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Prognosis in carcinoma in situ of the breastWärnberg, Fredrik January 2000 (has links)
<p>The incidence of breast cancer is rising steadily in Sweden and the proportion of carcinoma in situ (CIS) has increased appreciably, most likely due to mammography screening. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to examine risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma and breast cancer death after primary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and (2) to study the biology in the progress between in situ and invasive carcinoma.</p><p> In a cohort-study based on 3,398 women with a primary CIS reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry (SCR) 1980-1992, women diagnosed in 1989-1992 ran a relative risk of 0.1 (CI 95%, 0.0-0.9) from dying of breast cancer as compared with women diagnosed in 1980-1982. Women in counties with mammography screening ran a relative risk of 0.2 (CI 95%, 0.0-2.1) for breast cancer death in comparison with women in non-screening counties.</p><p> In a case-control study derived from all 4,661 women with primary CIS reported to the SCR 1960-1992, we investigated risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma (n=118) and breast cancer death (n=39). Large size and multifocality were found to increase the risk for breast cancer death. Postoperative radiotherapy and mastectomy lowered the risk for ipsilateral invasive cancer.</p><p> The standardised incidence rates (SIR) for invasive breast cancer were estimated in the cohort from 1980-1992. The SIR after primary DCIS and primary lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) was 4.5 (CI 95%, 3.7-5.5) and 4.0 (CI 95%, 2.1-7.5), respectively.</p><p> New histopathological classification systems for DCIS were evaluated in 195 women consecutively diagnosed with primary DCIS between 1986-1994. One group with highly differentiated lesions was defined with the EORTC classification system and had an excellent prognosis.</p><p> Histopathological grade and expression of p53, c-erbB-2, Ki 67, hormone receptors, Bcl-2 and angiogenesis were compared in 626 women with either a pure DCIS, a small invasive carcinoma or a lesion with both an invasive and in situ component. When grade was taken into account, no change in tumour markers could be detected that signalled the progression from an in situ stage to invasiveness. All tumour markers correlated to grade and their distribution was very similar in the two components of mixed lesions.</p>
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Utilisation de l'espèce sauvage diploide Gossypium australe F. Muell. pour l'amélioration de l'espèce cultivée tétraploïde G. hirsutum L. par la méthode des lignées monosomiques d'additionSarr, Djibril 12 September 2008 (has links)
Summary : The wild diploïd species Gossypium australe carry interesting agronomic characters such as resistance to wilt fusarium and "delay of the gossypol glands morphogenesis in the seed " that makes it an important source of variability for the genetic improvement of the main cultivated cotton species G. hirsutum. One of the approach to introgress these characters is to isolate and exploit monosomic alien addition lines (MAAL). In order to isolate new MAAL of G. australe in G. hirsutum, the [2(G.hirsutum x G.australe)x G.hirsutum] pentaploid was backcrossed as male parent to G. hirsutum. Among the 253 BC1 derivatives obtained, 106 plants (42%) presented morphological alterations attributed to presence of G. australe chromatin. To define an SSR linkage group for each of the 13 G. australe chromosomes, 42 plants representative of the phenotypic variability observed in the BC1 generation and seven alien addition lines already isolated in our laboratory were analyzed using SSR markers developed from the G. hirsutum species. Out of the 150 SSR markers used, 100 % amplified G. australe DNA and 84 (56 %) generated 89 polymorphic loci. All these loci but two have been assigned, by means of an cluster algorithm, to 13 linkage groups assumed to match up to the 13 chromosomes of the diploid species. On this basis, about 60% of the analyzed plants were multisomic addition lines, 20%, MAAL while 20 % carrying no markers were supposed to be euploid. The newly isolated MAAL appeared to be the same as those already available.
Five disomic alien addition plants carrying at least one additional chromosome different from the chromosomes of G. australe previously isolated in a monosomic addition configuration were selfed and the BC1S1 progenies obtained have been analyzed with SSR markers and GISH. Five new MAAL of G. australe in G. hirsutum have thus been isolated. In order to monitor the potentialities of using MAAL for the transfer of genetic material from the additional chromosome to the genetic background, the transmission frequency and integrity of the supernumerary chromosome have been analyzed with SSR markers in the self-progeny of five MAAL. Three of them revealed a transmission frequency significantly lower than the 3:1 expected ratio, one MAAL presented an exclusive preferential transmission of the additional chromosome. In these four MAAL the alien chromosome was transmitted almost unaltered. With the fifth MAAL the alien chromosome was normally transmitted but was altered in half of the plants containing G. australe chromatin. One of the investigated MAAL characterized by its brown fiber produced few plants carrying also white fibers. It has been shown that this mosaicism was due to the loss of the alien supernumerary chromosome. The complete loss of this chromosome seems to be linked to its fragmentation.
Résumé : L'espèce diploïde sauvage Gossypium australe possède des caractères agronomiques d'intérêt tels que la résistance au fusarium et le "retard à la morphogenèse des glandes à gossypol" qui en font une importante source de variabilité pour l'amélioration génétique de la principale espèce de cotonnier cultivé G. hirsutum. Une des approches pour l'introgression de ces caractères est la production et l'exploitation de lignées monosomiques d'addition (LMA). Pour isoler les LMA de G. australe sur G. hirsutum, le pentaploïde [2(G.hirsutum x G.australe)x G.hirsutum] a été rétrocroisé comme parent mâle avec l'espèce tétraploïde. Sur les 253 graines obtenues, 106 (42%) ont donné des plantes présentant une morphologie nettement distincte de celle de G. hirsutum. Cette différence a été attribuée à la présence de chromosomes de G. australe.
Afin de définir des groupes de liaison pour chacun des chromosomes de G. australe, 42 plantes représentatives de la variabilité phénotypique observée ainsi que 7 lignées d'addition déjà isolées ont été sélectionnées et analysées avec des marqueurs SSR développés sur l'espèce tétraploïde. Tous les 150 marqueurs utilisés ont amplifié l'ADN de G. australe et 84 (56%) ont généré 89 loci polymorphes. Tous ces loci, sauf deux, ont pu être assignés, par classification numérique, à 13 groupes de liaison supposés correspondre aux 13 chromosomes de l'espèce diploïde. Sur cette base, 60% des plantes analysées sont des plurisomiques d'addition; 20%, des LMA tandis que 20 % ne portant aucun marqueur ont été supposées euploïdes. Les nouvelles LMA isolées s'étant révélées être identiques à celles déjà isolées, 5 plantes disomiques d'addition portant au moins un chromosome non-encore isolé à l'état monosomique d'addition ont été autofécondées et leur descendance analysée avec des marqueurs SSR et par la GISH. Cinq nouvelles LMA ont pu ainsi être isolées. Afin d'étudier les potentialités d'utilisation de la méthode des LMA pour le transfert de matériel génétique de l'espèce sauvage vers l'espèce cultivée, la fréquence de transmission et l'intégrité du chromosome surnuméraire, a été analysée avec des marqueurs SSR dans une génération autofécondée de cinq LMA. Trois lignées ont donné un taux de transmission inférieur au ratio attendu de 3:1, chez la quatrième lignée le chromosome surnuméraire a été transmis à toute la descendance. Pour ces quatre lignées le chromosome additionnel a été transmis presque inaltéré. Avec la cinquième lignée, le chromosome additionnel a été transmis suivant le taux attendu mais a été altéré dans la moitié des plantes contenant de la chromatine de G. australe. Une des lignées analysées caractérisée par la couleur brune de ses fibres a produit quelques plantes portant également des fibres blanches. Il a été montré que ce mosaïcisme de la couleur des fibres était dû à la perte du chromosome additionnel. Cette perte semble être liée à une fragmentation du chromosome.
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Interactions between aqueous fluids and silicate melts : equilibration, partitioning and complexation of trace elementsBorchert, Manuela January 2010 (has links)
The origin and evolution of granites has been widely studied because granitoid rocks constitute a major portion of the Earth ́s crust. The formation of granitic magma is, besides temperature mainly triggered by the water content of these rocks. The presence of water in magmas plays an important role due to the ability of aqueous fluids to change the chemical composition of the magma. The exsolution of aqueous fluids from melts is closely linked to a fractionation of elements between the two phases. Then, aqueous fluids migrate to shallower parts of the Earth ́s crust because of it ́s lower density compared to that of melts and adjacent rocks. This process separates fluids and melts, and furthermore, during the ascent, aqueous fluids can react with the adjacent rocks and alter their chemical signature. This is particularly impor- tant during the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits or in the late stages of the evolution of magmatic complexes. For a deeper insight to these processes, it is essential to improve our knowledge on element behavior in such systems. In particular, trace elements are used for these studies and petrogenetic interpretations because, unlike major elements, they are not essential for the stability of the phases involved and often reflect magmatic processes with less ambiguity. However, for the majority of important trace elements, the dependence of the geochemical behavior on temperature, pressure, and in particular on the composition of the system are only incompletely or not at all experimentally studied. Former studies often fo- cus on the determination of fluid−melt partition coefficients (Df/m=cfluid/cmelt) of economically interesting elements, e.g., Mo, Sn, Cu, and there are some partitioning data available for ele- ments that are also commonly used for petrological interpretations. At present, no systematic experimental data on trace element behavior in fluid−melt systems as function of pressure, temperature, and chemical composition are available. Additionally, almost all existing data are based on the analysis of quenched phases. This results in substantial uncertainties, particularly for the quenched aqueous fluid because trace element concentrations may change upon cooling. The objective of this PhD thesis consisted in the study of fluid−melt partition coefficients between aqueous solutions and granitic melts for different trace elements (Rb, Sr, Ba, La, Y, and Yb) as a function of temperature, pressure, salinity of the fluid, composition of the melt, and experimental and analytical approach. The latter included the refinement of an existing method to measure trace element concentrations in fluids equilibrated with silicate melts di- rectly at elevated pressures and temperatures using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microanalysis. The application of this in-situ method enables to avoid the main source of error in data from quench experiments, i.e., trace element concentration in the fluid. A comparison of the in-situ results to data of conventional quench experiments allows a critical evaluation of quench data from this study and literature data.
In detail, starting materials consisted of a suite of trace element doped haplogranitic glasses with ASI varying between 0.8 and 1.4 and H2O or a chloridic solution with m NaCl/KCl=1 and different salinities (1.16 to 3.56 m (NaCl+KCl)). Experiments were performed at 750 to 950◦C and 0.2 or 0.5 GPa using conventional quench devices (externally and internally heated pressure vessels) with different quench rates, and at 750◦C and 0.2 to 1.4 GPa with in-situ analysis of the trace element concentration in the fluids. The fluid−melt partitioning data of all studied trace elements show
1. a preference for the melt (Df/m < 1) at all studied conditions,
2. one to two orders of magnitude higher Df/m using chloridic solutions compared to experiments with H2O,
3. a clear dependence on the melt composition for fluid−melt partitioning of Sr, Ba, La, Y, and Yb in experiments using chloridic solutions,
4. quench rate−related differences of fluid−melt partition coefficients of Rb and Sr, and
5. distinctly higher fluid−melt partitioning data obtained from in-situ experiments than from
comparable quench runs, particularly in the case of H2O as starting solution.
The data point to a preference of all studied trace elements for the melt even at fairly high salinities, which contrasts with other experimental studies, but is supported by data from studies of natural co-genetically trapped fluid and melt inclusions. The in-situ measurements of trace element concentrations in the fluid verify that aqueous fluids will change their composition upon cooling, which is in particular important for Cl free systems. The distinct differences of the in-situ results to quench data of this study as well as to data from the literature signify the im- portance of a careful fluid sampling and analysis. Therefore, the direct measurement of trace element contents in fluids equilibrated with silicate melts at elevated PT conditions represents an important development to obtain more reliable fluid−melt partition coefficients. For further improvement, both the aqueous fluid and the silicate melt need to be analyzed in-situ because partitioning data that are based on the direct measurement of the trace element content in the fluid and analysis of a quenched melt are still not completely free of quench effects.
At present, all available data on element complexation in aqueous fluids in equilibrium with silicate melts at high PT are indirectly derived from partitioning data, which involves in these experiments assumptions on the species present in the fluid. However, the activities of chemical components in these partitioning experiments are not well constrained, which is required for the definition of exchange equilibria between melt and fluid species. For example, the melt-dependent variation of partition coefficient observed for Sr imply that this element can not only be complexed by Cl− as suggested previously. The data indicate a more complicated complexation of Sr in the aqueous fluid. To verify this hypothesis, the in-situ setup was also used to determine strontium complexation in fluids equilibrated with silicate melts at desired PT conditions by the application of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. First results show a strong effect of both fluid and melt composition on the resulting XANES spectra, which indicates different complexation environments for Sr. / Die Entstehung und Entwicklung von Graniten steht seit Jahrzehnten im Fokus vieler geologischer Studien, da sich die Erdkruste zu großen Teilen aus granitoiden Gesteinen zusammensetzt. Von besonderer Bedeutung für die Bildung von granitischen Schmelzen ist neben der Temperatur, der Wassergehalt der Schmelze, da dieser Parameter die chemische Zusammensetzung der Schmelze entscheidend verändern kann. Die Entmischung wässriger Fluide aus Schmelzen führt zur Neuverteilung von Elementen zwischen diesen Phasen. Bedingt durch die geringere Dichte des wässrigen Fluids im Vergleich zur Schmelze und dem Nebengestein, beginnt dieses aus tieferen Erdschichten aufzusteigen. Damit verknüpft ist nicht nur eine räumliche Trennung von Schmelze und Fluid, sondern auch die Alterierung des Nebengestein. Dieser Prozess ist insbesondere bei der Bildung von magmatisch-hydrothermalen Lagerstätten und in späten Entwicklungsstadien magmatischer Komplexe wichtig. Für ein detailliertes Verständnis dieser Prozesse ist es notwendig, das Elementverhalten in solchen Systemen in Abhängigkeit von Parametern wie Temperatur, Druck und chemischer Zusammensetzung des Systems experimentell zu untersuchen, und Elementverteilungskoeffizienten als Funktion dieser Variablen zu bestimmen. Für die Untersuchungen sind insbesondere Spurenelemente geeignet, da diese im Gegensatz zu Hauptelementen nicht essentiell für die Stabilität weiterer auftretender Phasen sind, aber sehr sensibel auf Änderungen intensiver Variablen reagieren können. Zudem werden bei geochemischen Mineral- und Gesteinsanalysen viele Spurenelemente, Spurenelementverhältnisse, und Spurenelementisotope als petrogenetische Indikatoren verwendet, d.h. diese Daten liefern Informationen darüber, wann und in welcher Tiefe und bei welchen chemischen Bedingungen ein Gestein gebildet worden ist, und welche weiteren Prozesse es auf dem Weg zur Erdoberfläche durchlaufen hat. Allerdings sind für vie- le Spurenelemente die Abhängigkeiten der Verteilung zwischen Fluiden und Schmelzen von intensiven Variablen nicht, oder nur unzureichend experimentell untersucht worden. Zusätzlich dazu basiert die Mehrheit der experimentell gewonnenen Verteilungskoeffizienten und deren Interpretation, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Elementkomplexierung im Fluid, auf der Analyse von schnell abgekühlten Phasen. Bisher ist nicht geklärt, ob solche Analysen repräsentativ sind für die Zusammensetzungen der Phasen bei hohen Drücken und Temperaturen.
Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Erarbeitung eines experimentellen Datensatzes zur Spu- renelementverteilung zwischen granitischen Schmelzen und wässrigen Fluiden in Abhängigkeit von der Schmelzzusammensetzung, der Salinität des Fluids, des Drucks und der Temperatur. Ein Hauptanliegen der Arbeit bestand in der Weiterentwicklung einer experimentellen Methode bei welcher der Spurenelementgehalt im Fluid in-situ, d.h. unter hohen Drücken und Temperaturen, und im Gleichgewicht mit einer silikatischen Schmelze bestimmt wird. Die so gewonnenen Daten können anschließend mit den Resultaten von Abkühlexperimenten vergli- chen werden, um diese und auch Literaturdaten kritisch zu bewerten. Die Daten aller unter- suchten Spurenelemente dieser Arbeit (Rb, Sr, Ba, La, Y und Yb) zeigen:
1. unter den untersuchten Bedingungen eine Präferenz für die Schmelze unabhängig von der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Schmelze und Fluid, Druck oder Temperatur,
2. die Verwendung von chloridhaltigen Fluiden kann die Verteilungskoeffizienten um 1 bis 2 Größenordnungen anheben und
3. für die Verteilungskoeffizienten von Sr, Ba, La, Y und Yb eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Schmelzzusammensetzung im chloridischen System.
Der Vergleich der Daten der verschiedenen Methoden zeigt, dass insbesondere für chloridfreie Fluide große Diskrepanzen zwischen den in-situ Daten und Analysen von abgeschreckten Proben bestehen. Dieses Ergebnis beweist eindeutig, dass beim Abschrecken der Proben Rückreaktionen stattfinden, und dass Daten, welche auf Analysen abgeschreckter Fluide basieren, nur eingeschränkt verwendet werden sollten. Die Variation der Verteilungskoeffizienten von Sr, Ba, La, Yb, und Y als Funktion der Schmelzzusammensetzung ist entweder auf eine Änderung der Komplexierung im Fluid und/oder einen anderen veränderten Einbau dieser Elemente in die Schmelze zurückzuführen. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals versucht, die Elementkomplexierung in silikatischen Fluiden direkt bei hohen Temperaturen und Drücken zu bestimmen. Die Daten für Sr zeigen, dass abhängig von der Schmelzzusammensetzung unterschiedliche Komplexe stabil sein müssen.
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Prognosis in carcinoma in situ of the breastWärnberg, Fredrik January 2000 (has links)
The incidence of breast cancer is rising steadily in Sweden and the proportion of carcinoma in situ (CIS) has increased appreciably, most likely due to mammography screening. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to examine risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma and breast cancer death after primary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and (2) to study the biology in the progress between in situ and invasive carcinoma. In a cohort-study based on 3,398 women with a primary CIS reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry (SCR) 1980-1992, women diagnosed in 1989-1992 ran a relative risk of 0.1 (CI 95%, 0.0-0.9) from dying of breast cancer as compared with women diagnosed in 1980-1982. Women in counties with mammography screening ran a relative risk of 0.2 (CI 95%, 0.0-2.1) for breast cancer death in comparison with women in non-screening counties. In a case-control study derived from all 4,661 women with primary CIS reported to the SCR 1960-1992, we investigated risk factors for subsequent invasive breast carcinoma (n=118) and breast cancer death (n=39). Large size and multifocality were found to increase the risk for breast cancer death. Postoperative radiotherapy and mastectomy lowered the risk for ipsilateral invasive cancer. The standardised incidence rates (SIR) for invasive breast cancer were estimated in the cohort from 1980-1992. The SIR after primary DCIS and primary lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) was 4.5 (CI 95%, 3.7-5.5) and 4.0 (CI 95%, 2.1-7.5), respectively. New histopathological classification systems for DCIS were evaluated in 195 women consecutively diagnosed with primary DCIS between 1986-1994. One group with highly differentiated lesions was defined with the EORTC classification system and had an excellent prognosis. Histopathological grade and expression of p53, c-erbB-2, Ki 67, hormone receptors, Bcl-2 and angiogenesis were compared in 626 women with either a pure DCIS, a small invasive carcinoma or a lesion with both an invasive and in situ component. When grade was taken into account, no change in tumour markers could be detected that signalled the progression from an in situ stage to invasiveness. All tumour markers correlated to grade and their distribution was very similar in the two components of mixed lesions.
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In-situ Studies of Spontaneous Potential Oscillations during Electrochemical Deposition of Copper and Cuprous OxideLeopold, Sofia January 2003 (has links)
Self-oscillating behaviour in alkaline Cu(II)-lactate and -tartrate systems has been investigated by in-situ pH and confocal Raman spectroscopy measurements. Formation of Cu(II)-lactate and -tartrate complexes is a key factor underlying the self-oscillations. Dynamic processes in the diffusion layer have been probed to give a better understanding of the self-oscillating process. The self-oscillating behaviour is found to be an effect of pH variations in the diffusion layer. Mainly copper is deposited at lower pH values and potentials; at the same time, the pH increases. This is an effect of the dissociation of the Cu(II)-complex during electrochemical reduction. The absence of a buffer within a given pH region is crucial to the fast and sudden pH increase and thereby to the positive potential shift, where cuprous oxide is deposited. A precipitation reaction probably decreases the pH again, leading to a negative potential shift, and copper again begins to deposit. The concentration and strength of the buffer in the electrolyte affect the appearance of the oscillation pattern. The pH and temperature of the bulk electrolyte also influence the self-oscillations. The deposit consists of copper and cuprous oxide, where the composition of the phases deposited is a function of the working-electrode potential. Cuprous oxide is deposited at the higher potentials and mainly copper at the lower potentials. Finally, two-dimensional arrays of Cu/Cu2O microcylinders have been deposited using the Cu(II)-lactate system through the application of a template method.
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High Content Analysis of Proteins and Protein Interactions by Proximity LigationLeuchowius, Karl-Johan January 2010 (has links)
Fundamental to all biological processes is the interplay between biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Studies of interactions should therefore be more informative than mere detection of expressed proteins. Preferably, such studies should be performed in material that is as biologically and clinically relevant as possible, i.e. in primary cells and tissues. In addition, to be able to take into account the heterogeneity of such samples, the analyses should be performed in situ to retain information on the sub-cellular localization where the interactions occur, enabling determination of the activity status of individual cells and allowing discrimination between e.g. tumor cells and surrounding stroma. This requires assays with an utmost level of sensitivity and selectivity. Taking these issues into consideration, the in situ proximity-ligation assay (in situ PLA) was developed, providing localized detection of proteins, protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications in fixed cells and tissues. The high sensitivity and selectivity afforded by the assay's requirement for dual target recognition in combination with powerful signal amplification enables visualization of single protein molecules in intact single cells and tissue sections. To further increase the usefulness and application of in situ PLA, the assay was adapted to high content analysis techniques such as flow cytometry and high content screening. The use of in situ PLA in flow cytometry offers the possibility for high-throughput analysis of cells in solution with the unique characteristics offered by the assay. For high content screening, it was demonstrated that in situ PLA can enable cell-based drug screening of compounds affecting post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions in primary cells, offering superior abilities over current assays. The methods presented in this thesis provide powerful new tools to study proteins in genetically unmodified cells and tissues, and should offer exciting new possibilities for molecular biology, diagnostics and drug discovery.
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Έκφραση της λαμινίνης και της εντακτίνης κατά την ανάπτυξη του πρώϊμου εμβρύου / Expression of laminin and entactin during development of the early embryoΣταυρίδης, Βασίλης 24 June 2007 (has links)
Οι εξωκυττάριες ουσίες παράγονται από τα κύτταρα, εκκρίνονται από αυτά και αλληλεπιδρώντας τόσο μεταξύ τους όσο και με τα κύτταρα ρυθμίζουν πολλές αναπτυξιακές πορείες. Μελετήσαμε τη χρονική και τοπική εμφάνιση των mRNAs της εντακτίνης και της λαμινίνης, γλυκοπρωτεϊνών των εξωκυττάριων ουσιών, στο πρώϊμο έμβρυο όρνιθας. Χρησιμοποιήσαμε την τεχνική της in situ υβριδοποίησης, που κατέδειξε διαφορική έκφραση της εντακτίνης και των αλυσίδων της λαμινίνης σε ξεχωριστούς κυτταρικούς πληθυσμούς και όργανα σε διαφορετικά στάδια ανάπτυξης του εμβρύου. Επίσης μελετήσαμε την χρονική και τοπική κατανομή του πολυπεπτι- δίου της εντακτίνης από το στάδιο του μοριδίου ως την αρχή της οργανογένεσης με τις τεχνικές του ανοσοφθορισμού και της ανοσοκατακρήμνισης. Ανιχνεύσαμε την παρουσία της εντα-κτίνης ήδη από το στάδιο του όψιμου μοριδίου. Με τη χρήση αντισωμάτων για την εντακτίνη μελετήσαμε το ρόλο της κατά την ανάπτυξη του πρώϊμου εμβρύου. Στα αποτελέσματά μας φάνη-κε οτι η εντακτίνη είναι απαραίτητη για το σωστό προσανατο-λισμό των κυττάρων καθώς μεταναστεύουν κατά την γαστριδίω-ση. Αυτό έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την αναστολή του σχηματισμού του εμβρυϊκού άξονα. / The extracelular matrix is a complex cell product which regulates many developmental processes. We used specific antisense RNA probes for the laminin α1, β1 and γ1 chains and for entactin, two extracellular matrix glycoproteins, to study the tissue specific and temporal patterns of their mRNAs in the early chick embryo. Our work employing in situ hybridization, showed strong signals of the laminin and of entactin mRNAs at the morula stage and differential express-ion of these mRNAs in the forming embryonic tissues and organs in the developing chick embryo. We also studied the time of appearance and subsequent distribution of the entactin polypeptide using immunofluorescence and immunopre-cipitation from the morula stage up to the early organogene-sis in the chick embryo. The first presence of entactin was detected at the late morula stage and showed differential expression in the various cell populations in the develop- ing embryo. To study the role of entactin in the major cell-ular migrations during gastrulation we used blocking anti- bodies in set of functional studies. Entactin seemed to be essential for the directional migrations of cells during gastulation and the embryonic axis was not formed in the embryos treated with the anti-entactin antibodies.
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Μελέτη των υπομονάδων των υποδοχέων διεγερτικών και ανασταλτικών αμινοξέων στον εγκέφαλο ενός γενετικού μοντέλου της νόσου Parkinson / Study of excitatory and inhibitory aminoacid receptor subunits in the brain of a genetic Parkinia modelΦραγκιουδάκη, Κλεοπάτρα 27 June 2007 (has links)
Η παρούσα διατριβή ασχολήθηκε με τη μελέτη της έκφρασης των υπομονάδων των υποδοχέων του γλουταμινικού οξέος και του γ-αμινοβουτυρικού οξέος (GABA) στα βασικά γάγγλια και τον φλοιό των εγκεφαλικών ημισφαιρίων του μυός weaver. Παράλληλα, μελετήθηκε η έκφραση των νευροπεπτιδίων εγκεφαλίνης και δυνορφίνης στα βασικά γάγγλια του μυός weaver. O μυς weaver χαρακτηρίζεται από προοδευτική, γενετικά επαγόμενη εκφύλιση των ντοπαμινεργικών κυττάρων του μεσεγκεφάλου, κυρίως αυτών οι οποίοι καταλήγουν στο ραβδωτό σώμα. Για αυτόν τον λόγο, θεωρείται ένα καλό μοντέλο της νόσου Parkinson και η μελέτη των νευροχημικών μεταβολών που συμβαίνουν στον εγκέφαλο του παραπάνω μυός, αποτελεί πολύτιμο εργαλείο για τη διερεύνηση των παθογενετικών μηχανισμών της νόσου. Mε την τεχνική του υβριδισμού in situ, προσδιορίστηκαν τα επίπεδα mRNA των υπομονάδων z1, ε1 και ε2 του υποδοχέα NMDA, των υπομονάδων KA2 και GluR6 του υποδοχέα καϊνικού οξέος, των υπομονάδων α1, α2, α4, β2 και β3 του υποδοχέα GABAA, καθώς και των πρόδρομων πολυπεπτιδίων προ-προεγκεφαλίνη και προδυνορφίνη. Η μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε σε φυσιολογικούς μύες (+/+) και μύες weaver (wv/wv), στις ηλικίες των 26 ημερών, 3 μηνών και 6 μηνών μετά τη γέννηση. Όσον αφορά στους υποδοχείς του γλουταμινικού οξέος, τα αποτελέσματά μας υπέδειξαν αύξηση στην έκφραση των υπομονάδων z1, ε2, ΚΑ2 και GluR6 στο ραβδωτό σώμα των μυών weaver, σε σχέση με τους φυσιολογικούς. Η αύξηση στο mRNA των υπομονάδων z1, ε2 και GluR6 παρατηρήθηκε μόνο στην ηλικία των 6 μηνών, ενώ το mRNA της υπομονάδας KA2, παρουσίασε αύξηση και στις τρεις ηλικίες που μελετήθηκαν. Οι αυξήσεις της έκφρασης των υπομονάδων z1, ε2, ΚΑ2 και GluR6 συμφωνούν και πιθανόν εξηγούν τις αυξήσεις στα επίπεδα των θέσεων δέσμευσης για τους υποδοχείς NMDA και μη-NMDA, οι οποίες έχουν βρεθεί από παλαιότερες μελέτες του εργαστηρίου μας στο ραβδωτό σώμα των μυών weaver ηλικίας 6 μηνών. Με βάση βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα, υποστηρίζουμε ότι η καθυστερημένη αύξηση στην έκφραση των υπομονάδων z1, ε2 και GluR6 κατά πάσα πιθανότητα συντελείται μέσω επαγωγής του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα ΔfosB, σε απόκριση προς τη μείωση της ντοπαμίνης. Στον σωματοαισθητικό φλοιό των μυών weaver ηλικίας 26 ημερών, παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση στην έκφραση των υπομονάδων z1, ε1, ε2 και KA2, η οποία θα μπορούσε να οφείλεται στη μειωμένη θαλαμοφλοιϊκή γλουταμινεργική είσοδο. Όσον αφορά στους υποδοχείς GABAA, παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση στα επίπεδα mRNA των υπομονάδων α4 και β3, στο ραβδωτό σώμα των μυών weaver ηλικίας 6 μηνών, η οποία συμφωνεί και μπορεί να εξηγήσει την αύξηση στα επίπεδα των θέσεων δέσμευσης για τους υποδοχείς GABAA, η οποία έχει βρεθεί σε προηγούμενη μελέτη του εργαστηρίου μας, στο ραβδωτό σώμα των μυών weaver ηλικίας 6 μηνών. Σκοπεύουμε να ελέγξουμε την πιθανότητα, η αύξηση της έκφρασης της υπομονάδας α4, να υποδεικνύει μία αύξηση του αριθμού των εξωσυναπτικών υποδοχέων GABAA στους νευρώνες προβολής του ραβδωτού σώματος. Στην ωχρά σφαίρα των μυών weaver ηλικίας 6 μηνών, παρατηρήθηκε μείωση των επιπέδων mRNA των υπομονάδων α1 και β2, υποδεικνύοντας μία μείωση του αριθμού των υποδοχέων GABAA, η οποία ήταν αναμενόμενη, λόγω της αυξημένης GABAεργικής εισόδου στην εν λόγω εγκεφαλική περιοχή του μυός weaver. Στον σωματοαισθητικό φλοιό, παρατηρήθηκε μείωση στην έκφραση των υπομονάδων α2 και β2 και ταυτόχρονα αύξηση στην έκφραση των υπομονάδων α4 και β3. Με βάση βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα, προτείνουμε ότι οι μεταβολές αυτές μπορεί να αντανακλούν μείωση στον αριθμό των συναπτικών και αύξηση στον αριθμό των εξωσυναπτικών υποδοχέων GABAA, σε απόκριση προς τη μειωμένη GABAεργική είσοδο προς τους νευρώνες του σωματοαισθητικού φλοιού του μυός weaver. Όσον αφορά στην έκφραση των πολυπεπτιδίων, το mRNA της προ-προεγκεφαλίνης, παρουσίασε αύξηση στο ραβδωτό σώμα των μυών weaver, μόνο στην ηλικία των 6 μηνών, ενώ το mRNA της προδυνορφίνης, παρουσίασε μείωση στην παραπάνω περιοχή, στην ηλικία των 26 ημερών και αύξηση στις μεγαλύτερες ηλικίες. Σύμφωνα με τα βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα υποστηρίζουμε ότι: α) η καθυστερημένη αύξηση της έκφρασης της προ-προεγκεφαλίνης στο ραβδωτό σώμα του μυός weaver, οφείλεται στη μείωση της τονικής ανασταλτικής ρυθμιστικής δράσης της ντοπαμίνης στην έκφραση του εν λόγω γονιδίου και πιθανώς συντελείται μέσω του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα ΔfosB, β) ο παραπάνω μεταγραφικός παράγοντας είναι κατά πάσα πιθανότητα υπεύθυνος και για την καθυστερημένη επαγωγή της έκφρασης της προδυνορφίνης στο ραβδωτό σώμα των μυών weaver και γ) η μείωση του παραπάνω mRNA στην ηλικία των 26 ημερών οφείλεται στη μείωση της τονικής διεγερτικής δράσης της ντοπαμίνης στην έκφραση του εν λόγω γονιδίου. Τέλος, το γεγονός ότι οι μεταβολές των mRNA των διαφόρων υπομονάδων και νευροπεπτιδίων δεν ήταν οι ίδιες στις διάφορες ηλικίες που μελετήθηκαν υποδεικνύει ότι κατά την πρόοδο της ντοπαμινεργικής εκφύλισης των ντοπαμινεργικών νευρώνων του μεσεγκεφάλου διαφορετικοί μηχανισμοί ευθύνονται για την πρόκληση των αλλαγών στην έκφραση των υπό μελέτη γονιδίων. / In the present study we investigated the expression of the subunits of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in basal ganglia and cerebral cortex of the weaver mouse. We also studied the expression of striatal neuropeptides, which are important neuromodulators of the synaptic transmission in the basal ganglia circuitry. The weaver mouse is characterized by a progressive, genetically induced degeneration of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, especially those that project to the striatum. For this reason, the weaver mouse is a useful model for clarifying the pathogenetic mechanisms that underly Parkinson’s disease. Using the in situ hybridization method, the mRNA levels of the ΝΜDA subunits z1, ε1 and ε2, the kainate subunits KΑ2 and GluR6, the GABAA subunits α1, α2, α4, β2 and β3, as well as the mRNA levels of the precursor polypeptides pre-proenkephalin and prodynorphin, were estimated. The study was performed using wild-type (+/+) and weaver mice (wv/wv) of the following ages: 26 days, 3 months and 6 months. Concerning the glutamate receptors, an increase in the mRNA levels of z1, ε2, KA2 and GluR6 subunits was indicated in the weaver striatum, compared to the wild type. The z1, ε2 and GluR6 mRNA increases were observed only at the age of 6 months, whereas the KA2 mRNA increase was observed at all three ages studied. The increases in z1, ε2, ΚΑ2 and GluR6 mRNA expression are in agreement and probably explain the increased levels of ΝΜDA- and non-NMDA-sensitive binding sites that we had previously found in the 6 months old weaver striatum. Based on bibliographic data, we suggest that the delayed increases in z1, ε2 and GluR6 mRNA levels, are probably mediated by the delayed induction of the ΔfosB transcription factor, in response to the reduction of striatal dopamine levels. In the somatosensory cortex of 26 day old weaver mice, an increase in the levels of z1, ε1, ε2 and ΚΑ2 mRNAs was observed. The above increases can be attributed to the decreased thalamocortical glutamatergic imput. Concerning the GABAA receptors, the observed increases of the α4 and β3 mRNA levels in the 6 months old weaver striatum are in agreement and probably explain the increased levels of GABAA binding sites that we had previously found in the 6 months old weaver striatum. We are going to test the hypothesis, that the α4 mRNA increase might indicate an increase in the number of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in striatal projection neurons. In the 6 months old weaver globus pallidus, the observed decrease in α1 and β2 mRNA levels was expected, since the GABAergic transmission is increased in the above region of the weaver brain. In the weaver somatosensory cortex, a decrease in the α2 and β2 mRNA levels and an increase in the α4 and β3 mRNA levels were observed. Based on bibliographic data, we suggest that the above alterations probably indicate a differential regulation of the synaptic versus extrasynaptic cortical GABAA receptors, in response to the decreased GABAergic presynaptic input to the weaver cortical neurons. Concerning the expression of the striatal neuropeptides, the pre-proenkephalin mRNA was increased in the weaver striatum, only at the age of 6 months. In contrast, prodynorphin mRNA was decreased in the 26 day old weaver striatum, whereas it was increased in the 3 and 6 months old weaver striatum. Based on bibliographic data, we suggest that: a) the delayed increase in the expression of pre-proenkephalin could be caused by the reduction of the tonic dopaminergic inhibitory control on the expression of the above gene in the dopamine-depleted weaver striatum and is probably mediated by the ΔfosB transcription factor; b) the above transcription factor could be responsible for the delayed induction of the prodynorphin expression in the weaver striatum as well, and c) the decrease of prodynorphin mRNA in the 26 day old weaver striatum could be attributed to the reduction of the dopaminergic stimulatory control on the expression of the above gene. Finally, the different pattern of expression alterations among the three ages studied indicates that distinct mechanisms are responsible for the observed changes, during the progress of the dopaminergic degeneration of the weaver brain.
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Untersuchung des CFL-Phänotyps ("congenital fused labia" ) in dem Neuweltaffen Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) unter demographischen, physiologischen und zytogenetischen Gesichtspunkten / Investigation of demographical, physiological and cytogenetic aspects of the CFL phenotype (''cogenitally fused labia'') in the new world monkey, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)Wedi, Edris 09 August 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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MHC-Klasse-I-Gene von Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus) und deren Expression im Gehirn / Differential expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in the brain of a New World monkey, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)Rölleke, Ulrike 31 October 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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