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I den här studien analyseras hur Kinas konsumtion av olja påverkas av förändringar i oljepris och inkomst. Resultat visar att deras konsumtion av olja i förhållande till BNP per capita är relativt låg samt att deras fordonskoncentration är låg. År 2004 konsumerade Kina 14 procent mindre olja per capita än vad genomsnittligt land gör vid samma BNP per capitanivå. Fordonskoncentration år 2003 var 25 fordon per 1000 invånare, denna studie visar att om de hade haft en genomsnittlig fordonskoncentration skulle denna siffra varit 40 samma sätt till att vara på Deras ovan nämnda relativt låga fordonskoncentration och konsumtion av olja, kan peka mot att en fortsatt konsumtionsökning. År 2004 var den globala konsumtionen av olja i genomsnitt 81 miljoner fat dagligen (mb/d) och Kinas uppgick till 6.7 mb/d (BPstats ). Ett antal prognoser finns gjorda angående Kinas framtida konsumtion av olja. Enligt EIA 2005, kommer den att uppgå till 12.3 mb/d år 2020 och enligt IEA 2005 till 11.2 mb/d år 2020. Den empiriska undersökningen i denna studie belyser med signifikanta resultat hur Kinas konsumtion av olja påverkas utav pris- och inkomstförändringar. De ekonometriska resultaten i denna studie indikerar att deras konsumtion av olja är mer känslig för inkomst- än prisförändringar. Den långsiktiga inkomstelasticiteten uppmättes i den här studien till 1.317 och den långsiktiga priselasticiteten till -0.633. Med hänvisning till detta och ceteris paribus, kan en inkomstökning på 100 procent över perioden 2005-2020 leda till att Kina år 2020 konsumerar 17.6 mb/d. Således kan prognoserna från EIA (2005) och IEA (2005) vara underestimerade. De inkomst- och priselasticitet som är estimerade i denna studie konfirmerar Dargay och Gatelys resultat från 1994 att ett mindre utvecklat lands konsumtion av olja påverkas mer av förändringar i inkomst än i pris.

This dissertation attempts to uncover the causal relationship between alcohol abuse and both income growth and crime. These two research questions are investigated in three essays: Essay I investigates the relationship between alcohol abuse and income growth in the United States; Essay II examines the impact of alcohol abuse on income growth at the international level; Essay III investigates the effect of alcohol abuse on crime in the united states. Essay I of this dissertation uses state level data from the United States for the period 1970-1998 to estimate the impact of alcohol abuse on income growth by utilizing per capita beer consumption as the measure of alcohol abuse. Results suggest that, even though generally small, there is a negative relationship between alcohol abuse and income growth once the endogeneity between income growth and per capita beer consumption is addressed by utilizing levels of excise alcohol taxes and the Minimum Drinking Age Law of 21 as instruments. These results indirectly favor the previous research on two dimensions: First, alcohol abuse generates a significant burden on the economy; Second, increases in excise alcohol taxes would be efficient in terms of income growth. Essay II of this dissertation uses data from 72 countries for the period 1960-1995 to estimate the impact of alcohol abuse on income growth by utilizing per capita beer, wine, liquor, and total ethanol consumption as the measures of alcohol abuse. Results suggest that, even though generally small, there is a negative significant relationship between per capita beer consumption and income growth once the endogeneity between income growth and per capita beer consumption is addressed with system GMM dynamic panel estimators. These results show that per capita beer consumption is the medium of alcohol abuse not only in the United States, but also around the world. Moreover, these results favor the previous research on the fact that alcohol abuse generates a significant burden on economies. Essay III of this dissertation uses state level data from the United States for the period 1982-2000 to investigate the relationship between crime and alcohol abuse by utilizing per capita beer consumption as the measure of alcohol abuse. Potential endogeneity between per capita beer consumption and crime is addressed by using excise beer taxes and alcohol control measures as instruments. Results show that alcohol abuse seems to have a positive impact overall on the crime rate. Nevertheless, the effect is not uniform among different crime types. In the case of property crime types, results suggest that alcohol abuse plays a more important role in crime types that require a lesser degree of organization and more spontaneity (i.e., larceny theft versus burglary and motor vehicle theft). In the case of violent crime types, results suggest that the impact of alcohol abuse is more pressing in non-murder crime types versus murder. These results have policy implications: excise alcohol taxes and alcohol control policies may play a role in reducing certain crime types, which are larceny theft, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, but not the other crime types, which are burglary, motor vehicle theft, and murder.

<p>I den här studien analyseras hur Kinas konsumtion av olja påverkas av förändringar i oljepris och inkomst. Resultat visar att deras konsumtion av olja i förhållande till BNP per capita är relativt låg samt att deras fordonskoncentration är låg. År 2004 konsumerade Kina 14 procent mindre olja per capita än vad genomsnittligt land gör vid samma BNP per capitanivå. Fordonskoncentration år 2003 var 25 fordon per 1000 invånare, denna studie visar att om de hade haft en genomsnittlig fordonskoncentration skulle denna siffra varit 40 samma sätt till att vara på Deras ovan nämnda relativt låga fordonskoncentration och konsumtion av olja, kan peka mot att en fortsatt konsumtionsökning.</p><p>År 2004 var den globala konsumtionen av olja i genomsnitt 81 miljoner fat dagligen (mb/d) och Kinas uppgick till 6.7 mb/d (BPstats ). Ett antal prognoser finns gjorda angående Kinas framtida konsumtion av olja. Enligt EIA 2005, kommer den att uppgå till 12.3 mb/d år 2020 och enligt IEA 2005 till 11.2 mb/d år 2020.</p><p>Den empiriska undersökningen i denna studie belyser med signifikanta resultat hur Kinas konsumtion av olja påverkas utav pris- och inkomstförändringar. De ekonometriska resultaten i denna studie indikerar att deras konsumtion av olja är mer känslig för inkomst- än prisförändringar. Den långsiktiga inkomstelasticiteten uppmättes i den här studien till 1.317 och den långsiktiga priselasticiteten till -0.633. Med hänvisning till detta och ceteris paribus, kan en inkomstökning på 100 procent över perioden 2005-2020 leda till att Kina år 2020 konsumerar 17.6 mb/d. Således kan prognoserna från EIA (2005) och IEA (2005) vara underestimerade.</p><p>De inkomst- och priselasticitet som är estimerade i denna studie konfirmerar Dargay och Gatelys resultat från 1994 att ett mindre utvecklat lands konsumtion av olja påverkas mer av förändringar i inkomst än i pris.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the growth performances of regions in Turkey and the role of human capital in this process within the framework of new growth theory. For this aim, it firstly attempts to investigate the evolution of regional income growth differences in Turkey in the period 1980-2000 and the tendency of provinces in Turkey towards income growth convergence. Secondly, by taking a detailed account of human capital, it aims to explore the contribution of human capital differences towards explaining income growth disparities among Turkey&rsquo / s provinces. In this framework, human capital is defined in terms of education, entrepreneurship and innovation.

A presente dissertação relata o estudo efetuado sobre a correlação existente entre crescimento na receita das empresas e o resultado final destas empresas, conforme avaliado pelo EVA (Valor Econômico Agregado). O crescimento de uma empresa é uma decisão sempre bastante polêmica, dentro de uma organização. Vários aspectos que norteiam a decisão sobre quanto e como crescer devem ser levados em consideração pelos seus administradores, para que, mediante um planejamento bem efetuado, a empresa consiga desempenhar suas atividades em um ambiente menos turbulento, evitando assim os sobressaltos e perigos que surgem quando as decisões são tomadas sem os devidos planejamentos e cuidados. No decorrer do trabalho, discorre-se sobre diversas técnicas utilizadas para a mensuração de resultados em empresas. Em especial, é analisado o EVA, que foi o instrumento utilizado nas empresas avaliadas para a mensuração dos seus resultados. Também são destacados os modelos de mensuração de resultados descritos por Michel Fleuriet e Dante Matarazzo. A questão central do trabalho é: “O resultado final das empresas é impactado pelo crescimento de suas receitas?”. Como objetivo central do trabalho, foi estabelecido o de analisar a relação existente entre o resultado de uma empresa, conforme medido pelo EVA, e o crescimento na receita da empresa. Ainda, como objetivos secundários, foram selecionados os de analisar de que forma as empresas com melhores resultados finais compõem suas fontes de recursos, e qual a correlação existente entre o resultado final e o crescimento anual da receita, a taxa de crescimento interno e a taxa de crescimento sustentável. A análise efetuada, a partir de uma amostra dos resultados de 34 empresas, demonstrou que, para as hipóteses avaliadas, pode ser afirmado que tal correlação, se existente, é fraca, ou seja, para a amostra estudada, a correlação entre o crescimento de receita e o resultado final é baixa. / The present work explains the study made upon an existing correlation between the growth on the incomes of different companies and their final results, according evaluated by EVA (Economic Value Added). The growth implementation, for any company, into an organization, is always a polemical decision. There are several different aspects, which guide the decision of how and how much might be this growth, that must be taken into account by the company managers, in order to, by means of a well designed planning, this company could develop its activities into a less turbulent environment, this way avoiding troubles and other unexpected circumstances that may emerge when strategical decisions are made without the due cares and planning. Along this study, is made a discussion upon several techniques used for measuring results on companies. Particularly, it is analyzed the EVA index, which was the selected tool for measuring the results of the selected companies. Besides, are also pointed out the result measuring models described by Michel Fleuriet and by Dante Matarazzo. The main question, in this study, is: “Are the final results of companies impacted by their income growths?”. As the main objective of the work, it was established that should be analyzed the relationship between the result of a company, evaluated by the EVA index, and the income growth of this company. Besides, as secondary objectives, were selected: to analyze on which form the best result companies compose their resource fonts, and to analyze which is the correlation between the final result and the annual income growth, and the internal growth rate, and the sustainable growth rate. The effected analysis, from a sample of the results of 34 companies, demonstrated that, for the estimated hypothesis, it may be stated that this correlation, if existing, is weak. In other words, for the examined sample, the correlation between the income growth and the final result is low.

A presente dissertação relata o estudo efetuado sobre a correlação existente entre crescimento na receita das empresas e o resultado final destas empresas, conforme avaliado pelo EVA (Valor Econômico Agregado). O crescimento de uma empresa é uma decisão sempre bastante polêmica, dentro de uma organização. Vários aspectos que norteiam a decisão sobre quanto e como crescer devem ser levados em consideração pelos seus administradores, para que, mediante um planejamento bem efetuado, a empresa consiga desempenhar suas atividades em um ambiente menos turbulento, evitando assim os sobressaltos e perigos que surgem quando as decisões são tomadas sem os devidos planejamentos e cuidados. No decorrer do trabalho, discorre-se sobre diversas técnicas utilizadas para a mensuração de resultados em empresas. Em especial, é analisado o EVA, que foi o instrumento utilizado nas empresas avaliadas para a mensuração dos seus resultados. Também são destacados os modelos de mensuração de resultados descritos por Michel Fleuriet e Dante Matarazzo. A questão central do trabalho é: “O resultado final das empresas é impactado pelo crescimento de suas receitas?”. Como objetivo central do trabalho, foi estabelecido o de analisar a relação existente entre o resultado de uma empresa, conforme medido pelo EVA, e o crescimento na receita da empresa. Ainda, como objetivos secundários, foram selecionados os de analisar de que forma as empresas com melhores resultados finais compõem suas fontes de recursos, e qual a correlação existente entre o resultado final e o crescimento anual da receita, a taxa de crescimento interno e a taxa de crescimento sustentável. A análise efetuada, a partir de uma amostra dos resultados de 34 empresas, demonstrou que, para as hipóteses avaliadas, pode ser afirmado que tal correlação, se existente, é fraca, ou seja, para a amostra estudada, a correlação entre o crescimento de receita e o resultado final é baixa. / The present work explains the study made upon an existing correlation between the growth on the incomes of different companies and their final results, according evaluated by EVA (Economic Value Added). The growth implementation, for any company, into an organization, is always a polemical decision. There are several different aspects, which guide the decision of how and how much might be this growth, that must be taken into account by the company managers, in order to, by means of a well designed planning, this company could develop its activities into a less turbulent environment, this way avoiding troubles and other unexpected circumstances that may emerge when strategical decisions are made without the due cares and planning. Along this study, is made a discussion upon several techniques used for measuring results on companies. Particularly, it is analyzed the EVA index, which was the selected tool for measuring the results of the selected companies. Besides, are also pointed out the result measuring models described by Michel Fleuriet and by Dante Matarazzo. The main question, in this study, is: “Are the final results of companies impacted by their income growths?”. As the main objective of the work, it was established that should be analyzed the relationship between the result of a company, evaluated by the EVA index, and the income growth of this company. Besides, as secondary objectives, were selected: to analyze on which form the best result companies compose their resource fonts, and to analyze which is the correlation between the final result and the annual income growth, and the internal growth rate, and the sustainable growth rate. The effected analysis, from a sample of the results of 34 companies, demonstrated that, for the estimated hypothesis, it may be stated that this correlation, if existing, is weak. In other words, for the examined sample, the correlation between the income growth and the final result is low.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElineteLL_DISSERT.pdf: 1626543 bytes, checksum: 9dbe60235a67770e17bf875546f3a49b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-09 / This work aims to analyze how the growth in average income and the change in inequality in income distribution have impacted rural poverty in the Northeast in the period 1995 to 2009. Under the approach in Kakwani (1993) e Duclos and Araar (2006), and under the assumption of log-normality of income per capita, exposed in Bourguignon (2002) and Hoffmann (2005), are calculated growth and inequality elasticities of poverty to FGT poverty measures in order to observe the behavior of the sensitivity of poverty to changes in average household income and the change in income distribution / Gini index. Concurrently, decomposes the changes in measures of poverty (proportion of poor) between growth and distribution components (first proposed by Datt and Ravallion, 1992) to assess the effect of weight change and the effect of income inequality change change on poverty. Regarding the estimation of elasticities of poverty and growth and inequality elasticities of the two methodologies used in this work - under the assumption of lognormal distribution of income and FGT measures under the by Kakwani (1993) andDuclos e Araar (2006) - though do not result in identical values, to corroborate same results, ie the long-term decline in rural poverty from 1995 to 2009 the Northeast and the greater sensitivity of the Northeast Rural Poverty, observed in this same period, income growth and change in inequality. The weight of growth and change in inequality in changing the Northeast rural poverty identified that most of the decline in rural poverty is linked to growth in average income. This result coincides with results found by Kraay (2005) for a group of countries / Este trabalho objetiva analisar como o crescimento da renda m?dia e da mudan?a na desigualdade na distribui??o dos rendimentos t?m impactado na pobreza rural do Nordeste, no per?odo de 1995 a 2009. Sob a abordagem de Kakwani (1993) e Duclos e Araar (2006), e, sob a suposi??o de log-normalidade da renda per capita, exposta em Bourguignon (2002) e Hoffmann (2005), s?o calculadas as elasticidades crescimento e desigualdade da pobreza para as medidas de pobreza FGT com o intuito de observar o comportamento da sensibilidade da pobreza ? varia??o na renda m?dia domiciliar e ? varia??o na distribui??o de renda/?ndice de Gini. Em complementaridade, decomp?e-se as varia??es nas medidas de pobreza (propor??es de pobres) entre os componentes crescimento e distribui??o (proposta inicialmente por Datt e Ravallion, 1992) para avaliar o peso do efeito da mudan?a da renda e do efeito da mudan?a da desigualdade sobre a mudan?a da pobreza. No que concerne ? estima??o da pobreza e das elasticidades crescimento e elasticidades desigualdade, pelas duas metodologias aplicadas neste trabalho sob a suposi??o de lognormalidade da distribui??o dos rendimentos e sob as medidas FGT por Kakwani (1993) e Duclos e Araar (2006) apesar de n?o resultarem em valores id?nticos, corroboram para os mesmos resultados, ou seja, o decl?nio no longo prazo da pobreza rural nordestina de 1995 a 2009 e a maior sensibilidade da pobreza rural nordestina, verificada nesse mesmo per?odo, ao crescimento da renda e ? mudan?a na desigualdade. Quanto ao peso do crescimento e da mudan?a da desigualdade na mudan?a da pobreza rural do Nordeste, identificou-se que a maior parte da queda da pobreza rural est? associada ao crescimento da renda m?dia. Esse resultado coincide com os resultados encontrados por Kraay (2005) para um grupo de pa?ses

A presente dissertação relata o estudo efetuado sobre a correlação existente entre crescimento na receita das empresas e o resultado final destas empresas, conforme avaliado pelo EVA (Valor Econômico Agregado). O crescimento de uma empresa é uma decisão sempre bastante polêmica, dentro de uma organização. Vários aspectos que norteiam a decisão sobre quanto e como crescer devem ser levados em consideração pelos seus administradores, para que, mediante um planejamento bem efetuado, a empresa consiga desempenhar suas atividades em um ambiente menos turbulento, evitando assim os sobressaltos e perigos que surgem quando as decisões são tomadas sem os devidos planejamentos e cuidados. No decorrer do trabalho, discorre-se sobre diversas técnicas utilizadas para a mensuração de resultados em empresas. Em especial, é analisado o EVA, que foi o instrumento utilizado nas empresas avaliadas para a mensuração dos seus resultados. Também são destacados os modelos de mensuração de resultados descritos por Michel Fleuriet e Dante Matarazzo. A questão central do trabalho é: “O resultado final das empresas é impactado pelo crescimento de suas receitas?”. Como objetivo central do trabalho, foi estabelecido o de analisar a relação existente entre o resultado de uma empresa, conforme medido pelo EVA, e o crescimento na receita da empresa. Ainda, como objetivos secundários, foram selecionados os de analisar de que forma as empresas com melhores resultados finais compõem suas fontes de recursos, e qual a correlação existente entre o resultado final e o crescimento anual da receita, a taxa de crescimento interno e a taxa de crescimento sustentável. A análise efetuada, a partir de uma amostra dos resultados de 34 empresas, demonstrou que, para as hipóteses avaliadas, pode ser afirmado que tal correlação, se existente, é fraca, ou seja, para a amostra estudada, a correlação entre o crescimento de receita e o resultado final é baixa. / The present work explains the study made upon an existing correlation between the growth on the incomes of different companies and their final results, according evaluated by EVA (Economic Value Added). The growth implementation, for any company, into an organization, is always a polemical decision. There are several different aspects, which guide the decision of how and how much might be this growth, that must be taken into account by the company managers, in order to, by means of a well designed planning, this company could develop its activities into a less turbulent environment, this way avoiding troubles and other unexpected circumstances that may emerge when strategical decisions are made without the due cares and planning. Along this study, is made a discussion upon several techniques used for measuring results on companies. Particularly, it is analyzed the EVA index, which was the selected tool for measuring the results of the selected companies. Besides, are also pointed out the result measuring models described by Michel Fleuriet and by Dante Matarazzo. The main question, in this study, is: “Are the final results of companies impacted by their income growths?”. As the main objective of the work, it was established that should be analyzed the relationship between the result of a company, evaluated by the EVA index, and the income growth of this company. Besides, as secondary objectives, were selected: to analyze on which form the best result companies compose their resource fonts, and to analyze which is the correlation between the final result and the annual income growth, and the internal growth rate, and the sustainable growth rate. The effected analysis, from a sample of the results of 34 companies, demonstrated that, for the estimated hypothesis, it may be stated that this correlation, if existing, is weak. In other words, for the examined sample, the correlation between the income growth and the final result is low.

Income growth and income inequality is an important theme in Economic research. It has been debated for decades whether income inequality hinders or enhances income growth. One of the classic models of this relationship was the Kuzenets curve which shows inequality against income per capita can be defined by an inverted U-shaped curve, over a period of time. The purpose of the paper is to see to see the relationship between income growth and inequality on a municipality level. To do this, four econometric panel data models were constructed with data gathered from Statbank Denmark. Log of income was used as the dependent variable and different measures of inequality were used as independent variables among other variables (public expenditure, education, population density, demographic composition, taxation). Results from these models show how income growth is positively related to income inequality, with vastly higher growth at the top end of the income distribution in Denmark. The implications of these findings can show that a trade-off between income inequality and income growth is not true, and it is possible that both variables work in tandem. Other factors such as education and demographic composition were also positively correlated with income growth, while other factors, such as taxation, were statistically insignificant. Comprehensive research on inequality and income growth at a municipality level is sparse, especially in the case of Denmark. Thus, this study contributes to research in regional economics.