Cette étude fait valoir, par l’incorporation du droit international et son application dans le système national islandais, illustré par les jugements de la Cour suprême d’Islande, que les limites posées par l’approche dualiste traditionnelle, tels que présentés communément dans la littérature académique islandaise, ont été poussées à leur extrême. On affirme que le principe de dualité des juridictions, tel qu’il est défini dans la littérature juridique, ne décrit pas de façon adéquate le lien réel et important entre le droit international et la loi nationale comme cela apparaît dans les « techniques d’incorporation interprétatives » effectivement utilisées par les cours islandaises. Notre étude fait valoir que l’impact substantif et normatif du droit international non incorporé comporte des éléments de l’approche moniste, se révèle plus complexe et excède de loin la simple description générale du principe dualiste. / This study argues that, by the incorporation of international law into the Icelandic national system and its application on the domestic level, in particular as it appears in the judgments of the Supreme Court of Iceland, the limits set by the traditional dualist approach, as commonly presented in Icelandic academic literature, have been stretched to its outer limits. It is argued that the dualist principle, as defined and described in the legal literature, does not adequately describe the real and substantive relationship between international law and national law as it appears in the „interpretive incorporation techniques“ actually used by the Icelandic courts. It is argued that the real substantive and normative impact of unincorporated international law bears clear elements of the monist approach and is more complicated and far exceeds what is implied in the general description of and reference to the dualist principle.

Materiais poliméricos têm sido explorados para o encapsulamento e liberação controlada de moléculas e o CO2-sc é um dos solventes alternativos de maior interesse da indústria farmacêutica para tal, por não deixar resíduos no produto final. Neste trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados polímeros do tipo \"core-shell\" tendo como \"core\" poligliceróis hiperramificados, sintetizados via abertura de anel glicidol, iniciados por três diferentes polióis e possuindo dois tipos de \"shell\" contendo grupos acetila, potencialmente compatíveis com CO2-sc. Também foi sintetizada β-Ciclodextrina peracetilada (TA-β-CD) que foi utilizada como molécula encapsulante modelo, por também ser um tipo de poliéter, ser reconhecida pela sua capacidade encapsulante, por ser uma ciclodextrina, e ser solúvel no CO2-sc. O Ibuprofeno foi o fármaco utilizado como modelo de molécula encapsulada, por ser solúvel em CO2-sc e possuir logP intermediário. O primeiro grupo de polímeros foram os poligliceróis peracetilados (PGH-Acs), que possuiam grupos acetilas como \"shell\". O estudo de seu comportamento em CO2-denso (CO2-sc e CO2 líquido próximo ao ponto crítico), pré-requisito para o encapsulamento neste meio, foi avaliado através de experimentos de expansão volumétrica e/ou solubilidade e determinação de pontos de névoa. Estes materiais apresentaram solubilidade total ou parcial, solubilizaram o CO2 e apresentaram expansão volumétrica em sua presença. A incorporação de Ibuprofeno foi realizada com sucesso, alcançando teores pouco maiores do que o apresentado para a TA-β-CD, e se mostrou associada aos valores de temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) dos polímeros, sendo que a caracterização dos materiais encapsulados sugere que a molécula do fármaco interage preferencialmente com os grupos acetila dos materiais. Os dados do estudo de liberação das moléculas de Ibuprofeno dos materiais encapsulantes foi modelado principalmente segundo o modelo de Weibull e mostrou que ela foi prolongada, para os PGH-Acs, numa escala de horas e que foi menos lenta quanto mais hidrofílico o polímero, enquanto a liberação apresentada pela TA-&#946-CD foi imediata. Com o propósito de alcançar maiores teores de encapsulamento e liberações mais prolongadas, o segundo grupo de polímeros, com maior massa molar foi proposto. Este grupo foram os polímeros estrela PGH-PVAcs, contendo os mesmos cores dos polímeros anteriores, porém possuindo como \"shell\" cadeias lineares de poliacetato de vinila, sintetizadas via polimerização por Transferência Reversível de Cadeia por Adição-Fragmentação (RAFT). Os PGH-PVAcs solubilizaram o CO2 e apresentaram expansão, mas não foram solúveis neste solvente. A comparação do comportamento de todos os materiais estudados mostrou que a presença de grupos acetila é determinante para a sua CO2-filicidade, devido a interações específicas do tipo ácido-base de Lewis. Para os PGH-PVAcs, também houve encapsulamento do Ibuprofeno, os seus teores atingiram valores seis vezes maior do que os obtidos pelos PGH-Acs e também apresentaram associação com os valores de Tg dos polímeros. A liberação a partir deste materiais também foi prolongada, mas agora numa escala de dias e/ou meses. Os materiais obtidos se mostraram CO2-fílicos e capazes de encapsular Ibuprofeno em CO2-sc, sendo que o seu comportamento em CO2 denso, sua capacidade encapsulante e suas características de liberação podem ser modulados pela composição de sua estrutura \"core-shell\". / Polymeric materials have been explored for encapsulation and controlled release of molecules and sc-CO2 is one of the alternative solvents with most interest for the pharmaceutical industry for this purpose, for it does not leave traces at the final product. In this work, core-shell type polymers were synthesized and characterized. The polymers had hyperbranched polyglycerols initiated by three different polyols and synthesized through ring opening polymerization of glicidol, as cores; and had two diferente types of shells, bearing acetyl groups, potentially compatible with sc-CO2. Also Peracetilated β-Cyclodextrin (TA-β-CD) was synthesized, to be used as the model encapsulating material, because it is also a kind of polyether, is known for its encapsulating capacity, for being a cyclodextrin, and is soluble in sc-CO2. The Ibuprofen was the model drug chosen for the encapsualtion because it is soluble in sc-CO2 and has an intermediary logP. The first group of polymers were the peracetilated polyglycerols (PGH-Acs), bearing acethyl groups as their \"shell\". The behavior of those materials in dense CO2 (sc-CO2 and liquid CO2), pre-requisite for the encapsulation using this media, was evaluated through experiments of volumetric expansion and/or solubility and determination of cloud points. These materials presented solubility (total or partial), solubilized the CO2 and presented expansion in its presence. The incorporation of Ibuprofen was successfully performed, reaching levels slightly higher than the one presented by the TA-β-CD, and it showed to be associated with the values of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers; the characterization of the encapsulated materials suggests that the molecule of the drug interacts preferentially with the acetyl groups of the materials. The data of the release study of the Ibuprofen molecules from the encapsulating materials was modelled mainly through the Weibull model and showed, for the PGH-Acs materials, that the release was prolonged for a time scale of hours and was faster as the hydrophilicity of the polymers increases, while the release of Ibuprofeno from the TA-β-CD was immediate. Aiming to reach higher levels of encapsulation and also more prolonged releases, a second group of core-shell polymers, with a higher molar mass was proposed. This group was the one of the star polymers PGH-PVAc, having the same cores as the other polymers, but bearing as shell, linear chains of polyvinyl acetate, synthesized via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization. The PGH-PVAc presented expansion, solubilized the solvent, but where not soluble in it. The comparison of the behavior of all studied materials showed that the presence of the acetyl groups is determinant for their CO2 -philicity and this because these groups and CO2 show specific interactions of the Lewis acid-base type. For the PGH-PVAcs the incorporation of Ibuprofen was also successfully performed and their levels reached six times higher than the ones obtained for the PGH-Acs and also presented association with the values of the Tg of the polymers. The release from these materials are also prolonged, but now in a time scale of days/months. The obtained materials have shown to be CO2-philic and able to encapsulate Ibuprofen in CO2-sc media. Their behavior in dense CO2, their encapsulation ability and the characteristics of the release can be modulated through the composition of their core-shell structure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eudes Vitor Bezerra.pdf: 1469467 bytes, checksum: 088e8bad45d29a44419e801c607ec5df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-16 / The objective of this study is to elucidate the main features of the Arbitration and its effective application in Real Estate Incorporations. In this vein, it is emphasized that the scope and determine the applicability and deployment of the use of arbitration in relation to the Real Estate Incorporations, including establishing the advantages and disadvantages of the use of arbitration in these real estate transactions. It is feasible to say that a democratic state must protects the right of choice of citizens in relation to conflict resolution, when such rights are available and stamp sheet, ie, the use of arbitration in real estate development is optional and is not required. Thus, one who seeks means to resolve disputes arising from real estate developers can relinquish jurisdiction and make use of arbitration. However, it is a requirement sine qua non, the observance of the autonomy of the parties, failing to invalidate the use of arbitration / O objetivo deste trabalho é elucidar as principais características da Arbitragem e sua efetiva aplicação nas Incorporações Imobiliárias. Nesse diapasão, importa ressaltar que o escopo e averiguar a aplicabilidade e o desdobramento do uso da arbitragem em relação à Incorporação Imobiliária, inclusive estabelecendo as vantagens e desvantagens do uso da arbitragem nessas transações imobiliárias. É viável dizer que um estado democrático deve resguarda o direito de escolha dos cidadãos em relação à solução de conflitos, quando tais direitos forem disponíveis e de cunho patrimonial, ou seja, a utilização da arbitragem nas incorporações imobiliárias tem caráter facultativo e não obrigatório. Assim, aquele que busca meios adequados para solucionar controvérsias oriundas das incorporações imobiliárias poderá abrir mão da jurisdição e fazer uso da arbitragem. Entretanto, é requisito sine qua non, a observância da autonomia da vontade das partes contratantes, sob pena de invalidar o uso da arbitragem

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente tese, a partir de uma anÃlise socioantropolÃgica, problematiza a questÃo da capacitaÃÃo de parteiras tradicionais, discutindo as tensÃes entre incorporaÃÃo de saber mÃdico e resistÃncia cultural na prÃtica de partejar das parteiras no AmapÃ. Para tanto, apoio-me em perspectivas epistemolÃgicas crÃticas que problematizam as hierarquias e dicotomias subjacentes à âmonocultura do saberâ, segundo proposta analÃtica de Santos (2006), a qual confere privilÃgios de conhecimento e de poder aos saberes cientÃficos, em detrimento de outras formas de saberes. Valho-me, em alinhamento a essa perspectiva analÃtica, da crÃtica feminista ao sujeito universal da ciÃncia e de seus privilÃgios de enunciaÃÃo. Privilegio, sobretudo, aquelas teorizaÃÃes que desvelam o processo de silenciamento imposto aos saberes e ao poder de agÃncia engendrado pelas mulheres (HARDING, 1998; HARAWAY, 1995; SANTOS, 2012). O estudo compÃe-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, com etnografia e uso de narrativas de 25 parteiras tradicionais, perifÃricas, remanescentes quilombolas e indÃgenas, que se configuram como interlocutoras de minha pesquisa, alÃm de fontes documentais e entrevistas com 10 profissionais da Ãrea biomÃdica. O recorte da pesquisa vai de 2013 a 2016, produzindo um material que dialoga com experiÃncias de pesquisas anteriores sobre a temÃtica das parteiras tradicionais. Permeia na tese o contexto empÃrico dos cursos de capacitaÃÃo no AmapÃ. âCapacitaÃÃoâ à um termo empregado pelo MinistÃrio da SaÃde e implementado pelo âProjeto de resgate e valorizaÃÃo de parteiras tradicionaisâ, implementado pelo governo do Estado do Amapà para instrumentalizar as profissionais do parto domiciliar. AtravÃs dessa configuraÃÃo tÃcnica e biopolÃtica, a âcapacitaÃÃoâ se constitui num rico cenÃrio em que se dÃo a ver confrontos entre heterogÃneas visÃes de mundo (sobretudo aquelas concernentes à saÃde, ao corpo da mulher, à higiene e à seguranÃa), sistemas de conhecimento tÃcnico e repertÃrios de aÃÃo, condensados na tipologia cientÃfico versus tradicional. AtravÃs da inserÃÃo etnogrÃfica e das narrativas das interlocutoras, tento analisar esses confrontos, o que podem significar enquanto obrigaÃÃo de incorporaÃÃo de saberes e prÃticas. Os resultados apontam para as tensÃes, conquistas e tambÃm reconhecimento. Nessa relaÃÃo, tem-se como conquistas o fato da parteira ser cadastrada em programa estadual; participar dos cursos e treinamentos; receber o diploma, o âkit parteiraâ e ser incluÃda no sistema de pagamento da bolsa â elementos de reafirmaÃÃo identitÃria e de reconhecimento da legitimidade da parteira, alÃm de tecerem redes compartilhadas de troca de experiÃncia entre mulheres que partejam. Por outro lado, as contradiÃÃes se expressam nas tensÃes entre a ampliaÃÃo da funÃÃo social da parteira, que apÃs a capacitaÃÃo à chamada a intervir em diferentes esferas da promoÃÃo da saÃde comunitÃria, porÃm sem reconhecimento profissional como trabalhadora da saÃde, sendo, em alguns casos, explicitamente impedidas de prestarem seu serviÃo. Ao discutir capacitaÃÃo, incorporaÃÃo de saber e resistÃncia cultural, pretendemos contribuir para a compreensÃo desse processo dinÃmico de formaÃÃo e recriaÃÃo identitÃria de parteiras tradicionais que vivenciam suas prÃticas no cotidiano comunitÃrio e sobretudo, para os estudos socioantropolÃgicos e da saÃde da mulher.

The cell plasma membrane is an interactive interface playing an important role in regulating cell-to-cell, cell-to-tissue contact, and cell-to-environment responses. This environment-responsive phospholipid layer consisting of multiple dynamically balanced macromolecules, such as membrane proteins, carbohydrate and lipids, is regarded as a promising platform for various surface engineering strategies. Through different chemical modification routes, we are able to incorporate various artificial materials into the cell surface for biomedical applications in small molecule and cellular therapeutics. In this dissertation, we establish two different cell coating techniques for applications of cell-mediated drug delivery and the localization of cell-based therapies to specific tissues. The first part of this dissertation establishes a membrane-associated hydrogel patch for drug delivery. The crosslinking of a grafted polymeric patch from a mammalian cell membrane is achieved through surface-mediated photolithographic polymerization. With the use of photomask, the formation of nanoparticle-loaded PEGDA hydrogel is controlled to deposit various geometric features on photoinitiator-immobilized surfaces. Through microarray patch patterning, we analyzed the influence of processing parameters on the accuracy of polymer patterning on a microarray. We then optimized the patterning approach for the formation of PEGDA patches on live A549 cells. In the second part of this dissertation, we study the use of tissue-adhesive coatings to improve the retention of therapeutic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the heart following intramyocardial or intravenous injection. MSCs were coated with antibodies against ICAM1 to adhere to CAM-overexpressed endothelium present in the heart following MI. Through intramyocardial or intravenous delivery, we observe higher number of coated cells retained in the heart over uncoated ones, supporting enhanced affinity for the inflamed endothelium near the infarct. We correlate the detachment force of antigen-interacted MSCs by a parallel laminar flow assay with the density of ICAM on the substrate and the density of anti-ICAM on the MSC surface. MSC retention on CAMmodified surfaces or activated HUVECs was significantly increased on antibody-coated groups (~90%) under physiologically hemodynamic forces (< 30dyne/cm2), compared to uncoated MSCs (~20%). Moreover, a dramatic reduction of immune cell quantity was observed after intravenous injection, indicating the enhanced immunoregulatory efficacy by systemically delivering ICAM-adhesive MSCs to the site of inflammation.

Introduction. La notion d'" embodiment " propose que chaque humain est à la fois un être social ainsi que biologique, intégrant le monde dans lequel il/elle vit. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que la position socioéconomique pendant l'enfance peut être biologiquement incorporée, conduisant à la production des inégalités sociales de santé entre les sous-groupes de population. La charge allostatique (CA) est un concept qui tente de capturer l'usure physiologique globale du corps liée à l'activation répétée des mécanismes physiologiques compensatoires en cas d'exposition à des stress chroniques. La CA pourrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des voies biologiques qui jouent un rôle potentiel dans la construction du gradient social de santé des adultes. Objectif. Pour explorer l'hypothèse d'incorporation biologique, nous avons examiné les voies de médiation entre les adversités psychosociales et la position socioéconomique précoces et la CA à 44 ans. Nous avons également confronté l'indice de CA à une mesure multidimensionnelle de santé latente à 50 ans. Méthodes. Les données sont issues de la cohorte Britannique de naissance de 1958 (n=18 000). La CA a été construite avec les données de l'enquête biomédicale conduite à 44 ans, comme une mesure physiologique synthétique, multi-système, à l'aide de 14 biomarqueurs représentant les systèmes neuroendocrinien, métabolique, immunitaire / inflammatoire et cardiorespiratoire. Résultats. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggèrent que la CA pourrait être un indice approprié pour capturer partiellement la dimension biologique des processus d'embodiment. Discussion. Comprendre comment l'environnement affecte notre santé en se " glissant sous la peau " et pénétrant dans les cellules, les organes et les systèmes physiologiques de notre corps est un principe clé dans la recherche en santé publique. Promouvoir le recueil de marqueurs biologiques dans des grandes études prospectives et représentatives est crucial pour continuer la recherche sur ce sujet. Les études de réplication pourraient faire partie des futures perspectives de recherche, pour comparer entre populations avec des contextes culturels différents pour observer si un index de CA peut être considéré comme "universel ". / Introduction. The notion of embodiment proposes that every human being is both a social and a biological organism that incorporates the world in which (s)he lives. It has been hypothesized that early life socioeconomic position (SEP) can be biologically embedded, potentially leading to the production of health inequalities across population groups. Allostatic load (AL) is a concept that intends to capture the overall physiological wear-and-tear of the body triggered by the repeated activation of compensatory physiological mechanisms as a response to chronic stress. AL could allow a better understanding of the potential biological pathways playing a role in the construction of the social gradient in adult health. Objective. To explore the biological embedding hypothesis, we examined the mediating pathways between early SEP and early adverse psychosocial experiences and higher AL at 44 years. We also confronted an AL index with a latent multidimensional and integrative measure of health status at 50y. Methods. Data are from the 1958 British birth cohort (n=18 000) follow-up to age 50. AL was operationalized using data from the biomedical survey collected at age 44 on 14 parameters representing the neuroendocrine, metabolic, immune-inflammatory and cardiovascular systems. Results. Overall, our results suggest that AL could be a suitable index to partially capture the biological dimensions of embodiment processes. Discussion. Understanding how human environments affect our health by 'getting under the skin' and penetrating the cells, organs and physiological systems of our bodies is a key tenet in public health research. Promoting the collection of biological markers in large representative and prospective studies is crucial to continue to investigate on this topic. Replication studies could be part of the future research perspectives, to compare with other cultural context and to observe if an AL index can be 'universal'.

<p>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells and lithium polymer batteries are important as future power sources in electronic devices, vehicles and stationary applications. The development of these power sources involves finding and characterising materials that are well suited r the application.</p><p>The materials investigated in this thesis are the perfluorosulphonic ionomer Nafion^TM(DuPont) and metal oxides incorporated into the membrane form of this material. The ionomer is used as polymer electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and the metal oxides are used as cathode materials in lithium polymer batters (LPB).</p><p>Crystallinity in cast Nafion films can be introduced by ion beam exposure or aging. Spectroscopic investigations of the crystallinity of the ionomer indicate that the crystalline regions contain less water than amorphous regions and this could in part explain the drying out of the polymer electrolyte membrane in a PEMFC.</p><p>Spectroscopic results on the equilibrated water uptake and the state of water in thin cast ionomer films indicate that there is a full proton transfer from the sulphonic acid group in the ionomer when there is one water molecule per sulphonate group.</p><p>The LPB cathode materials, lithium manganese oxide and lithium cobalt oxide, were incorporated <i>in situ</i> in Nafion membranes. Other manganese oxides and cobalt oxides were incorporated <i>in situ</i> inside the membrane. Ion-exchange experiments from HcoO₂to LiCoO₂within the membrane were also successful.</p><p>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for the characterisation of the incorporated species and the Nafion film/membrane.</p>

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells and lithium polymer batteries are important as future power sources in electronic devices, vehicles and stationary applications. The development of these power sources involves finding and characterising materials that are well suited r the application. The materials investigated in this thesis are the perfluorosulphonic ionomer NafionTM (DuPont) and metal oxides incorporated into the membrane form of this material. The ionomer is used as polymer electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and the metal oxides are used as cathode materials in lithium polymer batters (LPB). Crystallinity in cast Nafion films can be introduced by ion beam exposure or aging. Spectroscopic investigations of the crystallinity of the ionomer indicate that the crystalline regions contain less water than amorphous regions and this could in part explain the drying out of the polymer electrolyte membrane in a PEMFC. Spectroscopic results on the equilibrated water uptake and the state of water in thin cast ionomer films indicate that there is a full proton transfer from the sulphonic acid group in the ionomer when there is one water molecule per sulphonate group. The LPB cathode materials, lithium manganese oxide and lithium cobalt oxide, were incorporated in situ in Nafion membranes. Other manganese oxides and cobalt oxides were incorporated in situ inside the membrane. Ion-exchange experiments from HcoO2 to LiCoO2 within the membrane were also successful. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for the characterisation of the incorporated species and the Nafion film/membrane.

La culture indienne a longtemps été identifiée à une philosophie où le monde n’est qu’illusion, où les sens s’avèrent trompeurs, et où, donc, il est nécessaire de se détacher du corps afin d’atteindre une réalité suprême, en dehors de ce monde. Pourtant, une courte immersion dans la réalité quotidienne de l’hindouisme, en particulier par rapport à sa forme dévotionnelle (bhakti) et au rituel de la pūjā s’y rattachant, laisse entendre tout le contraire. Le monde dévotionnel hindou s’avère en fait plongé dans un univers hautement incorporé et sensoriel. La présente thèse se donne pour objectif de réaliser la profondeur de cette nature incorporée et hautement sensorielle de la bhakti hindoue. C’est en envisageant l’utilisation des sens non seulement comme le résultat d’un apprentissage culturel, mais également comme le locus de la connaissance du monde, que la méthodologie proposée par l’anthropologie sensorielle nous permettra de réaliser l’ampleur du rôle joué par le sensorium dans la compréhension, l’acquisition et la communication avec le divin. Nous concentrerons cette étude sur la pūjā hebdomadaire effectuée par la communauté hindoue d’Ottawa au temple Vishva Shakti Durgā. Cette analyse révélera que c’est en utilisant ses sens que le dévot réussit à entrer en contact avec le divin et que c’est également en exploitant divers stimuli sensoriels que le divin réussit à se manifester et à s’incorporer au profit de ses dévots. Le sens de la vision se dévoilera l’un des plus importants dans cette interaction avec les divinités, particulièrement à travers le darśan, mais les autres sens s’avéreront eux aussi essentiels dans cette transaction avec le divin, notamment à travers la musique, les mantras, la prasād, ainsi que les diverses formes de toucher direct ou indirect avec la divinité. Somme toute, cette étude démontrera que la rencontre avec le divin nécessite en soi l’utilisation d’un sensorium sacré. Les diverses perceptions sensorielles engagées dans cette interaction parlent à la fois à la nature humaine et divine de l’être, et permettent dès lors à la vraie nature de l’humain d’entrer en contact avec la vraie et suprême réalité du divin (bhagwān/brahman).

Réalisée dans le Laboratoire d'épidemiologie de l'IRSN, cette thèse constitue une étude pilote des travailleurs du cycle du combustible nucléaire à risque d'exposition interne aux rayonnements alpha. L'exposition interne résultant de l'incorporation des composés uranifères lors de la conversion et l'enrichissement de l'uranium a été étudiee au sein de l'établissement AREVA NC de Pierrelatte. Une matrice emplois expositions semi-quantitative, spécifique de cet établissement a été élaborée. Elle permet de calculer les scores individuels de l'exposition cumulée a l'uranium et 16 autres catégories d'agents d'exposition pour 2709 travailleurs de l'établissement sur la période 1960-2006. L'analyse des données de l'exposition multiple a révélé de nombreuses correlations entre l'exposition a l'uranium et les expositions associées : l'exposition à l'amiante, les fibres céramiques réfractaires, le trichloréthylène, etc. Le suivi de mortalité effectué sur la periode 1968-2005, a montré une augmentation de la mortalite par cancer de la plèvre, du rectum et par lymphome non Hodgkinien, comparée aux taux de mortalité nationaux. Les résultats d'analyse de la relation entre l'exposition et la mortalité suggèrent une augmentation du risque de mortalité par cancer du poumon chez les travailleurs exposés aux composés uranifères faiblement solubles aussi bien à base d'uranium naturel que d'uranium de retraitement. Néanmoins, ce résultat est base sur un nombre de décès observés très faible. Les études experimentales de la biocinétique et du mécanisme d'action des oxydes d'uranium faiblement solubles soutiennent la plausibilité biologique du résultat observé. La prise en compte des expositions associées dans les analyses et l'examen partiel des données du tabagisme permettent de réduire l'éventuel biais de confusion. A ce stade, les analyses manquent de puissance, laissant les resultats de mortalite par cancers lymphatiques sans réponse. Cette étude montre la faisabilité de l'étude épidémiologique des travailleurs à risque d'incorporation d'uranium et d'autres radioéléments émetteurs du rayonnement alpha au niveau national. Elle met en evidence l'importance de l'évaluation de l'exposition à des agents cancérigènes associés et sa prise en compte dans les analyses, notamment lorsque le risque de cancer est etudié. De facon plus générale, cette étude apporte des éléments supplémentaires concernant l'hypothèse de l'effet cancérogène de l'exposition chronique à l'uranium et aux rayonnement alpha chez l'homme.