Esta dissertação analisa os mercados institucionais através do estudo do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) nos municípios de Santa Rosa, Tuparendi e Porto Vera Cruz que se localizam na região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Busca-se, através de estudo de caso, analisar as implicações que a inserção nos mercados institucionais, especificamente no PAA, gera nas dinâmicas de venda da produção e na autonomia comercial dos agricultores familiares associados da Cooperativa Mista Agropecuária e Economia Solidária (COOPERSOL) e da Cooperativa dos Agricultores Porto Vera Cruz (COOPOVEC). Essas cooperativas foram constituídas pela ação dos agricultores para fazer frente às dificuldades nos processos de comercialização, num contexto onde se observa a tendência de ampliação da presença dos impérios alimentares e de crescimento da externalização das práticas agrícolas. A pesquisa teve caráter quantitativo e qualitativo. A principal técnica de coleta de dados foi a entrevista. Também foi utilizada a revisão bibliográfica, consulta a diversas fontes de dados secundários e observação participante. Na região estudada observa-se ampliação da mercantilização da agricultura, sobretudo nos últimos 50 anos, com a introdução, em diferentes graus, da modernização da agricultura, que acentuou, nos distintos espaços estudados, a diferenciação da agricultura e entre os agricultores. Considerando as taxas de uso dos canais de comercialização, observou-se, neste estudo, que o ingresso no PAA se associa de forma diversa com a ampliação da autonomia comercial dos agricultores nas duas cooperativas pesquisadas. No caso da COOPOVEC observa-se ampliação da autonomia comercial dos agricultores após o ingresso no PAA e no caso da COOPERSOL isso não se verifica. Argumenta-se que esse efeito diverso se dá em função das distintas trajetórias históricas e dos distintos estilos de agricultura praticados por esses agricultores. / This study analyzes the institutional markets through the study of the Food Acquisition Program - PAA in the municipalities of Santa Rosa, Tuparendi and Porto Vera Cruz that are located in the Northwest Rio Grande do Sul region. Through this case study, it seeks analyze that the implications of the inclusion in institutional markets, specifically the PAA, generate in sales dynamics of production and commercial independence of associated family farmers of the Agricultural and Solidarity Economy Cooperative (COOPERSOL) and the Farmers’ Cooperative Porto Vera Cruz (COOPOVEC). These cooperatives were formed by the action of farmers to cope with the difficulties in the trade process, in a context where it is observed the trend of increasing presence of food empires and growth of outsourcing of agricultural practices. The research was quantitative and qualitative. The main data collection technique was the interview. Also we used the literature review, consulting with various sources of secondary data and participation observation. In the studied area is observed expansion of the commercialization of agriculture, especially in the last 50 years, with the introduction, in varying degrees, the modernization of agriculture, which accentuated in different spaces studied the differentiation of agriculture and among farmers. The research was qualitative and the main data collection technique was the interview. Considering the usage rates of marketing channels, we observed in this study that the entry in the PAA is associated differently with the expansion of commercial independence of farmers surveyed in the two cooperatives. In the case of COOPOVEC observed expansion of the commercial independence of farmers after entering the PAA and in the case of COOPERSOL this is not the happen. It is argued that this effect is different according to the different historical trajectories and the different styles of farming practiced by these farmers.

Esta pesquisa procurou averiguar de forma comparada a atuação dos deputados brasileiros nas Cortes de Lisboa (1821-1822) e a atuação dos deputados novos-hispanos nas Cortes de Cádiz (1810-1812). Centramos nosso trabalho na leitura dos Diários de ambas as Cortes e procuramos perceber de que formas as propostas autonomistas e de organização dos novos Impérios constitucionais estavam relacionadas com o conceito de nação e seus correlatos. Inicialmente procuramos realizar uma breve retomada das discussões historiográficas em torno da questão do Estado e da Nação na historiografia brasileira e latino- americana, onde pudemos notar a necessidade de desenvolvimento de teorias específicas sobre o surgimento dos Estados Nacionais na Ibero-América. Por fim, notamos a existência de diversos pontos comuns de reivindicação política nos espaços das Cortes entre as elites brasileiras e novo-hispanas. Destacando-se aí o desejo pelo estabelecimento de acordos que privilegiassem a autonomia administrativa das províncias. Ressaltamos ao final de nosso trabalho a percepção de desenvolvimento já nas Cortes de Lisboa de uma proposta alternativa para a organização do Estado brasileiro, vinda das elites mais ao sul do Reino, que privilegiava a constituição de um acordo mais centralizado para o Reino do Brasil. / This research examined on a comparative basis the performance of Brazilian deputies in the Cortes of Lisbon (1821-1822) and the performance of New Hispanic deputies in the Cortes de Cádiz (1810-1812). We focus our work in the reading of Diaries of both Cortes and seek to see how the autonomist projects and the new constitutional proposals for the Empires were related to the concept of nation and its correlates. Initially we also conduct a brief resumption of historiographical discussions around the issue of the state and nation in the Brazilian and Latin American historiography and there we note the need to develop specific theories about the emergence of national states in Latin America. Finally, we note that there were several common points of political claim in between Brazilian and New-Hispanic elites. Standing out where the desire to establish agreements centered in the administrative autonomy of the provinces. We also could noticed the development in the Cortes of Lisbon of an alternative proposal for the organization of the Brazilian state, coming from the elites located in the south of the Kingdom, which favored the creation of a more centralized State in the Kingdom of Brazil.

The thesis analyses municipality with a delegated local authority's preparedness for critical situations which results from the critical scheme of a municipality with extended powers. The results of this work are Crisis Preparedness Plan for the particular municipality which may be applied in practice. Processing of this part of the work is based on data gathering and solving when I mainly used factual and analytical method. Consultation with experts was also important since some sources were not always topical due to frequent legal decrees changes. The data gathering was done in a qualitative way when I worked with particular valid laws, government regulations, public notices and other legal norms and with available literature data, expert publications including website information, especially from official website of individual Integrated Rescue System units and the Home Office. In the research part itself, the city of Březnice is characterized and for which the Crisis Preparedness Plan is being made. General administrative characteristics of the city and municipalities which arise under are stated here as well as demography, infrastructure, geographical and climatic characterization. Important facilities from the point of view of population protection, such as schools, school and social facilities are graphically shown here; followed by characteristics of Integrated Rescue System units in the city together with instruments which are available to them. Another important part of the thesis is the hazard analysis which I had been given by the Czech Republic Fire Brigade from the Crisis Plan of Příbram's Area with Extended Powers and it has become the crucial source while writing this work. The hazard analysis identifies 14 threats which may occur in the Příbram Area. The most important part of this thesis is, in my opinion, the hazard analysis of the city of Březnice. Not all of the hazards may appear in the administrative area of the city Březnice, however, there may occur certain threats in this administrative area which are not underpinned in the Crisis Plan of the Příbram Area. Here I have come to the key findings crisis plans of the areas with extended powers are rather general and insufficient for preparing solutions of critical situations development in administrative areas with a delegated authority. I have come to those findings after having made a SWAT analysis and thanks to this I have discovered threats which were not dealt with in the crisis plan.There are several findings as a result of this thesis and the suggestion of the Plan of Crisis Preparedness of a municipality with delegated authority of Březnice. The first finding answers the research question of "Which are the hazards threatening performance of the tasks of a municipality with delegated authority of Březnice resulting from the Crisis Plan of Příbram's Area with Extended Powers and whether the municipality is ready to deal with these threats?" The city of Březnice is not quite prepared for upcoming hazards since there are not analyzed all threats which may occur, because these plans are too general to analyze well the setting of lower administrative districts and this has become the next finding. Further, I may claim that the city of Březnice is, in many ways, independent while dealing with certain crisis situations due to sources which the city provides. This is another aim of the work. The created suggestion of the Plan of Crisis Preparedness should contribute to effective solutions during crisis situations in a municipality with delegated authority of Březnice and thanks to created cards; the solution of crisis situations should become better-arranged with the plans. The created suggestion of the mentioned plan may become a model for processing crisis documentation in other municipalities.

Department of Public Law and Jurisprudence / At independence in 1964, the United National Independence Party (UNIP)-led government in Zambia was, among other things, confronted with the challenge of transforming an inherited dual, undemocratic, racist and exploitative system of local government. Local government was a creature of national legislation, and thus did not have direct constitutional authority. Between 1964 and 1995, the government adopted several reforms aimed at democratising and improving the efficiency, effectiveness and responsiveness of the system of local government. However, local government remained a creature of national legislation. In 1996, local government was for the first time recognised in the Constitution as a tier of government. Article 109 of the 1996 Constitution of Zambia required the establishment of a system of local government whose details were to be prescribed by an Act of Parliament. The provision further provided that such a system shall be based on democratically-elected councils. Thus, the 1996 Constitution transformed local government from being a mere creature of central government into a tier of government. While the institutional integrity of local government in Zambia was enhanced, service delivery by local authorities remained poor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 antonio_emm_dr_fran.pdf: 1363261 bytes, checksum: c3ee0143ff3e6a8467bb55f88929032c (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica histórica relativa ao processo de autonomia da capitania de Sergipe e as questões políticas inerentes a essa experiência histórica, no conjunto de reflexões e eventos que envolveram o período joanino e a Independência do Brasil. Considerando que a emancipação administrativa da província em relação à Bahia ocorreu no mesmo contexto das lutas e debates políticos sobre a separação do Brasil, vislumbra-se a necessidade de compreender como o processo de autonomia política local entrelaçou-se com o movimento mais geral que levou a separação da colônia e as discussões, tramas e embates que marcaram o período. A análise centra-se em compreender os posicionamentos, a atuação, as polêmicas e as questões que, guardando semelhanças ou divergências em relação à dinâmica em curso nos centros decisórios (Lisboa, Bahia e Rio de Janeiro), ressoam e complexizam as tensões e os dilemas que os diferentes atores e sujeitos políticos locais se viram obrigados a enfrentar no andamento do processo político desse movimento profundo e amplo. Permite explorar como foram construídas as formas de adesão e a construção dos consensos a um projeto de sociedade e formato de Estado. Baseando-se em fontes documentais diversas e bibliografia ampla e pertinente, espera-se contribuir historiograficamente para a elucidação do comportamento e atuação política das elites regionais e os projetos políticos em evidência, diante da desagregação do Império português e a construção de um novo ordenamento político-institucional que atuara para formar o Brasil como nação independente. Estas questões, acreditamos, podem ser captadas através da análise do movimento de constituição e a configuração institucional do Estado imperial na província de Sergipe / The present work has as objective to analyze relative the historical dynamics to the process of autonomy of the captainship of Sergipe and the questions inherent politics to this experience in the set of reflections and events that had involved the joanino period and the Independence of Brazil. Considering that the administrative emancipation of the province in relation to the Bahia the same occurred in context of the fights and debates politicians on the separation of Brazil, it is glimpsed necessity to understand as the process of local autonomy politics was interlaced with the general movement that took to the separation of the colony and the quarrels, trams and strikes that they had marked the period. The analysis was centered in understanding the positioning, the developed opinion, controversies and questions that, keeping to similarities or divergences in relation to the dynamics in course in the power to decide centers (Lisbon, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro), had influenced the action of the different actors and citizens local, involved politicians in a process deep and ample politician. Its analysis allows that if it explores with more elements of analysis as to the forms of adhesion and the construction of the consensuses to a society project and format of State had been constructed. For the analysis of diverse documentary sources and ample and pertinent bibliography, one expects historiography to contribute for the briefing of the behavior and performance politics of the regional elites and the projects politicians in evidence, ahead of the disaggregating of the Portuguese Empire and the construction of a new politicianinstitutional order that acts to form Brazil as independent nation. These questions, we believe, can be caught through the analysis of the constitution movement and the institutional configuration of the imperial State in the province of Sergipe / El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinámica histórica relativa al proceso de autonomía de la capitanía de Sergipe y las cuestiones políticas inherentes la esa experiencia en el conjunto de reflexiones y eventos que envolvieron el periodo joanino y la Independencia de Brasil. Considerando que la emancipación administrativa de la provincia en relación a Bahia ocurrió en el mismo contexto de las luchas y debates políticos sobre la separación de Brasil, se vislumbra la necesidad de comprender como el proceso de autonomía política local entramado con el movimiento general que llevó a la separación de la colonia y las discusiones, tramas y embites que marcaron el periodo. El análisis se centró en comprender los posicionamientos, la opinión, las polémicas y las cuestiones desarrolladas que, guardando semejanzas o divergencias en relación a la dinámica en curso en los centros decisivos (Lisboa, Bahia y Río de Janeiro), influenciaron la acción de los diferentes actores y sujetos políticos locales, envueltos en un proceso político profundo y amplio. Su análisis permite que se explore con más elementos de análisis como fueron construidas las formas de adhesión y la construcción de los consensos a un proyecto de sociedad y formato de Estado. Por el análisis de fuentes documentáis diversas y bibliografía amplia y pertinente, se espera ayudar historiograficamente para la elucidación del comportamiento y actuación política de las élites regionales y los proyectos políticos en evidencia, delante de la disgregación del Imperio portugués y la construcción de un nuevo ordenamiento político - institucional que hube actuado para formar Brasil como nación independiente. Estas cuestiones, creemos, pueden ser captadas a través del análisis del movimiento de constitución y la configuración institucional del Estado imperial en la provincia de Sergipe

This is a comparative analysis of two film adaptations (from 1943 and 2011) of Charlotte Brontë’s  Jane Eyre, with a focus on the male characters. My aim is to study how patriarchal control is adapted for the screen, compared to the original novel. The focus is on the characters John Reed, Mr. Brocklehurst, Mr. Rochester and St. John Rivers. The analysis is about how the filmmakers depict the essence of the characters, why they chose to do so and what determinants influenced the two films; furthermore, how this affects Jane’s character and her pursuit for independence. The thesis of this essay is that there is a difference in the interpretation of the male characters in the two films compared to the novel Jane Eyre and this affects Jane’s pursuit for independence. My conclusion is that although the films differ in narration and filming technique, the strongest impact on the discourse is the changed script due to politics and production code.

This thesis critically examines the predominant narratives which emanated from political discourse in relation to two significant events in Scotland in 2014 the Glasgow Commonwealth Games and the independence referendum. In particular, the thesis scrutinises the extent to which the staging of the Games in Scotland was exploited politically in relation to debates about Scotland s constitutional future. Given the importance of the referendum and its proximity to the Games, it is unsurprising that the event became intertwined with political positioning from parties on both sides of the constitutional debate. Utilising a novel methodological approach which synthesises analytical frameworks from the field of narrative analysis (Somers, 1994) and political discourse analysis (Fairclough and Fairclough, 2014), this thesis critically examines a range of political discourse sources produced by the five political parties represented in the Scottish Parliament, such as parliamentary speeches, press releases, manifestos and policy documents. Furthermore, the analysis of political discourse is complemented by analysis of nine interviews with MSPs from the respective political parties, namely the Scottish National Party, the Scottish Labour Party, the Scottish Conservatives, the Scottish Liberal Democrats and the Scottish Green Party. The findings of these complementary analyses are further interrogated through reference to existing academic literature on the relationship between nationalism, politics, sport and international sporting events such as the Commonwealth Games. The thesis identifies a number of emergent findings which make an original contribution to the study of the interconnection between sport, political nationalism and the Commonwealth Games, demonstrating the nuanced and contrasting narratives of the respective pro-independence and pro-union parties with respect to Scotland s constitutional future and the political ramifications of the Games for the independence referendum. These nuanced positions are demonstrated through consideration of: a) the contrasting narratives of the parties on the Games sporting and economic legacy; b) the political symbolism of the Games for Scotland s constitutional status; c) discourse asserting that the Games should remain an apolitical event; d) the nature of cross-party consensus supporting the Games; and, e) the role of the Games and sport in contemporary political communication. Given the emergence of numerous examples within this thesis whereby the Games became embroiled with political considerations, it is hoped that the prevailing political perceptions regarding the apolitical nature of sport can be challenged, thus allowing for a more diverse array of ideological approaches to the politics of sport.

Internal auditing is the auditing performed by companies themselves. Previous research has put forth the idea that female chairmen in audit committees increase the internal auditing. In this study, we examine how levels of risk preference within internal auditing are influenced by the gender of the chairman in an audit committee. We also examine how the independence of a chairman affect internal auditing. We propose two hypothesizes, where the first one considers if the risk preference is affected by the gender of an audit committee chairman. The second hypothesis is stated to further question if the risk preference is affected by the independence of an audit committee chairman. The study is based on 697 observations retrieved from financial reports between the years of 2005-2013. Risk preference is measured as the proportion of audit fees that are under the direct control of an audit committee. Gender is measured through binary variables based on legal gender. Our moderating variable Independence is binary based on full independence. By using regression analysis, we find an association between gender and internal auditing, but we find a weak positive association between lower ratio of non-audit costs and independence. This act as an indication that an independent chairmen lead to an increased internal auditing.

O envelhecimento é um fenômeno mundial, resultado da diminuição progressiva das taxas de fecundidade e mortalidade e do aumento da expectativa de vida. O grupo de idosos, no Brasil e em países em desenvolvimento, segundo a OMS, é constituído por pessoas a partir dos 60 anos. Dentre desse grupo, a população que mais rapidamente cresce são os denominados idosos em velhice avançada (80 anos e mais) cujas demandas específicas ainda são desconhecidas em nosso meio. O envelhecimento pode ser acompanhado por um declínio funcional progressivo que pode estar associado a quadros de dependência responsáveis por demandas assistenciais específicas. A dependência em si constitui o maior temor dos idosos. Assim, conhecer os fatores preditores do alcance das idades mais longevas com independência funcional torna-se primordial e constitui o objetivo desse estudo que é parte do Estudo SABE - Saúde Bem-estar e Envelhecimento na América Latina e Caribe. Esse estudo, realizado no ano 2000, foi coordenado pela Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (OPAS) e desenvolvido simultaneamente em sete países da dessa região com o objetivo de traçar as condições de vida e saúde dos idosos aí residentes. No Brasil, foi desenvolvido na zona urbana do Município de São Paulo com uma amostra de 2.143 idosos representativa da população residente na região no período. Para o desenvolvimento desse estudo, foi utilizada a parcela dos idosos com 80 anos e mais que foi subdividida segundo seu estado funcional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. Do total dos idosos em velhice avançada, 9,9% eram funcionalmente independentes nas atividades de vida diária, básicas e instrumentais. Desses 66,4% eram mulheres, 33,6% eram homens, 75% eram nascidos no Brasil, 25,6% eram analfabetos e 63,1% estudaram entre 1e 6 anos, 10,1% ainda trabalhavam. Quanto ao estado marital, 71,1% eram viúvos e 26,5 % eram casados; 53,6% viviam sozinhos e a maioria (68,6%) tiveram pais que faleceram com 80 anos ou mais. Com relação a renda 38% se enquadravam no primeiro quintil, no entanto, 44,1% referiram que a renda era suficiente. Quanto aos hábitos de vida, 43,2% praticavam atividade física, 41,6% praticavam atividades de lazer, 70,4% nunca beberam e 68,9% nunca fumaram. Em relação às condições de vida e saúde na infância, 47,7% referiram que saúde e 35,2% boas condições econômicas. Quanto ao estado de saúde atual, 63,5% referiram ter saúde excelente, 43,5% referiram a presença de HAS, 34,7% de DPOC e de 7,3% DM e 95,1% apresentavam capacidade cognitiva preservada. Quanto a assistência à saúde, 81,2% referiam ter procurado por assistência médica nos doze meses anteriores à entrevista sendo que 83,8% referiram uma ou duas consultas. Quanto a história laboral 50,2% trabalharam como empregados e 37,3% como autônomos. Entre as mulheres 50% referiram ter trabalhado porque gostavam e 85% dos homens porque necessitavam. 97,5% deles sentiram-se capacitados para realizar os testes de flexibilidade e mobilidade. Essa variáveis foram submetidas à analise multivariada através da Regressão Logística, utilizando-se um nível de significância (µ = 0,05). As variáveis foram agrupadas em blocos temáticos de interesse, sendo submetidas à analise univariada, mostrando-se significantes diabetes referida, companhia e atividade física. Essas variáveis foram agrupadas e submetidas à análise múltipla de forma a constituir o modelo do estudo. Os testes estatísticos mostraram que a presença da diabetes diminui por um fator de 0.14 vezes o odds para não ter dificuldades nas ABVDs e/ou AIVDS. Viver acompanhado diminui esse risco por um fator de 0.15. Não praticar atividade física diminui os odds para não ter dificuldade de 0.13 vezes. Apesar dos idosos conseguirem chegar na velhice avançada sem incapacidades, o estudo mostrou que poucos são fatores que possam influenciar neste processo. Pode ser porque estes fatores já tenham feito diferença entre os idosos mais “jovens”, mas com a idade avançada, os “muito velhos” tendem a igualar estas diferenças / Aging is a world phenomenon and it is a result of the progressive decrease of the fecundity and mortality rates and of the increase of life expectation. The elderly group, in Brazil, is composed by people since 60 years. Inside this group, the population which grows very fast is called very old people (80 years and more) whose specific demand are yet unknown. Aging is normally associated with progressive functional decrease which creates attendance demands and a lot of dependent scene, the great fear of this population. So, to know the factors associated with functional independence become primordial and compose the aim of this study. In this context, predict factors are considered important for the elaboration of preventive acts that alter disability events, responsible for dependence. Aiming to clarify the health load that may come up from a population that has grown old too fast, the Pan-American Health Organization developed a multi central study called SABE, involving seven countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. In Brazil, it was developed at an urban area of Sao Paulo city in 2000 with a total final sample of 2.143 elderly people representing the population who live in this region in this period. The elderly with 80 years and more, were used to develop this study. This is a descriptive and exploratory research. Of the total of the elderly in advanced old age, 9,9% were functionally independents in the activities of daily living. Of these 66.4% were women, 33.6% were men, 75% were born in Brazil, 25.6% never went to school, 10.1% have already worked. Concerning the marital condition 71.1% were widow and 26.5 % were marriage; 53.6% were living alone and the most of them (68.6%) have had parents who died with 80 years or more. Concerning the income 38% were in the first quintile, meanwhile, 44.1% had reported that the income was sufficient. Concerning the life habits, 43.2% had practiced physical activity, 41.6% had practice leisure activities, 70.4% had never drunken and 68,9% had never smoked. In relation to life conditions in childhood 47.7% had reported that they had good health and 35.2% good economical conditions. Concerning the health condition current, 63.5% had reported to have excellent health, 43.5% had reported the presence of hypertension, 34.7% chronicle pulmonary disease and 7.3% diabetes. 95.1% had shown preserved cognitive ability. These variables were submitted to the multivariety analysis through Logistical Regression, using a significance level (µ = 0,05). The variables were gather in thematic blocks of interested, being submitted to the univariety analysis, showing itself meaning diabetes reported, fellowship and physical activity. Regarding to the predict factors for aging without disability, data was submitted to multivaried analysis through Logistic Regression, using a significance level of 5% (a=0.05). These variables were grouped and submitted to multiple analyses in order to constitute the model of the study. The statistical analysis have shown that the presence of diabetes decreases by a factor of 0.14 times the odds for do not have the difficulties in the ADL. To live with company decreases this risk by a factor of 0.15. The odds decrease if there is not the practice of physical activity. The study shows that factors are few and these can influence in this process. This can happen because these factors have already been difference among the “younger” elderly, but among the very old people, the “older” tends to equalize these differences

A pesquisa investiga como a memória da Independência se expressa nos livros didáticos de História e qual o papel deles na recriação e reinterpretação sobre o tema. Tudo surgiu de representações de alunos entre 9 e 13 anos que, mesmo não tendo desenvolvido conhecimentos sobre o episódio de 7 de setembro entre os conteúdos da escola, souberam relatá-lo em figuras e palavras, enquanto outros alunos diziam não saber nada. Essa aparente ausência de informações determinou as diretrizes teóricas que envolvem o estudo da memória e a reflexão dos livros didáticos enquanto documentos históricos. Partindo do pressuposto de que a memória está em constante construção e não é algo estático ou acabado, objetivou-se a análise integral de doze livros de 5ª a 8ª séries que constam do Guia publicado pelo MEC, em 1998, inserindo-os no âmbito do conhecimento histórico. / The research examines the way of expressing how the memory of Independence is expressed in the basic history books and which role it develops to recreate and to review the interpretation about this theme. This subject has emerged from students aged 9 to 13 years old that although they were not involved in discussions about the episode of september the seventh during classes at school, they were able to describe by pictures and words while some students declared to know nothing about the occured. The apparently lack of information has determined the theorical direction that involves the study of memory and the reflection of the basic books as historical documents. Bearing in mind that the memory is always being rebuild, because it is not finished or static, the objective is the entire analysis of 12 books that make part of the studies for elementary school (5th to 8th grade), and is part of the Guide published by MEC in 1998 inserting them in the range of the historical knowlege.