One of the promises of High Level Architecture (HLA) is the reusability of simulation components. Although HLA supports reusability to some extent with mechanisms provided by Object Model Template (OMT), when the developer wants to use an existing federate application within another federation with a different Federation Object Model (FOM) problem arises. She usually has to modify the federate code and rebuilt it. There have been some attempts to solve this problem and they, in fact, accomplish this to some extent but usually they fall short of providing flexible but also a complete mapping mechanism. In this work, a model based approach that mainly focuses on Declaration, Object and Federation Management services is explored. The proposed approach makes use of Model Integrated Computing (MIC) and .NET 2.0 technologies by grouping federate transitioning activities into three well-defined phases, namely, modeling, automatic code generation and component generation. As a side product, a .NET 2.0 wrapper to Runtime Infrastructure (RTI) has been developed to help developers create IEEE 1516 compatible .NET 2.0 federates in a programming language independent way.

The study seeks to analyze the &ldquo / Tulip Revolution&rdquo / , its reasons and outcomes. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent Central Asian countries / Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan emerged in the world politics as independent sates. However, used to be parts of big complex system of former Soviet Union and being lack of government experience in politic and economic area made them to dependent on external actors. One of the main external actors has become United States with its promotion of democracy and liberalization, while the Russia was challenging not to lose its political and economical influence in these states. As a result of these external powers&rsquo / policy, within the time the leaders of these states found themselves in the complex choices, pro-Western or pro-Russian. Therefore political and economic developments of these states have become vulnerable. For these reasons the &lsquo / coloured revolutions&rsquo / in post-Soviet states, which was the struggle between the pro-Western and pro-Russian elites, were not a coincidence. The study argues that although &ldquo / Tulip Revolution&rdquo / had similarities in its occurrence with previous &lsquo / colourful revolutions&rsquo / the main reasons of the &ldquo / Tulip Revolution&rdquo / were the internal reasons, external reasons were only the accelerator factors. Analyzing of these reasons is the main goal of thesis.

Election is the fundamental system to maintain one¡¦s political leadership a democratic country.Election will decide the development of political system and fulfill the spirit of democracy.This is a study about Kaohsiung City mayor voter votes factor of the choice in the 2002 and 2006 Election. The results of the research are as follows:-- 1. In 2002, there are three causes that make a voter to change his decision in choosing a candidate. They are the age of a voter, the education level of the voter, and his personal racial group in the society. These three causes influence a voter¡¦s recognition of another racial group in the society, his stand on the problem of Taiwan being united or divided from one China, his point of view on how much support a candidate will get from his party and other parties, a voter¡¦s evaluation of a candidate¡¦s behavior and conduct. We found that the difference between a voter and another voter shows very distinct or extremely distinct in making a decision.In 2006, there are two causes that make a voter to change his mind in choosing a candidate. They are the education level of the voter, and his personal racial group in the society. These two causes influence a voter¡¦s recognition of another racial group, his stand on the problem of Taiwan being united or divided from China, his point of view on how much support a candidate will get from his party and other parties, a voter¡¦s evaluation of a candidate¡¦s behavior and conduct. We found that the difference between voters and voters showed very distinct different or extremely distinct different in making a decision.Briefly speaking, a voter¡¦s individual personality and his living social background, are the reasons that really related to his stand on the problem of Taiwan being separated from China or not. And we found that a voter¡¦s personality related to his stand point on the problem of Taiwan being separated or not from one China, apparently influence a voter¡¦s decision more in the election of 2002 than in that of 2006. 2. Both in the study of the election in 2002 and 2006, we found it made no difference in making a choice of a candidate if the voter is female or male. The result does not achieve the standard of difference level(P¡Ö00.5). . Besides the voters¡¦ age related to the choice of a candidate appeared ¡§rather difference¡¨, the voters¡¦ personal education level, their racial group, and their income, with their individual social background were the reasons that influenced a voter¡¦s decision when making a choice of a candidate. These reasons related to a voter¡¦s decision ¡§appear apparently different and extremely different.¡¨ 3. In the research of both the election in 2002 and in 2006, except that people¡¦s evaluation of Huang Tian-Shang related to the voters¡¦ decision of making a choice, did not apparently achieve the standard of difference level (P¡Ö00.5), that is, except that the variety factors related to the voters¡¦ decision , did not appear apparently difference level , other variety factors related to the voters¡¦ decision in making a choice, ¡§apparently appeared difference level .¡¨

<p>Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ intervjustudie om föräldrars erfarenheter av en vardag tillsammans med ett barn som har Downs syndrom, i synnerhet när det gäller barnets ungdomstid. Den insamlade empirin har tolkats med hjälp av Beckers (2006) teori om avvikelse, Goffmans (2001) teori om stigma samt Goffmans (2009) teori om interaktion i det vardagliga sociala livet. Föräldern ingår i ett allmänt system av normalitet, såsom övriga samhällsmedlemmar. Studiens fokus ligger på förälderns agerande utefter detta i förhållande till den situation som barnets funktionsnedsättning för med sig. Downs syndrom medför en utvecklingsstörning, vilket innebär att barnets kroppsliga och mentala utveckling inte alltid är i fas med varandra. En följd av detta är att småbarns- och ungdomstiden förlängs, vilket föräldrarna i vår studie upplever som en svårighet. Svårigheten ligger bland annat i att barnets självständighetsutveckling skiljer sig från det som i allmänhet anses vara normalt och därmed skiljer sig även förälderns roll i denna utveckling. Studien visar att föreställningar om normalitet ständigt är närvarande i föräldrarnas berättelser.</p> / <p>We have made a qualitative interview study about parents' experiences of every day life with a child who has Down syndrome, particularly with regard to the child's youth. The empirical data collected has been interpreted using Becker's (2006) theory of deviance, Goffman's (2001) theory of stigma and Goffman's (2009) theory of interaction in everyday social life. The parent are included in a general system of normality, just as any other member of society. The focus of the study is parent's acting in relation to normality and to the situation that the child's disability causes. Down syndrome results in a development disorder, which means that child's physical and mental development not always is in phase with each other. This causes an extension of the childhood and youth, which the parents in our study perceive as difficult. The difficulty lies among other things in that the child's development of independence differs from what is generally considered to be normal and that the parent's role in this development consequently also differs. The study shows that ideas of normality are constantly present in the parents' narratives. </p>

In 2004, the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) issued a paper that defined internal auditors’ role in Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) as a role that relates to measuring and monitoring performance. The present study examines how high internal audit involvement in ERM-related activities and a strong relationship between internal auditors and senior management influence internal auditors’ objectivity and independence. The present study replicates the experimental design used by de Zwaan, Stewart and Subramaniam (2011) with the manipulation of the variables of (i) internal audit’s involvement in ERM and (ii) the strength of the relationship between internal audit and senior management. Similarly to de Zwaan et al. (2011), objectivity and independence are measured by examining internal audit’s willingness to report a breakdown in risk procedures to the audit committee. The results show that internal auditors are somewhat influenced by a high involvement in ERM-related activities when reporting a breakdown in risk procedures and that internal auditors consider the guidelines issued by the IIA important to follow. Further, the results do not indicate that a strong relationship between internal auditors and senior management influences internal audit’s willingness to report a breakdown in risk procedures.

This dissertation examines the Sikh diaspora's role in the effort to carve a separate Sikh state--Khalistan--out of territory that presently constitutes the Indian Punjab. While many scholars note the involvement of overseas Sikhs in the Khalistan movement, the campaign for Sikh sovereignty has not been universally endorsed and a broad continuum of opinion exists within the diaspora regarding self-determination. Moreover, there have been various disputes regarding ideology and strategy even between pro-Khalistan factions that share the common goal of secession. Internecine conflict within the pro-Khalistan bloc has thus served to undermine its legitimacy within the larger diasporan Sikh community and in the international political arena. This raises the following inter-related questions that form the focus of this study: Why is the Khalistan coalition so weak, given its constituent members' consensus on the ultimate goal of secession? Why do pro-Khalistan groups that possess a common adversary (the Indian state) choose competition over cooperation given that the latter would be more expedient in realizing their political objectives? In addressing this, I draw upon the literature on exile politics and formulate a social movement type that I classify as a Separatist Diasporan Movement (SDM). I define an SDM as a coalition of political organizations comprising coethnics of migrant origin that: (1) sustains a strong attachment to their homeland, (2) maintains numerous networks among coethnics in other countries, and (3) seeks to create a separate homeland out of territory that forms part of an existing state because of real or imagined feelings of persecution. I further argue that because they lack institutionalized legitimacy and the instruments of state power, SDMs are intrinsically unstable entities whose authority is contested and re-contested from both within and without. In supporting my argument, I examine the rhetoric and political tactics employed by Khalistani groups in Great Britain, Canada, and the United States. Data was obtained through fieldwork in the three countries, a variety of primary sources, and pro-Khalistan websites. My findings indicate that the schisms that emerged within the Khalistan SDM result from this absence of a unanimously-recognized authority and the persistence of conflicting pre-coalition identities. / text

Variable selection methods play important roles in modeling high-dimensional data and are key to data-driven scientific discoveries. In this thesis, we consider the problem of variable selection with interaction detection. Instead of building a predictive model of the response given combinations of predictors, we start by modeling the conditional distribution of predictors given partitions based on responses. We use this inverse modeling perspective as motivation to propose a stepwise procedure for effectively detecting interaction with few assumptions on parametric form. The proposed procedure is able to detect pairwise interactions among p predictors with a computational time of \(O(p)\) instead of \(O(p^2)\) under moderate conditions. We establish consistency of the proposed procedure in variable selection under a diverging number of predictors and sample size. We demonstrate its excellent empirical performance in comparison with some existing methods through simulation studies as well as real data examples. Next, we combine the forward and inverse modeling perspectives under the Bayesian framework to detect pleiotropic and epistatic effects in effects in expression quantitative loci (eQTLs) studies. We augment the Bayesian partition model proposed by Zhang et al. (2010) to capture complex dependence structure among gene expression and genetic markers. In particular, we propose a sequential partition prior to model the asymmetric roles played by the response and the predictors, and we develop an efficient dynamic programming algorithm for sampling latent individual partitions. The augmented partition model significantly improves the power in detecting eQTLs compared to previous methods in both simulations and real data examples pertaining to yeast. Finally, we study the application of Bayesian partition models in the unsupervised learning of transcription factor (TF) families based on protein binding microarray (PBM). The problem of TF subclass identification can be viewed as the clustering of TFs with variable selection on their binding DNA sequences. Our model provides simultaneous identification of TF families and their shared sequence preferences, as well as DNA sequences bound preferentially by individual members of TF families. Our analysis may aid in deciphering cis regulatory codes and determinants of protein-DNA binding specificity. / Statistics

My dissertation, The New Voyager: Theory and Practice of South Asian Literary Modernisms, investigates how literary modernisms in Bengali, Hindi, and Indian English functioned as much as a turning away and remixing of earlier literary traditions as a journey of engagement between the individual writer and his or her response to and attempts to re-create the modern world. This thesis explores how theories and practices of literary modernism developed in Bengali, Hindi, and Indian English in the early to mid-20th century, and explores the representations and debates surrounding literary modernisms in journals such as Kallol, Kavita, and Krittibas in Bengali, the Nayi Kavita journal and the Tar Saptak group in Hindi, and the Writers Workshop group in English. Theories of modernism and translation as proposed by South Asian literary critics such as Dipti Tripathi, Acharya Nand Dulare Bajpai, Buddhadeva Bose, and Bhola Nath Tiwari are contrasted to the manifestos of modernism found in journals such as Krittibas and against Agyeya's defense of experimentalism (prayogvad) from the Tar Saptak anthology. The dissertation then goes on to discuss how literary modernisms in South Asia occupied a vital space between local and global traditions, formal and canonical concerns, and between social engagement and individual expression. In doing so, this thesis notes how the study of modernist practices and theory in Bengali, Hindi, and English provides insight into the pluralistic, multi-dimensional, and ever-evolving cultural sphere of modern South Asia beyond the suppositions of postcolonial binaries and monolingual paradigms.

Macrophages are target cells for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection that serve as viral reservoirs in brain, lung, gut, and other tissues, and play important roles in disease pathogenesis, particularly HIV/SIV-associated neurological disease. Macrophages express low levels of the HIV/SIV receptor CD4, but mechanisms by which macrophage-tropic viruses use low CD4 to mediate spreading infections are poorly understood. One mechanism involves enhanced envelope glycoprotein (Env) interaction with CD4 or CCR5, but this phenotype is frequently associated with increased neutralization sensitivity to antibodies targeting CD4/CCR5 binding sites. Moreover, this mechanism does not explain how these neutralization-sensitive viruses evade immune responses while establishing spreading infections. In this dissertation, we sought to identify SIV Env determinants for macrophage tropism and characterize mechanisms by which they enhance virus replication in macrophages. To identify viral variants capable of inducing macrophage-associated pathogenesis, we cloned Env sequences from SIV-infected macaques at early and late stage infection, and identified an early variant in blood that shares >98% sequence identity with the consensus sequence of late variants in brain from macaques with neurological disease. SIV clones encoding this Env variant mediated high levels of fusion, replicated efficiently in rhesus PBMC and macrophages, and induced multinucleated giant cell formation upon infection of macrophage cultures. We identified an N-linked glycosylation site, N173 in the V2 region, as a determinant of macrophage tropism. Loss of N173 enhanced SIVmac239 macrophage tropism, while restoration of N173 in SIVmac251 reduced macrophage tropism, but enhanced neutralization resistance to CD4/CCR5 binding site antibodies. SIVmac239 N173Q, which lacks the N173 glycosylation site, mediated CD4-independent fusion and cell-to-cell transmission with CCR5-expressing cells, but could not infect CD4-negative cells in single-round infections. Thus, CD4-independent phenotypes were detected only in the context of cell-cell contact. The N173Q mutation had no effect on SIVmac239 gp120 binding to CD4 in BIACORE and co-immunoprecipitation assays. These findings suggest that loss of the N173 glycosylation site increases SIVmac239 replication in macrophages by enhancing CD4-independent cell-to-cell transmission through CCR5-mediated fusion. This mechanism may facilitate escape of macrophage-tropic viruses from neutralizing antibodies, while promoting spreading infections by these viruses in vivo.

1962. Tanganyika, East Africa. In a rural boarding school on the shore of Lake Victoria, dozens of adolescent girls began to laugh and cry uncontrollably. After trying to stem these mysterious breakouts for a month and a half, school officials gave up and sent everyone home. As the girls fanned out to their homes across the region, their behaviors spread too. Over 1000 people were affected. Families and governments enlisted all kinds of experts to give them a clue about what was going on. Eventually, an official diagnosis: mass hysteria. About two years after it began, the epidemic petered out. Nobody died. Everybody recovered. / History of Science