The Catalan movement of Independence is a well debated subject in Spanish news for the last decade. This thesis aims to examine what kind of identityarguments that spanish versus catalan newspapers make about the independence movement, in relation to nationalism and national identity. This is to deeper the understanding about the current complex situation in the Iberian Peninsula. The research shows that identityarguments about the independence movement presented by catalonian newspapers clearly put focus on identifying the ethnic and cultural reasons for the growing nationalism in the region, as well as discussing the political possibilities and obstacles of a sovereign Catalonia. In comparison, the identityarguments presented by spanish newspapers has another view of the situation, where the political aspect of the nationalistic catalan movement, identify the process as defying the Spanish Constitution and challenging the traditional historic unity of Spain. Within the debate there is a red line pointing out the importance of achieving and maintaining ones own right to express the meaning of the ’nation’ and the ’national identity’. Spain conquer the political and juridical battles of national values, whereas Catalonia  has power in its collective cultural values, which through the politic arena enhances its symbolic power for Catalonia.

Politicized collective identity (PCI) is a recent social psychological model developed by Simon and Klandermans (2001), which theorizes how the identity of social groups engaged in power struggles becomes politically or socially active, that is, how group identity becomes politicized. Virtually absent from current PCI theory is any mention of the role of language in the politicization process. The purpose of the present study was to incorporate recent theorizing in language into a theory of PCI. The analysis focussed specifically on the use of linguistic structures and strategies in both reflecting and shaping the final stage of a fully politicized collective identity, that is, the efforts of groups to involve the wider society in their struggle. Methods and theory taken from critical discourse analysis were applied to campaign material arising out of the intensely contentious political struggle over Quebec independence during the 1995 referendum campaign. The primary material was the official referendum campaign booklet, to which both sovereignists (the Yes side) and federalists (the No side) had contributed an extensive outline of their respective positions. Given the advanced stage of politicization of these groups, this material served the third and final stage of PCI—the attempt of each side to involve society by triangulation, in which groups seek to enlist the support of third parties in their struggle. The results revealed how this stage was constituted in and through discourse, that is, in a wide variety of linguistic structures and strategies such as lexical choice, metaphors, semantic macrostructures, and intertexuality. It was also noteworthy that the first two stages that Simon and Klandermans had proposed (grievances and adversarial attributions) were reintroduced in the third stage as topics of discourse and were recruited into the involvement strategies of the Yes and No sides. These findings demonstrate that the theoretical integration of language and PCI contributes to a greater understanding of how groups enlist third parties and thus builds upon Simon and Klandermans's theory of politicized collective identity.

Constitution bails of legal proceeding we can understand like unit of laws beingin Constitution, which determine constitutional positions for court and judge. Law system secure independence of the judge and the court of the Republic of Lithuania from other govermance branch or individual person. Alongside, it guarantee fairminded and unprejudiced procecution of the justies.

Bakgrund: Måltiden är central för en människas fysiska och psykiska välmående. Malnutrition är ett vanligt problem i den äldre populationen. Syfte: Att undersöka hur personer boende på två vård- och omsorgsboenden för äldre i Uppsala län upplever sin måltidsmiljö samt hur det egna behovet av egenvårdsstöd och inflytande möts under måltiden utifrån faktorerna fysisk och social måltidsmiljö, hjälpmedel, egenvård och självbestämmande. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats. Åtta informanter på vård- och omsorgsboenden för äldre i Uppsala län intervjuades, informanterna valdes genom ett strategiskt urval. Tillstånd för studien anskaffades hos boendets verksamhetschef. Intervjuerna transkriberades sedan och analyserades utifrån enligt Graneheim och Lundmans (2004) innehållsanalys. Resultat: Intervjuerna resulterade i 15 kategorier och fem teman som beskrev informanternas erfarenhet av måltiden, hjälp, hjälpmedel och känsla av delaktighet i matsalen. Informanterna förmedlade en varierad bild av den sociala måltidsmiljön, likväl den fysiska. Informanterna är alla individer och har en högst personlig åsikt om vad man äter och hur man beter sig i matsalen. Individens personliga inställning färgar också upplevelsen av måltidssituationen. Slutsats: Individer som lever och bor på särskilt boende för äldre har olika viljor och preferenser vad gäller vilka faktorer som påverkar till en positiv måltidsmiljö. Förändringsideér hos de äldre finns men forum för påverkan saknas, vilket kan resultera i en känsla av vanmakt. Vetskap om rätten till anpassad hjälp och stöttning vid måltiden varierar. Upplevelser av för lite hjälp och avsaknad av anpassade hjälpmedel medför en negativ påverkan på individens självupplevda egenvårdskapacitet. / Background: The meal is central to a person's physical and mental well-being. Malnutrition is a common problem among the elderly population. Objective: To study what the elderly people living in two nursing homes in Uppsala had to say about their physical and social meal environment and need of self-care support and the feeling of influence during the meal based on factors of social and physical environment, aid, self-care and influence. Method: Qualitative interview study. Eight residents living in 2 nursing homes in Uppsala were interviewed using a strategic sample. Permission for the study was obtained by the clinic manager. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by a content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Result: The interviews resulted in 15 categories and five themes which described the informants' experience of the meal, help, aids and sense of influence in the dining room. The informants presented a varied picture of the social meal environment, as well as the physical. The informants are all individuals and have a personal opinion on what to eat and how to behave in the dining room. The individual's personal attitude also colors the experience of the meal situation. Conclusions: Elderly residents living in nursing homes have different desires and preferences regarding the factors that influence a positive meal environment. There is a lot of ideas among the elderly, but a lack of forum for influence can result in a feeling of powerlessness. The knowledge about the right to customized help and support during the meal varies among the elderly. Experiences of too little help and lack of acquired aids has a negative impact on patient self-care capacity.

This thesis examines the reaction of organized labour to Quebec separatist nationalism for the period between 1960, the year of the creation of the Rassemblement pour l'independance nationale and the beginning of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec, and 1980, the year of the first referendum on Quebec's constitutional status. The thesis investigates four labour organizations: the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), the Federation des travailleurs et travailleuses du Quebec (FTQ), the Confederation des syndicats nationaux (CSN), and the Centrale de l'enseignement du Quebec (CEQ). It shows in which ways the positions of the four centrals have been informed by their members' national identifications and the emotional and cognitive mechanisms that resulted from these identifications.

Det är mycket viktigt att en revisor är oberoende, detta för att ge en opartisk och rättvis bild av finansiella rapporter. Den kommunala revisionen har de förtroendevalda revisorerna som ska granska att verksamheten sköts på ett tillförlitligt sätt enligt god revisionssed. Dock har proceduren för utnämnandet av de förtroendevalda revisorerna kritiserats i media för att vara partiskt och jävigt. Tidigare forskning lyfter fram olika hot som kan påverka en yrkesrevisors oberoende och opartiskhet i sitt arbete. Vissa av dessa hot väljs ut och undersöks. Har de utvalda hoten även en påverkan på de förtroendevalda revisorerna i Sveriges kommuner? Hot mot oberoende undersöks i form av tre undersökningsfrågor: rådgivning, kvalitetskontroller samt längden på uppdraget. Det har utformats en modell där undersökningsfrågorna ingår, giltigheten på denna testas. Insamlandet av datamaterialet har erhållits genom en sluten enkätstudie där 660 stycken kommunfullmäktige och förtroendevalda revisorer, runt om i landet, har svarat. Svaren har bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av SPSS och Minitab. Resultatet visade att två av de tre undersökningsfrågorna hade en inverkan på oberoendet hos de förtroendevalda revisorerna. Studiens slutsats påvisade att respondenternas inställning till oberoendet främst kan förklaras av rådgivning och uppdragstidens längd, men även av politik som blev en ny undersökningsdel, modellen blev därför korrigerad. / It is very important that an auditor is independent, in order to give an impartial and fair view of the financial statements. The municipal audit has auditors who are trusted to review the organization. This is managed in a reliable manner according to generally accepted auditing standards. However, the procedure for the nomination of the trusted auditors is criticized in the media for being biased. Previous research highlights the different threats that may affect the auditor's independence and objectivity in their work. Some of these threats are chosen and examined. Do these threats also have an influence on the trusted auditors in Swedish municipalities? Threats against independence are examined in terms of three study factors: counseling, quality controls and auditor tenure. A model has been designed in which survey questions are included. It´s validity is later tested. The collection of the data is obtained through a closed survey in which 660 city council and trusted auditors have responded. The responses were processed and analyzed with the help of SPSS and Minitab. The results demonstrated that two of the three study factors had an impact on the independence of the local municipal audit. The study's conclusion clarifies that respondents' attitude towards independence is mainly reflected over counseling and auditor tenure but also of politics, that in the end became a new study factor, and therefore changed the models appearance.

Background: The audit has not always been as it is today. The first law requiring auditing was legislated in the Companies Act 1895. Many events have taken place in the audit history; among them was the Krueger crash, which affected the auditing profession hard in Sweden. This led to new recommendations and laws that would save the profession. Because of the events in the past, there are many who question the audit profession and discussions have been held regarding the auditor's independence and objectivity. Nov. 1, 2010 abolished the audit requirement for certain companies. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the role of the auditor - the independence and objectivity, by perusing the number of qualified / unqualified audit reports, before and after removal of the audit requirement. Methodology: To answer the study's purpose, a quantitative study was conducted in which 400 annual reports from Stockholm and 200 annual reports outside of Stockholm, has been selected to be examined, to see how the number of qualified / unqualified audit reports has changed during the years 2008-2011. Theoretical Framework: The theories that have been applied in the study are the auditor's role, Independence & Objectivity and Profession. Framework: To complement the theoretical framework the audit significance, audit procedure, audit report and previous studies have been applied. Empirism: The data collected for this study is illustrated in diagrams showing that 2010 was a defining year where most unqualified audit reports were reported, while the remaining years showed non or few unqualified audit reports. Conclusion: Based on the empirical evidence presented, auditor's independence and objectivity has been questioned. Clear indications that the audit requirement has influenced the audit profession is illustrated in the diagrams from empirical data, however, it is too early to say if it has a positive or negative impact on profession.

This dissertation explores the factors shaping American foreign policy toward secessionist crises since the end of the Cold War. The main research puzzle is the following: Why is it that, facing the resurgence of secessionist movements in the last 15 years, the United States reacted to it by supporting the territorial integrity of central states in some cases (Serbia, Somalia, Moldova), while recognizing the independence of secessionist states in other cases (Croatia, Eritrea, East Timor)? How can this apparent inconsistency be explained? This dissertation argues that regional stability is the main U.S. interest when responding to secessionism. It asserts that, when facing a secessionist crisis, the American government will choose the option (i.e. supporting state integrity or secessionism) that provides the greatest expected gain of regional stability depending on the evolution of the crisis. This explains why the American government's response to secessionism fluctuates from one case to another. / The performed qualitative analysis, which includes cases taken from two regional settings, the Balkans and the Horn of Africa, confirms the effect of the regional stability factor on the formulation of U.S. foreign policy. It shows that the fluctuation of the U.S. response is not caused by political inconsistency but by a coherent set of regional stability interests. The research also proceeds to the measurement of two competing arguments---namely ethnic politics and business interests. Case studies show that these domestic arguments fail to account for the research puzzle under investigation and that the regional stability argument consistently offers better explanations and predictions. Thus, this dissertation challenges liberal claims that domestic politics define foreign policy.

For much of the last twenty years, political leaders and academics have assumed that the survival of Canada depends on constitutional reform, and never more so than in the wake of the 1995 Quebec referendum. This thesis updates the literature by explaining the remarkable story of the last several years: the achievement of a national unity peace in the absence of constitutional reform. The explanation centres on the post-referendum shift in federal strategy from constitutional reform to Plan B, a strategy based on the rules of secession that has its origins, it is argued, in the Reform Party's response to Mulroneyera constitutional reform. The thesis concludes that Plan B was a successful national unity strategy because it made secession seem risky and undesirable, but also because the strategy - unlike constitutional reform - was based on widespread national support and on the viability of the constitutional status quo.

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