中文裡有一種特別的結構，稱為動賓複合詞(Verb-object compound)。根 據李與湯普森(Li & Thompson)觀察：從歷史的觀點來看，這種動賓複合 詞是從動賓詞組衍生得來。在本論文中，嘗試以貝克(Baker,1988)的併入 理論(Incorporation Theory)來證明他們的這個觀察。我們認為有一名為 「名詞併入」(Noun Incorporation)的句法移位律對動賓詞組產生作用。 在經過此規律作用後，動詞和它的直接賓語便在句法層次上結合成一帶動 詞性的複雜結構，此外，我們在此理論中，我們主張應加入一條構詞結合 律。此律在名詞併入後作用，把名詞併入後新產生的句法性複雜結構變換 成一構詞單位，即複合詞。這樣的解釋方式不只具有「解釋充份性」 (explanatory adequacy)，而且從歷史的觀點來看此一名詞併入現象，上 述方式也可以妥善地解決一個爭議已久有關動賓複合詞是否可以離合的問 題，以及有關雙重分類的動賓複合詞所造成的難題。藉著這樣的分析，我 們討論了八類動賓結構。這八類恰好形成一個漸次變化。其大抵反映出動 賓結構從詞組變成複合詞的詞彙化過程。至於此八類之間的句法變異，我 們發現其「分類差異」(status variation)與及物性變異(transitivity variation)是一些規律互相競爭(competition)與互補(complementation) 的結果。此現象在謝(Hsieh,1989)的交互作用理論(Interaction Theory) 中早已被指出。而此理論在解釋句法變異上的完善，更證明了我們先前利 用名詞併入方式分析動賓結構是正確的。 / In Mandarin Chinese, there is a special construction called verb-object compounds. It has been observed by Li & Thompson (1981) that the verb-object compounds are derived historically from verb-object phrases. In this thesis, we attempt to verify this observation by means of the Incorporation Theory by Baker (1988). We argue that a syntactic rule, noun incorporation, applies to verb-object phrases and combines the verb and its direct object together to form a syntactic verbal complex. A morphological merging rule is added into the Theory, and applies immediately after the former rule to transform the newly created syntactic construct into a morphological one, a compound. Such and approach not only achieves the explanatory adequacy, but also resolves the long-standing controversies on the expandability of verb-object compounds and the paradox of verb-object compounds with dual status, if we keep a historical view on the process of the noun incorporation. Based on this analysis, the eight types of verb-object constructions form a continuum which roughly reflects a lexicalization process from verb-object phrases to verb-object compounds. As for the syntactic variation--status variation and transitivity variation--among different types verb-object consrtuctions, it is found to be a result of the competition and complementation among some rules, a fact evidenced in Hsieh's (1989) Interaction theory. the success of the interaction account further justifies our incorporation analysis on verb-object construcitons.

Ce travail présente quelques aspects de la syntaxe du SV et du SN. Du côté du SV, l'accent est mis sur l'étude morphosyntaxique de la flexion verbale. Dans le cadre du SN, ce sont les thèmes du nombre, des constructions possessives et des types d'adjectifs qui sont explorés, dans l'optique d'une étude sur la déficience fonctionnelle. Bien que portant majoritairement sur le français, certains chapitres proposent une comparaison avec les données du turc et du hongrois.

<p>The rate at which articles gets published grows exponentially and the possibility to access texts in machine-readable formats is also increasing. The need of an automated system to gather relevant information from text, text mining, is thus growing. </p><p>The goal of this thesis is to find a biologically relevant gene network for atherosclerosis, themain cause of cardiovascular disease, by inspecting gene cooccurrences in abstracts from PubMed. In addition to this gene nets for yeast was generated to evaluate the validity of using text mining as a method. </p><p>The nets found were validated in many ways, they were for example found to have the well known power law link distribution. They were also compared to other gene nets generated by other, often microbiological, methods from different sources. In addition to classic measurements of similarity like overlap, precision, recall and f-score a new way to measure similarity between nets are proposed and used. The method uses an urn approximation and measures the distance from comparing two unrelated nets in standard deviations. The validity of this approximation is supported both analytically and with simulations for both Erd¨os-R´enyi nets and nets having a power law link distribution. The new method explains that very poor overlap, precision, recall and f-score can still be very far from random and also how much overlap one could expect at random. The cutoff was also investigated. </p><p>Results are typically in the order of only 1% overlap but with the remarkable distance of 100 standard deviations from what one could have expected at random. Of particular interest is that one can only expect an overlap of 2 edges with a variance of 2 when comparing two trees with the same set of nodes. The use of a cutoff at one for cooccurrence graphs is discussed and motivated by for example the observation that this eliminates about 60-70% of the false positives but only 20-30% of the overlapping edges. This thesis shows that text mining of PubMed can be used to generate a biologically relevant gene subnet of the human gene net. A reasonable extension of this work is to combine the nets with gene expression data to find a more reliable gene net.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D. (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Our work is driven by a class of practical problems of sequential decision making in the context of electric power generation under uncertainties. These problems are usually treated as receding horizon deterministic optimization problems, and/or as scenario-based stochastic programs. Stochastic programming allows to compute a first stage decision that is hedged against the possible futures and -- if a possibility of recourse exists -- this decision can then be particularized to possible future scenarios thanks to the information gathered until the recourse opportunity. Although many decomposition techniques exist, stochastic programming is currently not tractable in the context of day-ahead electric power generation and furthermore does not provide an explicit recourse strategy. The latter observation also makes this approach cumbersome when one wants to evaluate its value on independent scenarios. We propose a supervised learning methodology to learn an explicit recourse strategy for a given generation schedule, from optimal adjustments of the system under simulated perturbed conditions. This methodology may thus be complementary to a stochastic programming based approach. With respect to a receding horizon optimization, it has the advantages of transferring the heavy computation offline, while providing the ability to quickly infer decisions during online exploitation of the generation system. Furthermore the learned strategy can be validated offline on an independent set of scenarios. On a realistic instance of the intra-day electricity generation rescheduling problem, we explain how to generate disturbance scenarios, how to compute adjusted schedules, how to formulate the supervised learning problem to obtain a recourse strategy, how to restore feasibility of the predicted adjustments and how to evaluate the recourse strategy on independent scenarios. We analyze different settings, namely either to predict the detailed adjustment of all the generation units, or to predict more qualitative variables that allow to speed up the adjustment computation procedure by facilitating the ``classical' optimization problem. Our approach is intrinsically scalable to large-scale generation management problems, and may in principle handle all kinds of uncertainties and practical constraints. Our results show the feasibility of the approach and are also promising in terms of economic efficiency of the resulting strategies. The solutions of the optimization problem of generation (re)scheduling must satisfy many constraints. However, a classical learning algorithm that is (by nature) unaware of the constraints the data is subject to may indeed successfully capture the sensitivity of the solution to the model parameters. This has nevertheless raised our attention on one particular aspect of the relation between machine learning algorithms and optimization algorithms. When we apply a supervised learning algorithm to search in a hypothesis space based on data that satisfies a known set of constraints, can we guarantee that the hypothesis that we select will make predictions that satisfy the constraints? Can we at least benefit from our knowledge of the constraints to eliminate some hypotheses while learning and thus hope that the selected hypothesis has a better generalization error? In the second part of this thesis, where we try to answer these questions, we propose a generic extension of tree-based ensemble methods that allows incorporating incomplete data but also prior knowledge about the problem. The framework is based on a convex optimization problem allowing to regularize a tree-based ensemble model by adjusting either (or both) the labels attached to the leaves of an ensemble of regression trees or the outputs of the observations of the training sample. It allows to incorporate weak additional information in the form of partial information about output labels (like in censored data or semi-supervised learning) or -- more generally -- to cope with observations of varying degree of precision, or strong priors in the form of structural knowledge about the sought model. In addition to enhancing the precision by exploiting information that cannot be used by classical supervised learning algorithms, the proposed approach may be used to produce models which naturally comply with feasibility constraints that must be satisfied in many practical decision making problems, especially in contexts where the output space is of high-dimension and/or structured by invariances, symmetries and other kinds of constraints.

Due to the complexity of multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems (MOCO), metaheuristics like multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) are gaining importance to obtain a well-converged and well-dispersed Pareto-optimal frontier approximation. In this study, of the well-known MOCO problems, single-dimensional multi-objective knapsack problem and multi-objective assignment problem are taken into consideration. We develop a steady-state and elitist MOEA in order to approximate the Pareto-optimal frontiers. We utilize a territory concept in order to provide diversity over the Pareto-optimal frontiers of various problem instances. The motivation behind the territory definition is to attach the algorithm the advantage of fast execution by eliminating the need for an explicit diversity preserving operator. We also develop an interactive preference incorporation mechanism to converge to the regions that are of special interest for the decision maker by interacting with him/her during the optimization process.

Le but de cette étude était de caractériser à l'échelle moléculaire la maturité d'un compost de déchets verts et de biodéchets et son incorporation dans un sol.<br />Cinq nouveaux critères de maturité ont été déterminés par thermo-gravimétrie et thermochimiolyse. Cette technique permet d'observer l'augmentation de l'activité bactérienne (rapport acides ramifiés/linéaires et mono/diacides). De plus l'oxydation de composés triterpèniques dans les lipides est mise en évidence. L'évolution de la matière organique (MO) des substances humiques (SH) ne fait pas apparaître de lien direct avec les lipides libres.<br />L'apport de compost sur un sol instable augmente l'activité biologique améliorant ainsi sa stabilité structurale et limitant les risques d'érosion. Des marqueurs lipidiques du compost ont été suivis après épandage. L'incorporation de la MO du compost dans les SH est démontrée par l'augmentation du rapport acides ramifiés/linéaires et la présence d'omega-méthoxyesters.

Aphrodisiac and anti-aphrodisiac pheromone production and composition in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi L. were investigated. Aphrodisiac pheromone biosynthesis had different time constraints in butterflies from the diapausing and directly developing generations. Effects of stable isotope incorporation in adult butterfly pheromone, in the nectar and flower volatiles of  host plants from labeled substrates were measured by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A method to fertilize plants with stable isotopes was developed and found to be an effective method to investigate the transfer of pheromone building blocks from flowering plants to butterflies. The anti-aphrodisiac methyl salicylate was not biosynthesized from phenylalanine in flowers of Alliaria petiolata. Both aphrodisiac and anti-aphrodisiac pheromones in P.napi are produced not only from resources acquired in the larval stage, but also from nutritional resources consumed intheadult stage. Males of P. napi produce the anti-aphrodisiac pheromone from both the essential amino acid L-phenylalanine and from common flower fragrance constituents. / <p>QC 20140311</p>

The process for the incorporation, integration or collaboration of traditional healers into the National Health Care Delivery System of South Africa was marred by an array of mixed attitudes from all the parties concerned, namely traditional healers, patients, biomedical personnel, and the policy makers. The variety of approaches for inclusion of the traditional healers into the National Health Care System of South Africa was a further indication of the complexity of the situation. The possibility of functioning together between traditional healers and biomedical personnel existed before 1990 when the two groups met in Johannesburg in 1986 to discuss ways by which functioning together can be established. A series of meetings and discussions followed after which came the promulgation of the Chiropractors Homeopaths and Allied Health Services Professionals Act of 1996, which gives traditional healers their due recognition but does not include them as part of health care providers. The process of functioning together is a recommendation made by the World Health Organization and the most used terms for this functioning together is, incorporation, integration and collaboration. The process of incorporation can be realised by ensuring that both biomedical personnel and traditional healers remain autonomous, not controlling each other, respecting the existence of one another, as well as each other's own methods of healing. Integration was another method whereby the two health care systems can function together, even though integration differs in context from incorporation. Integration means that the traditional healers will have to function within the health care system under the directions of the biomedical personnel, whereby the patient receives a combination of both treatment methods depending on the problem or diagnosis. The third modality of getting the two health care systems to function together could be by collaboration. Collaboration was seen as a two sided effort whereby the healing methods of one are brought to fore and the most effective one is chosen to cure the patient's identified problem at that time. For the process of functioning together to be meaningful, it was necessary to get the government to review licensing the traditional healer's practices, so as to identify the healing techniques that are of value and use these to treat the patients. It was not really possible to clearly separate the three approaches because they all addressed the issue of having the two health care systems function together to increase health care services and fulfil the patients' health needs. For the purpose of this research the word incorporation was used. In South Africa the traditional healer is identified as the health care choice of 80-9036 of the black population. If this large number of black people uses traditional healing, then it becomes necessary to investigate the manner in which the traditional healer can be utilized effectively in the National Health Care Delivery System of South Africa to render the services that the patient needs for his/her health needs. It is for this reason that the researcher aimed at investigating the existing models of incorporation of traditional healers, the perceptions and attitudes of the traditional healers, biomedical personnel, patients and the policy makers regarding incorporation, their views on how this incorporation should be achieved, as well as how the incorporation of traditional healers into the National Health Care Delivery System of South Africa could be realised. A qualitative research design and theory generating approach was followed, and the research was conducted in two stages. In stage one qualitative research, participants were traditional healers, biomedical personnel, patients and policy makers, selected by means of non-probable purposive voluntary sampling. Data was collected by means of conducting semi-structured interviews with all the participants in the three identified provinces of South Africa. Field notes were recorded after each interview session. Data analysis was achieved by open coding. A co-coder and the researcher analysed the data independently after which consensus discussions took place to finalise the analysed data. Ethical principles were applied according to the guidelines of the Democratic Nurses Organisation of South Africa and the Department of Health. The second stage which was a theory generation approach, was used to formulate a model for the incorporation of the traditional healers into the National Health Care Delivery System of South African. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

Ce travail de thèse traite de l'élaboration de nanoparticules luminescentes à based'organolanthanides pour des applications d'imagerie biomédicale ou de marquage pour la lutte anticontrefaçon. Les organolanthanides ont été incorporés sans liaison covalente afin de préserver leursremarquables propriétés de luminescence et leur stabilité chimique. Deux types de nanoparticulesont été étudiés, des particules de latex et des billes de silice qui ont toutes les deux été synthétiséesen milieu hétérogène.La silice a été synthétisée par un procédé sol-gel en microémulsion inverse. Deux organolanthanidesluminescents initialement dissous dans les micelles inverses ont été piégés physiquement dans lasilice amorphe pendant sa formation. Une nouvelle méthode basée sur la quantification de l'activitéd'un isotope radioactif de l'Eu(III) a été développée pour étudier l'incorporation desorganolanthanides. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des organolanthanides influencent directementleur localisation au sein des particules et l'efficacité d'incorporation. L'étude approfondie de cesnanoparticules a permis de mettre en évidence une amélioration de la relaxivité d'un complexe deGd(III) quand il est confiné dans la silice.Les particules de latex ont été synthétisées par polymérisation radicalaire en miniémulsion directe.Différents organolanthanides de structures ionique ou non ionique ont été incorporés efficacementpar simple dissolution dans le monomère. L'incorporation du complexe de structure ionique anécessité l'utilisation d'un tensioactif cationique afin de le maintenir à l'intérieur des gouttelettes etgarantir son incorporation dans les particules de latex. Ce système permet d'incorporer un grandnombre de complexes et aucun relargage n'est observé après plusieurs mois. Le ligand utilisé permeten plus d'exciter jusqu'à dix terre rares simultanément. En faisant varier la nature et la quantité desorganolanthanides incorporés, il est ainsi possible de générer des codes optiques complexes sousune excitation unique.