in-situ, et intercomparaison de modèles de climat / Study of Antarctic precipitation by radar remote sensing, in-situ measurements, and intercomparison of climate models

Palerme, Cyril 21 November 2014 (has links)
Au cours du XXIème siècle, une augmentation des précipitations est attendue dans les régions polaires. En Antarctique, cette augmentation devrait se traduire par une accumulation de neige sur le continent, contribuant ainsi positivement au bilan de masse de la calotte polaire, et par conséquent négativement au niveau des mers. Les modèles utilisés pour simuler le climat du XXIème siècle prédisent presque tous une augmentation des précipitations en Antarctique, mais l'importance de ce changement diffère fortement d'un modèle à l'autre. De plus, les taux de précipitation actuels reproduits par ces mêmes modèles divergent également beaucoup. Cependant, faute d'observation fiable de précipitation en Antarctique, il était jusqu'à présent difficile de vérifier la capacité des modèles à simuler ces dernières. Dans cette étude, les données issues du radar météorologique embarqué à bord du satellite CloudSat ont été utilisées afin de produire la première climatologie de précipitation en Antarctique à partir d'observations. Cette climatologie couvre la période août 2006 - avril 2011, et a montré de très bons accords avec les réanalyses ERA Interim qui n'utilisent pas d'observations issues de CloudSat. Le taux de chute de neige obtenu avec CloudSat sur le continent Antarctique jusqu'à 82°S est en moyenne de 171 mm/an. L'automne austral est la saison avec les chutes de neige les plus importantes, et le printemps austral, la saison avec les chutes de neige les plus faibles. Par ailleurs, une expérience de mesure in-situ des précipitations a été développée sur la base de Dumont d'Urville en Antarctique, des observations in-situ étant nécessaires à la validation des algorithmes de télédétection. Un système de profilage utilisant des capteurs optiques a été installé sur un mât de 73 m afin d'identifier les chutes de neige et les évènements de transport de neige par le vent. Les flux de neige mesurés à différentes hauteurs devraient être similaires lors de chute de neige sans transport de neige, alors qu'un gradient devrait apparaître si de la neige est transportée depuis la surface. Le système a été évalué et comparé aux analyses opérationnelles d'ECMWF. Enfin, les simulations des modèles de climat utilisés pour la production du rapport du GIEC ont été comparées aux observations satellites obtenues. Tous les modèles simulent un taux de chute de neige supérieur à celui observé avec CloudSat. Le changement de précipitation en Antarctique durant le XXIème siècle simulé varie de -6.0 % à +39.4 % en fonction des modèles et des scénarios d'émission de gaz à effet de serre. Les modèles de climat simulant des taux de chute de neige proches de ceux observés par satellite pour la période actuelle prédisent en moyenne un changement plus important de précipitation au cours du XXIème siècle, et donc un impact sur le niveau des mers plus conséquent. / During the 21st century, precipitation is expected to increase in polar regions. In Antarctica, this would lead to an increase in snow accumulation over the continent, which would represent a positive contribution to the ice sheet mass balance, and thus a negative contribution to sea level. Almost all the climate models predict a precipitation increase in Antarctica during the 21st century, but this change differs widely according to the models. Moreover, the current precipitation rate simulated by these models diverge greatly. However, because no reliable observation of Antarctic precipitation was available so far, it was not possible to benchmark climate models. In this study, data from the cloud profiling radar onboard CloudSat satellite have been used to produce the first climatology of Antarctic precipitation from observations. This climatology agrees well with ERA Interim reanalysis, the production of which is constrained by various in situ and satellite observations, but does not use any data from CloudSat. The mean snowfall rate from CloudSat observations is 171 mm/an over the Antarctic ice sheet, north of 82°S. The maximum snowfall rate is observed during the fall, while the minimum snowfall rate occurs in spring. Because in-situ measurements are necessary to evaluate remote sensing observations, a field experiment has been developed at Dumont d'Urville station in Antarctica for measuring precipitation. Optical sensors have been set up at different levels on a 73-meter tower in order to separate snowfall from blowing snow events. Snow flux measured at different heights should be similar during snowfall without blowing snow, whereas a gradient shoud be observed if blowing snow occurs. The system has been evaluated and compared to the ECMWF operational analysis. Finally, simulations from the climate models used for the last IPCC report have been compared to the new satellite climatology. All the models produce a higher snowfall rate than the snowfall observed with CloudSat. Precipitation increase predicted in Antarctica varies from -6.0 % to +39.4 % according to the models and the greenhouse gas emissions scenarios.Climate models which reproduce a current snowfall rate close to the snowfall rate observed by satellite predict on average a larger increase in Antarctic precipitation during the 21st century, and thus a stronger impact on sea level.
633

Etude des catalyseurs hétérogènes à base de Co en conditions réactives "réalistes" par microscopie électronique in-situ et opérando / Study of heterogeneous cobalt-based catalysts in realistic and reactive conditions by in-situ and operando transmission electron microscopy

Dembélé, Kassiogé 20 December 2017 (has links)
Nous avons étudié des catalyseurs de cobalt utilisés pour la synthèse Fischer-Tropsch des hydrocarbures en suivant les processus d’activation, de fonctionnement et de désactivation par microscopie électronique en transmission in-situ environnementale. Une méthodologie operando a été développée en couplant ces études structurales dans une cellule environnementale à la mesure de gaz résiduels par spectrométrie de masse. Utilisant des nano-objets de morphologie contrôlée, nous avons mis en évidence des mécanismes de désactivation des catalyseurs par frittage des particules, ré-oxydation, encapsulation et carburation. Pour les catalyseurs supportés, leur activation se distingue par une densification des particules. Nous avons démontré que la réduction des particules est plus facile sur silice que sur alumine ainsi qu’en présence des atomes de Pt. Durant leur fonctionnement sous gaz de synthèse, nous avons détecté la formation d’hydrocarbures. Cette méthodologie a donné accès aux propriétés physico-chimiques d’une série de catalyseurs de cobalt, ouvrant ainsi la voie à des études approfondies de catalyseurs hétérogènes par microscopie operando. / In this work, we studied cobalt catalysts used in producing hydrocarbons through the Fischer-Trospch synthesis process, in which their activation, operation and deactivation mechanisms are recorded using in-situ and environmental transmission electron microscopy. An operando methodology was developed by combining electron microscopy-based structural studies in an environmental cell and mass spectrometry analysis of the reacting gases. Using controlled-morphology nanocatalysts we have demonstrated that deactivation occurs through particles sintering, re-oxidation, encapsulation and carburization. The activation of supported catalysts arises due to particles densification. It was clearly established that the reduction of the nanoparticles is better enhanced on a silica support than on an alumina one. Also, Pt doping of the catalysts greatly increases their reduction. By analysing the hydrocarbons formed during the Fischer-Tropsch reactions of a series of cobalt catalysts, we could obtain a comprehensive physico-chemical characterization, thus opening the way to in-depth studies of heterogeneous catalysts by operando microscopy.
634

Síntese e caracterização de nanocatalisadores de platina suportados aplicados à reação de reforma do metano

Meira, Débora Motta 05 March 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2931.pdf: 6814472 bytes, checksum: 46c69cfcaa07e8f2ab4e1d803b03916a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Colloidal Nanoparticles of Platinum (Pt-NPs) were obtained by reducing hexacloroplatinic acid with ethylene glycol in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as protective agent of the particles. Two methods of synthesis were performed which differed by the ratio PVP / Pt used. The synthesis of nanoparticles was accompanied by measures in the UV-visible from of which it was possible to determine the end of the reaction. The Pt-NPs were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) that determined the average diameter of particles (~ 2.0 nm). After the synthesis, the Pt-NPs were incorporated into the supports of alumina and alumina promoted with cerium and cerium-zirconium which were prepared by sol-gel method. Supporters with nanoparticles incorporated were then subjected to heat treatment have sought the formation of stable catalysts and without the presence of protective polymer, as this could affect the activity of the catalyst by covering the active sites. Through X-ray diffraction and TEM images it was possible to monitor the stability of samples after heat treatment and the samples that were synthesized with higher PVP were more stable. Measures of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy in situ allowed the characterization of the samples in the reaction atmosphere. Through the analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was observed morphological changes in the particles caused by the increase in temperature showing that there is an increase in the number of atoms of low coordination when samples are heated which favors the reaction of steam reforming of methane. Through studies of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in the edges L2 and L3 of Pt was possible to monitor how the electron density of the catalysts varies in reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalysts were also tested catalysts. Measures of dispersion were obtained by the reaction of dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and catalysts made of alumina promoted with cerium and cerium-zirconium displayed less dispersion due to the coating caused by the support. The catalysts in which the particles were synthesized with a higher amount of PVP, because of its stability, were subjected to the reaction of steam reforming of methane and proved active. This reaction was used to calculate the value of the apparent activation energy. The catalysts containing promoters were more active than the catalyst only alumina thus showing the role of support in this reaction. Therefore, this system has proved very interesting to study the catalytic properties in reactions sensitive to the structure since the nanoparticles present are monodispersed and the catalyst is stable under reaction conditions allowing the study of structural and electronic properties. / Nanopartículas coloidais de platina (NPs-Pt) foram obtidas por meio da redução do ácido hexacloroplatínico por etilenoglicol na presença de polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) como agente protetor das partículas. Dois métodos de síntese foram realizados os quais se diferiram pela razão PVP/Pt empregada. As sínteses das NPs-Pt foram acompanhadas por medidas no UVvisível através das quais foi possível determinar o fim da reação. As NPs-Pt foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) que determinou o diâmetro médio das partículas (~2,0 nm). Após a síntese as NPs-Pt foram incorporadas à suportes de alumina e alumina promovida com cério e cério-zircônio os quais foram preparados pelo método sol-gel. Os suportes com as nanopartículas incorporadas foram então submetidos a tratamentos térmicos com o objetivo de levar à formação de catalisadores estáveis e sem a presença do polímero protetor. Através de difração de raios X e imagens de TEM foi possível acompanhar a estabilidade das amostras após o tratamento térmico tendo sido as amostras sintetizadas com maior quantidade de PVP mais estáveis. Medidas de espectroscopia de estrutura fina de absorção de raios X (XAFS) in situ permitiram a caracterização da amostra em atmosfera de reação. Através da análise da região estendida após a borda, EXAFS, foi possível observar mudanças morfológicas nas partículas ocasionadas pelo aumento da temperatura mostrando que há um aumento no número de átomos de baixa coordenação quando as amostras são aquecidas o que favorece a reação de reforma a vapor do metano. Através de estudos da região próxima às bordas L2 e L3 da Pt (XANES) foi possível acompanhar como a densidade eletrônica dos catalisadores variou em condições de reação. Por fim, os catalisadores foram submetidos a ensaios catalíticos. Medidas de dispersão foram obtidas através da reação de desidrogenação do ciclohexano tendo os catalisadores preparados com alumina promovida com Ce e Ce-Zr apresentado uma menor dispersão devido ao recobrimento ocasionado pelo suporte. Devido à sua estabilidade, os catalisadores obtidos a partir das nanopartículas sintetizadas com maior razão PVP/Pt, foram submetidos à reação de reforma a vapor do metano e se mostraram ativos. Essa reação foi utilizada para calcular o valor da energia de ativação aparente. Os catalisadores contendo promotores foram mais ativos, mostrando assim o papel do suporte nessa reação. Portanto, essa abordagem se mostrou bastante interessante para o estudo das propriedades catalíticas em reações sensíveis à estrutura devido à estreita distribuição de tamanhos das nanopartículas e sua estabilidade em condições de reação permitindo o estudo detalhado de suas propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas
635

Avaliação andrológica e criopreservação de sêmen de pumas (Puma concolor Linnaeus, 1771) adultos / Andrologic evaluation and cryopreservation of adult cougar s (Puma concolor Linnaeus, 1771) semen

Souza, Thyara de Deco 02 March 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2387024 bytes, checksum: 01d23ccd7bff613e81deb218403993c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-02 / The wild felines is one of the most endangered species of the world and its population is affected by some factors that vary geographically because of the alduteration of their habitat, food available, strong hunt pressure or even the low population density. Assisted reproduction techniques such as gamete s cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization are fundamental for the conservation as they contributes to restoring genetic vigor and makes possible to transfer genetics sources without moving the animals itself. The aim of this study is collect semen from cougar (Puma concolor), describe its physics and morphologics characteristics and also evaluate its frozen capacity using two extenders with TRIS- citrate and egg yolk were evaluated, one with 5% of glycerol and the other with 7.5%. Five captive adult cougars from Mato Grosso do Sul s Rehabilitation Center Brazil (CRAS-MS) were used. The anesthetic protocol was an association of ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xilazine (1.2 mg/kg). Semen collection was done through electroejaculation method with a maximum of four series of 10 stimuli with 16 Volts. Before with collection the urine was collected and the bladder was washed with sterile physiologic solution. The semen samples were evaluated using the following parameters: physics aspects (color and smell), volume, concentration, morphology, sperm progressive status, sperm motility. The last two parameters were used to calculate the sperm motility index. The semen samples were packed in 0.25 ml straws, cooled at a rate 0.55ºC/min during two hours (one for de cooling and one in equilibrium) and finely frozen at a rate 5.8ºC/min. The thawing was carried through immersion in water at 37ºC during 30 seconds. The post thawed samples were evaluated using the sperm progressive status, sperm motility, sperm longevity (thermorresistance test) and hiposmotic swelling tests. The protocol used in this study for captive cougar s semen collection were efficient, with the acquisition of samples free from urine and a medium of total spermatozoids per ejaculate higher than those describe in literature for this species. The sperm motility index was also higher than those describe in literature. The medium of structurally abnormal spermatozoa were 53.88% and besides the high pleiomorphic rate only one animal between those evaluated at this study was considered teratospermic. The most frequent pathologies were tightly coiled or bent tail, coiled or bent tail and tail coiled on the head. The cryopreservation and thawing protocol were good for the cryopreservation of cougar s semen. The sperm motility index reduced only after 40 minutes of incubation at 38ºC for both extenders tested (16.25% in the extender with 5% of glycerol and 11.25% in the extender with 7.5%) and a medium of 25 to 29% of the spermatozoids showed plasmatic membrane integrity. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the two concentrations of glycerol used, according to the parameters evaluated. / Os felinos silvestres estão entre as espécies mais ameaçadas do mundo, e sua população é afetada por fatores que variam geograficamente, seja a descaracterização de habitats, disponibilidade de alimentos, forte pressão de caça ou baixa densidade populacional. Tecnologias de reprodução assistida, como a criopreservação de gametas e a fertilização in vitro, são ferramentas fundamentais para a conservação das espécies, uma vez que auxiliam na manutenção de uma população geneticamente viável e permitem translocação de material genético sem a necessidade do transporte dos animais. O presente estudo objetivou coletar sêmen de pumas (Puma concolor) assim como descrever as características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen e também avaliar a congelabilidade do sêmen desta espécie empregando dois meios de congelamento a base de TRIS-citrato e gema de ovo, sendo um com 5% de glicerol e outro com 7,5%. Foram utilizados cinco pumas adultos mantidos em condições de cativeiro no Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul Brasil (CRAS-MS). Os animais foram anestesiados com associação de cloridrato de quetamina e cloridrato de xilazina nas doses de 10 mg/kg e 1,2 mg/kg, respectivamente. |Posteriormente foi realizada a coleta, por meio da eletroejaculação, que consistiu na aplicação de um máximo de 4 séries de 10 estímulos elétricos de 16V. Após a sedação, procedeu-se a coleta de urina e lavagem da bexiga com solução fisiológica estéril. O sêmen coletado foi analisado quanto ao aspecto físico (cor e odor), volume, concentração e morfologia espermática, além do vigor e da motilidade, que foram utilizados para o cálculo do índice espermático. O sêmen foi envasado em palhetas de 0,25 mL, resfriado sob uma taxa de 0,55ºC/min por duas horas (uma hora de resfriamento e mais uma hora de equilíbrio) e por fim congelado a uma taxa de 5,8ºC/min. As amostras de sêmen foram descongeladas em banho maria a 37ºC por 30 segundos e avaliadas quanto ao vigor e à motilidade espermática, além dos teste de termorresistência e hiposmótico. O protocolo proposto para coleta de sêmen de puma mantidos em cativeiro mostrou-se eficiente, com a obtenção de amostras livres de contaminação com urina e com uma média total de espermatozóides por ejaculado superior à descrita na literatura para esta espécie. O índice espermático observado nas amostras frescas também foi superior ao descrito na literatura. A média de patologias totais observada foi de 53,88% e apesar da elevada taxa de espermatozóides patológicos, apenas um indivíduo dentre os pumas avaliados mostrou-se teratospérmico. As patologias mais frequentemente observadas foram cauda fortemente dobrada ou enrolada, cauda dobrada ou enrolada e cauda enrolada na cabeça. O protocolo de congelamento e descongelamento empregado mostrou-se satisfatório na criopreservação de sêmen de puma. O índice espermático declinou somente após 40 minutos de incubação a 38ºC em ambos os meios testados (16,25% no meio com 5% de glicerol e 11,25% no meio com 7,5%) e em média de 25 a 29% dos espermatozóides apresentaram integridade na membrana plasmática. Não foram observadas diferenças (p>0,05) entre os parâmetros avaliados após a criopreservação, utilizando as diferentes concentrações de glicerol no meio TRIS- gema de ovo.
636

Proporção sexual em populações de Myracrodruon urundeuva para fins de formação de pomares de sementes por mudas / Sex ratio in populations of Myracrodruon urundeuva for purposes of training of seed orchards by seedlings

Sant'ana, Vanessa Zaffani [UNESP] 14 August 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Vanessa Zaffani Sant'Ana null (vanessazsbio@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T19:00:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Zaffani Sant'Ana..pdf: 1913553 bytes, checksum: a1dccd2bae0ad9102e270554ce3d6aee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-11T18:12:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_vz_me_ilha.pdf: 1913553 bytes, checksum: a1dccd2bae0ad9102e270554ce3d6aee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T18:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_vz_me_ilha.pdf: 1913553 bytes, checksum: a1dccd2bae0ad9102e270554ce3d6aee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) é uma espécie dioica e se encontra na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, devido ao seu alto valor econômico e à destruição do seu habitat. Dessa forma, se faz necessária a adoção de estratégias para a conservação ex situ dessa espécie arbórea nativa, de tal modo que a variabilidade genética das populações seja mantida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a proporção sexual, a sobrevivência e a variação genética do diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), em seis testes de progênies de M. urundeuva provenientes de seis populações distintas originárias de três biomas (Caatinga, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica). O delineamento utilizado, em cada teste de progênies, foi o de bloco casualizado. As estimativas de componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos, para os caracteres quantitativos para os caracteres quantitativos, DAP e sobrevivência, foram realizadas pelo método REML/BLUP (máxima verossimilhança restrita / melhor predição linear não viciada). O tamanho efetivo da população foi calculado com base no número de indivíduos com flores masculinas e femininas, em um modelo que não há controle de gametas (RS). Verificou-se com base nas estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos que as procedências de Itarumã e Seridó expressam maior variação genética para o caráter DAP, o que possibilita sua utilização na conservação e no melhoramento genético. Foram encontrados altos percentuais de sobrevivência o que caracteriza uma ótima adaptação da espécie no local de plantio. A proporção sexual foi tendenciosa, com predominância de plantas com florescimento masculino (3♂:1♀), porém a maior parte dos indivíduos de M. urundeuva, procedentes dos diferentes biomas, não floresceram em Selvíria-MS. O tamanho efetivo populacional variou conforme a razão sexual, sendo que os testes de progênies que se aproximaram mais do valor real de indivíduos reprodutivos foram aqueles originários de Seridó (RN), Itarumã (GO) e Petrolina (PE). As subpopulações dos testes de progênies de Itarumã e Selvíria são as mais próximas geneticamente da população de referência (T), ou seja, possuem a mesma representatividade genética. Portanto, a seleção dos indivíduos dentro dos testes de progênies não deve considerar apenas o caráter de crescimento (DAP), mas também basear-se na razão sexual e no tamanho efetivo populacional, para a sua futura transformação em um pomar de sementes por mudas. / The aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) is a dioecious species and is on the list of endangered species due to its high economic value and the destruction of its habitat. That way, becomes necessary the adoption of strategies for the ex situ conservation of native tree species, such that the genetic variability of populations is maintained. The objective of this work was to quantify the sex ratio, the survival and the genetic variation of the diameter at breast height (DBH), on six test progenies of Myracrodruon urundeuva from six distinct populations originating three biomes (Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest). The design used, in each progeny test, was a randomized block design. Estimates of variance components and genetic parameters, for quantitative traits DBH and survival, were obtained by REML / BLUP method (restricted maximum likelihood / best linear prediction untainted). The effective population size was calculated based on the number of individuals with male and female flowers in the population, in a model that there is no control of gametes (RS). It was verified based on the estimates of the genetic parameters that the Itarumã and Seridó provenances express greater genetic variation for the DBH character, which allows their use in conservation and genetic improvement. High survival percentages were found, which characterizes an optimal adaptation of the species at the planting site. The sex ratio was biased, with predominance of male flowering plants (3♂:1♀), but most of M. urundeuva individuals, from the different biomes, did not flower in Selvíria-MS. The effective population size varied according to the sex ratio, being that the progeny tests that approached more of the real value of reproductive individuals were those originating from Seridó (RN), Itarumã (GO) and Petrolina (PE). The subpopulations of the tests progenies of Itarumã and Selvíria are the closest genetically of the reference population (T), that is, they have the same genetic representativeness. Therefore, the selection of individuals within the progeny tests should not only consider the growth trait (DBH), but also be based on sex ratio and effective population size for its future transformation into a Seed Orchard. / FAPESP: 2015/15693-7
637

Síntese e avaliação de hidrogéis à base de alginato e nanopartículas magnéticas preparadas in situ para remoção de Mn(II) e Ni(II) de efluente industrial / Synthesis and evaluation of hydrogels based on alginate and magnetic nanoparticles prepared in situ for the removal of Mn(II) and Ni(II)from wastewater

Rodrigo Ferreira Bittencourt 10 March 2015 (has links)
Esta Dissertação teve como objetivo,a síntese de hidrogéis à base de alginato e nanopartículas magnéticas (maghemita) preparadas in situ. Os hidrogéis foram preparados em diferentes concentrações de alginato de sódio (2 e 3% m/v), FeSO4 (0,3 e 0,5 mol L-1) e CaCl2 (0,1 e 0,3 mol L-1). As propriedades físico-químicas dos hidrogéis foram analisadas e, posteriormente, foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de remoção de íons Ni2+ e Mn2+ de soluções aquosas. Para caracterização das amostras foram utilizadas diversas técnicas de análises, tais como, análise granulométrica, microscopia óptica (OM), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), magnetometria de amostra vibrante (VSM), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difratometria de raios-X (XRD), espectroscopia Mössbauer, e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). Foram preparados hidrogéis com morfologia predominantemente esférica e dimensões micrométricas (500 a 850 m), com átomos de Fe e Ca dispersos uniformemente em sua estrutura. Os hidrogéis apresentaram boa resistência térmica e comportamento superparamagnético. As amostras foram intumescidas em água deionizada durante um intervalo de tempo a fim de avaliar o grau de intumescimento (Q) para determinar a amostra com a melhor resposta para posterior aplicação em solução aquosa contendo íons metálicos (Ni2+ e Mn2+). Os resultados revelaram que a amostra cuja concentração de 3% m/v de alginato de sódio, 0,3 mol L-1 de FeSO4 e 0,3 mol L-1 de CaCl2 obteve maior Q (50%). Em consequência deste resultado, optou-se por utilizar estaamostra, na remoção de metais pesados presentes em soluções aquosas e em efluentes industriais. Vários parâmetros,tais como: tempo de contato,pH, concentração inicial do íon e massa de hidrogel foram estudados.Os resultados, para efluente sintético, revelaram que o tempo de equilíbrio foi de 60 minutos; a capacidade de remoção dos metais melhora com o aumento de pH (3 a 9), sendo máxima em pH 7;quanto menor a concentração inicial da solução iônica (50 a 500 mg L-1), maior a capacidade de remoção, 52% de Ni2+ e 49% de Mn2+ (concentração inicial de 50 mg L-1). No efluente industrial, a remoção foi de 61% de Ni2+ e 57% de Mn2+(300 mg de hidrogel). Os resultados encontrados revelaram que os hidrogéis magnéticos produzidos à base de alginato têm potencial uso no tratamento de efluentes industriais contaminados com metais pesados / This Dissertation aims thesynthesis of hydrogels based on alginate and magnetic nanoparticles (maghemite) prepared in situ. Hydrogels were prepared at different concentrations of sodium alginate (2 and 3% w/v), FeSO4 (0.3 and 0.5 mol L-1) and CaCl2 (0.1 and 0.3 mol L-1). The physicochemical properties of the hydrogels were analyzed and, subsequently, evaluated for their ability to remove ions Ni2+ and Mn2+ from aqueous solutions. In orderto characterize the samples,several techniques were used, such as, granulometric analysis, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Hydrogels with predominant spherical morphology and micrometric dimension were prepared (500 and 850 m) with atoms of Fe and Ca dispersed uniformly in their structure. The hydrogels presented good thermal resistance and superparamagnetic behavior. The samples were swollen in deionized water, for a period of time, to evaluate the swelling degree (Q) and determine the sample with the best result for subsequent application in an aqueous solution containing metallic ions (Ni2+ and Mn2+). The results revealed that the sample with concentration of 3% w/v of sodium alginate, 0.3 mol L-1 of FeSO4, and 0.3 mol L-1 of CaCl2 presented the higher Q (50%). In consequence of this result, we decided to use thissample, in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution and industrial wastewater.Several parameters, such as: contact time, pH, initial concentration of ionic solution and hydrogel mass were studied. The results, to the synthetic solution, revealed that the equilibrium time was 60 minutes; the capacity of metals removal improves with the pH increasing (3 to 9), and was maximum at pH 7; the lower the initial concentration of ionic solution (50 to 500 mg L-1), the higher the removal capacity, 52% of Ni2+ and 49% of Mn2+ (initial concentration of 50 mg L-1). In the industrial wastewater, the removal was 61% of Ni2+ and 57% de Mn2+ (300 mg of hydrogel). The results showed that magnetic hydrogels based on alginate synthesized have potential use in the treatment of industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals
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Caracteriza??o in situ e diversidade gen?tica de algodoeiros moc?s (Gossypium hissutum ra?a marie galante) da Regi?o Nordeste do Brasil / In situ characterization of moco cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum race marie galante) of Brazil s Northeast region

Menezes, Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de 26 February 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IvandilsonPPM.pdf: 2514597 bytes, checksum: 43b19b0aeeca04f9d3f3a1defc9d82cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Brazil is one of the major centers of diversity for polyploid cotton plants; these plants belong to the genus Gossypium, which has three known species: G. hirsutum, G. barbadense and G. mustelinum. The Northeast is the only region where the three species occur, the last group being endemic. Northeast s cotton plants can be important sources of variability for genetic breeding. It is believed that great part of local diversity is being lost, due to economic, political, cultural and agricultural problems. In an attempt to mitigate this loss and delineate conservation strategies it is necessary to know how the species are found where they occur. The objective was to characterize and determine how plants are maintained in situ in the states of Maranh?o, Piau?, Cear?, Rio Grande do Norte and Para?ba at the beginning of the XXI century. The in situ characterization of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense was conducted through structured interviews with the cotton plants owners and through the analysis of the environment. The data were collected during expeditions undertaken between the years 2004 to 2005. Twenty-two plants were collected in the state of Para?ba, forty-four in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, one hundred and forty-six in the state of Cear?, forty in the state of Maranh?o and ninety-one plants in the state of Piau?. All plants collected in the states of Para?ba and Rio Grande do Norte belonged to moco type. Moco cotton plants also predominated in the other states, representing 92%, 62% and 78% of plants collected in Cear?, Piau? and Maranh?o, respectively. The other cotton plants collected belong to the species G. barbadense. The cotton plants were found in situ as dooryard plants, roads side, feral populations, cultivation or local varieties. Great part were dooryard plants (45.2%), being major in Piau? and Maranh?o. Cultivation predominated in Cear?; in Rio Grande do Norte feral populations were the most frequent and, in Para?ba, local varieties. The maintenance of moco plants is related, mainly, to the phytotherapic domestic use (20.9%) and to confection of lamp wicks (29.7%). Few inhabitants in Para?ba, Rio Grande do Norte, Piau? and none in Maranh?o used harvest the plants, storage the seeds or gin; however, in Cear?, 40.5% of owners affirmed that they harvested and commercialized the fiber. It was found that the maintenance of species is dependent of the fragile cultural habits of local inhabitants, therefore the maintenance in situ is not a suitable way to conservation of genetic resources. The efforts must be directed to the continuity of collections, maintenance and characterization ex situ / O Brasil ? um dos importantes centros de diversidade de algodoeiros polipl?ides pertencente ao g?nero Gossypium, com 3 esp?cies conhecidas: G. hirsutum, G. barbadense e G. mustelinum. O Nordeste ? a ?nica regi?o com ocorr?ncia das tr?s esp?cies, sendo a ?ltima end?mica. Os algodoeiros desta regi?o podem ser fontes importantes de variabilidade para o melhoramento gen?tico. Acredita-se que grande parte da diversidade local esteja sendo perdida, devido a problemas econ?micos, pol?ticos, culturais e agr?colas. Na tentativa de mitigar tal perda e delinear estrat?gias de conserva??o ? necess?rio conhecer como as esp?cies se encontram no local em que ocorrem. Objetivou-se caracterizar e determinar o modo com que as plantas s?o mantidas in situ nos estados do Maranh?o, Piau?, Cear?, Rio Grande do Norte e Para?ba no inicio do s?culo XXI. A caracteriza??o in situ de G. hirsutum e G. barbadense foi realizada por meio de entrevista estruturada com o propriet?rio e pela an?lise do ambiente. Os dados foram tomados durante expedi??es empreendidas entre os anos de 2004 a 2005. Foram coletadas 22 plantas no estado da Para?ba, 44 no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, 146 no estado do Cear?, 40 no estado do Maranh?o e 91 plantas no estado do Piau?. Todas as plantas coletadas nos estados da Para?ba e Rio Grande do Norte eram do tipo moc?. O algodoeiro moc? tamb?m predominou nos demais estados, representando 92%, 62% e 78% das plantas coletadas no Cear?, Piau? e Maranh?o, respectivamente. Os demais algodoeiros coletados pertencem a esp?cie G. barbadense. Os algodoeiros moc?s foram encontrados in situ na forma de planta de fundo de quintal, beira de estrada, feral, lavoura, variedade local. Em grande parte eram do tipo fundo de quintal (45,2%), sendo maioria no Piau? e Maranh?o. No Cear? predominou o tipo lavoura, no Rio Grande do Norte tipo feral e na Para?ba variedades locais. A manuten??o das plantas do tipo moc? est? ligada, principalmente, ao uso dom?stico fitoter?pico (20,9%) e confec??o de pavios para candeeiro (29,7%). Poucos moradores na Para?ba, Rio Grande do Norte, Piau? e nenhum no Maranh?o apresentaram o h?bito de realizar a colheita, armazenamento e beneficiamento das sementes, entretanto no Cear? 40,5% dos propriet?rios afirmaram realizar a colheita e comercializar a fibra. Verificou-se que a manuten??o da esp?cie ? dependente dos fr?geis h?bitos culturais da popula??o local, portanto a manuten??o in situ n?o ? um meio adequado ? conserva??o dos recursos gen?ticos. Os esfor?os devem ser direcionados para a continuidade das coletas, caracteriza??o e manuten??o ex situ
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Diversidade genética em populações de Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All., sob diferentes tipos de perturbação antrópica

Perez Viegas, Michele [UNESP] 06 February 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perezviegas_m_me_ilha.pdf: 402677 bytes, checksum: bbfc07fa77debb297881fa5d75487697 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os marcadores de microssatélites tem sido utilizados com grande freqüência como ferramenta efetiva para estudos de estrutura genética de populações, fluxo gênico, parentesco e para quantificar os efeitos da fragmentação de habitats e guiar estratégias de conservação e melhoramento genético. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade genética e o sistema reprodutivo em progênies de duas populações de Myracrodruon urundeuva, procedentes de Aramina-SP e Selvíria-MS, assim como verificar os efeitos da ação antrópica sobre estas populações. Foram avaliadas 25 progênies de cada população, cada uma com 17 a 20 indivíduos, sendo analisados oito locos polimórficos de regiões microssatélites. Observouse 118 alelos nas duas populações e o número efetivo por loco ( e A ∧ = 4,05) foi inferior ao número médio de alelos por loco ( ∧A= 14,75), indicando elevado número de alelos em baixa freqüência. O índice de fixação (F = 0,210 e 0,107, respectivamente para Aramina e Selvíria) foi positivo, relativamente alto e significativamente diferente de zero. A taxa de cruzamento multilocos ( ∧ m t = 1,000 e ∧ m t = 1,000) e unilocos ( ∧ s t = 0,989 e ∧ s t = 0,999) para as populações de Aramina e Selvíria, respectivamente, foram altos, confirmando que a espécie é obrigatoriamente de cruzamento. A diferença entre a taxa de cruzamento multilocos e unilocos indicam cruzamentos entre indivíduos aparentados na população de Aramina. 9 Entretanto, as duas populações apresentaram alta diversidade genética, o que as qualifica para utilização em programas de conservação e melhoramento genético da espécie. / The microsatellite markers has been often employed as effective tool for studies of genetic structure of populations, gene flow, relationship and also for to quantify environmental fragmentation effects and to outline strategies for conservation and breeding. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and mating system in progenies of two Myracrodruon urundeuva populations from Aramina-SP and Selvíria-MS, as well as verify the effects of antropic action on these populations. From each population were evaluated 25 progenies, with 15-20 individuals each, using genetic data from 8 microsatellite loci. There was 118 alleles in both populations and the actual number per locus ( e A ∧ = 4.05) was lower than the average number of alleles per locus ( ∧A = 14.75), indicating high number of alleles in low frequency. The fixation index (F = 0,210 e 0,107, respectively for Aramina and Selvíria) was positive, relatively high and significantly different from zero. The multilocus outcrossing rate ( ∧ m t = 1,000 e ∧ m t = 1,000) single-locus ( ∧ s t = 0,989 e ∧ s t = 0,999) for the populations for Aramina and Selvíria, respectively, they were high, confirming that the species is obligatorily for outcrossing. The difference between the multilocus outcrossing rates and single-locus outcrossing rate indicates mating among relatives in the Aramina population. Meanwhile, the 11 two populations had high genetic diversity, which qualifies them for use in programs for conservation and breeding of this species.
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Preparação e caracterização de filmes de polianilina pelo método de disposição \"in situ\". / Preparation and characterization of polyaniline films by the \"in-situ\" deposition method.

Silmar Antonio Travain 11 April 2001 (has links)
Neste trabalho otimizou-se uma metodologia para a deposição de filmes de polianilina, PAni, na qual o substrato de vidro é inserido na solução em que se realiza a polimerização. Este método de deposição \"in situ\", feito a temperatura de O &#176C, permite obter filmes com boa uniformidade e com controle de espessura. A espessura dos filmes, da ordem de centenas de nanômetros, pode ser controlada através da concentração da solução do meio reacional. A morfologia da superfície do filme foi estudada usando a técnica de microscopia de força atômica. Os resultados mostraram que a rugosidade aumenta com a diminuição da concentração e com o tempo de deposição da camada de PAni. Para demonstrar a aplicação dos filmes de PAni foi construído um dispositivo eletroluminescente tendo o poli(-fenileno vinileno)-dodecilbenzeno sulfonato de sódio, PPV-DBS, como polímero ativo e usando uma camada de PAni como eletrodo injetor de buracos e janela transparente para a saída da luz. Mostrou-se que o dispositivo opera com uma tensão aproximadamente 3 vezes menor em comparação com um dispositivo sem a camada de PAni. / A method for deposition of polyaniline, PAni, onto glass substrates was studied. Substrates were inserted in the solution in which the polymerization reaction occurs. This method performed \"in situ\", at the temperature of 0 &#176C, gives very uniform films and allows the control of the thickness. Thickness, of the order of hundred nm, can be controlled varying the concentration of the solution in which the polymerization occurs. The morphology of the PAni layer was studied using a force atomic microscope, AFM. The roughness increased on the time of deposition of the layer and with the decrease of the concentration of the solution. In order to demonstrate the use of the PAni layer an electro luminescent device was built using as active polymer poly(-fenylene vinylene) -dodecilbenzene sulphonate of sodium, PPV-DVS, and the PAni layer as injector of holes and was transparent window for the emitted light. The device showed that it could be operated with a voltage that is three times smaller than a corresponding device without the PAni layer.

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