Probabilidade é uma das áreas onde mais se encontram aplicações diárias da Matemática em nossas vidas. Muitas vezes, porém, o ensino de probabilidade no Ensino Médio é desestimulante para os alunos. Neste trabalho, estudaram-se problemas cujas respostas podem ser contrárias à intuição para que fosse possível sugerir sua adoção por professores de Matemática do Ensino Médio como forma de motivar o estudo da Probabilidade em seus alunos. Para compreender esses problemas, realizou-se uma revisão teórica sobre a Teoria de Probabilidade, através da qual foi elaborado um texto que aborda tais conceitos em uma linguagem acessível a professores de Matemática do Ensino Médio. Ao final, são disponibilizadas algumas sugestões e orientações para a utilização desses problemas em sala de aula, que podem ser adaptadas ao cotidiano e às turmas de cada professor de Matemática. Espera-se, dessa maneira, que este trabalho sirva como contribuição à prática desses docentes em sala de aula. / Probability is one of the areas where we can most find daily applications of Mathematics in our lives. Many times, however, Probability High School classes are not stimulating for the students. In this text, we have studied some probability problems whose answers are not intuitive. It make possible to suggest their adoption by High Schools Math teachers as a way to motivate their students to study Probability. To understand these problems, we have made a theoretical review in Probability Theory. With this, we write a text who talks about Probability concepts in an accessible language for High Schools Math teachers. At last, we offer some suggestions and guidelines to the use of these problems in classroom, which can be adapted to the daily life of each Math teacher classes. It is expected, therefore, that this text could be a contribution for Math teachers in their classrooms.

Tomando como ponto de partida a inserção dos processos de independência luso e hispano-americanos como parte de uma mesma conjuntura revolucionária mundial, a presente pesquisa aborda as trocas de experiências políticas entre o Vice- Reino do Peru e a América Portuguesa no contexto mencionado. Investiga-se a leitura do mundo luso-americano na imprensa e na política hispano-peruana entre os anos de 1808 e 1822, aventando a possibilidade de que o compartilhamento de experiências políticas entre o Vice-Reino do Peru e a América portuguesa possa ter influenciado as percepções, os projetos e as reações desses espaços diante da crise do Antigo Regime na América / The present research approaches the exchanges of political experiences between the Vice-Reign of Peru and the Portuguese America during their independence processes, starting from the assumption that they were part of the same world revolutionary conjuncture. The Vice-Reign of Peru and the Portuguese America are seen in relation to their reciprocal determination in this context, focusing on the reading of the Luso-American world in the Peruvian press and politics between 1808 and 1822. It seeks to understand how the sharing of experiences between the Vice-Reign of Peru and the Portuguese America influenced the perceptions, the projections, and the reactions of these spaces towards the crisis of the Ancient Regimen in the Portuguese America

O presente trabalho se propõe a observar e analisar os encontros entre o Brasil e o México durante seus processos de independência (1808-1822), entendendo que, por meio desses encontros ambos trocaram experiências políticas em meio a uma mesma unidade histórica. Os espaços americanos escolhidos foram estudados a partir da leitura do mundo lusoamericano na imprensa periódica da Nova Espanha. No entanto, o olhar sobre o fenômeno contrário também foi objeto deste estudo. Assim, buscamos compreender os pontos de contato político, entre o Brasil e o México, em meio à crise do Antigo Regime no mundo ocidental. / This present study aims to observe and analyze the meetings between Brazil and Mexico during their process of independence (1808-1822), understanding that, through these meetings both exchanged political experiences between a historic same unit. The chosen American spaces were studied from reading lusoamerican world in the periodical press of New Spain. However, the look on the opposite phenomenon was also the subject of this study. So, we seek to understand the political points of contact between Brazil and Mexico, through the crisis of the Old Regime in the Western world.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a formação do Oeste brasileiro, isto é, daqueles espaços que até a Independência compunham as capitanias de Goiás e de Cuiabá e Mato Grosso e que, através de processos conflituosos, deram origem aos territórios políticos provinciais desde então. Partindo de uma breve exposição das matrizes gerais da ocupação e apropriação do espaço desde as primeiras décadas do século XVIII, passamos a uma análise da incorporação dessas áreas à Monarquia portuguesa, com especial atenção à emergência e à consolidação de uma geopolítica para a fronteira oeste. A seguir, tratamos das transformações .ocorridas no início do século XIX, quando novos processos de integração e as diretrizes do Reformismo Ilustrado atuaram decisivamente sobre esses espaços, redefinindo inclusive os sentidos da geopolítica. Entendendo o aprofundamento da crise do Antigo Regime português após a eclosão da Revolução Constitucionalista do Porto (1820) como um importante momento de ruptura, passamos a analisar os conflitos, as experiências e as identidades emergentes neste período. O foco está no movimento autonomista do norte goiano e na disputa pela condição de centro político provincial entre as cidades de Cuiabá e Mato Grosso. Conflitos estes que expressavam a diversidade e as contradições nos espaços das antigas capitanias, numa situação de erosão das legitimidades que conferiam um ordenamento político a esses espaços. Trata-se aqui, acima de tudo, de uma história política do território, através da qual se procura compreender o processo pelo qual se formaram, a partir das conquistas da Monarquia portuguesa, os espaços de poder e representação do Império do Brasil / This dissertation aims to analyze the formation of the Western part of Brazil, a region that, until Independence, encompassed the captaincies of Goiás and of Mato Grosso and Cuiaba, and that, through conflictive processes, gave rise to political provincial territories. Starting with a brief exposition of the general matrices of space occupation and appropriation from the first decades of the 18th century, we then analyze the incorporation of these areas to the Portuguese Monarchy, paying special attention to the emergency and consolidation of a geopolitical strategy concerning the West boundary. Following, we regard the transformations that occurred in the early 19th century, when new integration processes and Illustrated Reformism guidelines were laid upon those spaces, even redefining the former geopolitical orientation. Understanding, as an important moment of rupture, the Portuguese Ancient Regimes deepening crisis on the aftermath of the Constitutional Revolution that erupted in the city of O Porto (1820), we analyze the emerging conflicts, experiences and identities in this period. We focus on the autonomist movement in Northern Goiás and on the disputes for the condition of provincial political center between the cities of Cuiabá and Mato Grosso. Conflicts that expressed the diversity and contradictions inherent to the spaces of the old captaincies in a situation of erosion of the legitimacy that used to guarantee a proper political order. It is, above all, a political history of the territory that aims to comprehend the processes that led, from the Portuguese monarchys conquests, to the formation of spaces of power and representation in the Brazilian Empire.

Magister Legum - LLM / News coverage of high profile criminal matters has increased in South Africa. Such matters are of public concern, as every citizen has a right to receive and impart information and to debate openly and frankly matters which are of public concern, including matters before the courts. The legitimacy of the courts is dependent on robust media reportage and public scrutiny of judicial matters which such reportage stimulates. However, criminal trials of high profile accused persons such as Oscar Pistorius, Shrien Dewani and J Arthur Brown, turn easily into a show with strong entertainment value, giving the media strong profitmaking reasons to cover it. In their pursuit of profit and in seeking to satisfy the curiosity of their readers, listeners or viewers, the media regularly resort to trial by media or adverse pre-trial publicity. Trial by media is nothing more than commercially motivated expression which does not warrant constitutional protection. At the receiving end of such coverage are accused persons. Public censure of crime and of accused persons which follows trial by media should not be imposed on the innocent. The right to a fair trial requires that an accused be treated fairly from the inception of the criminal process, from which point the person suspected of committing the crime in question is considered innocent. Any pre-trial process which implies that the accused is guilty, including any such process influenced by media reports surrounding criminal offences, violates the presumption of innocence. Despite the availability of remedies, the media in South Africa usually are not held to account for their actions and persist with adverse, biased and irresponsible pre-trial reporting. Courts have shown a tendency to protect the media in these cases, despite the effect of such reporting on the judicial process, the administration of justice and the fair trial rights of accused persons. The reason for this is usually the hesitation on the part of judges to recognise their susceptibility to extraneous matters. Judges should not be placed in a position where their independence and impartiality are questioned as a result of media sensationalism. Where the media create mistrust in the integrity of the judiciary, the rule of law is in peril.

When observing the values which repeatedly appear in early American literature, we encounter ideas such as liberty, freedom, or the importance of the individual, but while property and ownership are often also core ideas and motivations for many Americans, their appearance is much more limited and excluded from certain contexts. However, property was always a key issue and economic profitability was always considered as foremost both on political and individual level. This can be seen all throughout American history since its beginning until the present, yet there is the curious trend of downplaying the importance of property in politically oriented text. While no one questioned its value in the past, Americans outwardly replaced property with liberty. Nevertheless, its importance cannot be hidden so easily and through careful examination it is shown as being understood as a pre-requisite of freedom and security, even as it is never the central focus of any major early American political text. This thesis explores the concept of property in the context of early American political writing in the area between eighteenth and nineteenth century; drawing from texts such as the Declaration of Independence, The Federalist, The Anti-Federalist Papers, Common Sense and other contemporary political pamphlets...

The main aim of this research is to investigate if large multinational firms publicly listed in the European Union avoid more taxation than less international firms. Furthermore, the composition of the board of directors in terms of independence is considered as a potential moderating influence. I perform Pooled OLS regressions on a 2008-2016 sample of 5,118 firm-year observations, incorporating 669 firms from 21 countries. The results show a negative influence of the level of internationalization on tax avoidance, and this relation is found to be weakened by board independence.

The aim of this thesis is to determine whether it is possible to develop pupils' independence by way of the project method, which is based on my own practical experience. The thesis is divided into two main parts: the theoretical part and the practical part. The theoretical part summarizes and evaluates the knowledge gained by studying the available literature on the topic of pupils' independence and the theme of project method. The conclusion of the theoretical part summarises the bases for the development of the self- reliance via project method. The practical part analyses my previous teaching experiences, like the use of project method in terms of pupils' independence and this analysis is followed up with the practical research, based on a new project which is focused on the development of the pupils' independence in the activating teaching methods that have not been used yet. The part of the appendix includes final pieces of pupils' works from some of the projects described in the practical part, pupils' mind maps from their projects and photo documentation of the newly realised project, which was aimed at developing pupils' independence. In conclusion, I validate, based on my own research, the hypothesis that the targeted use of project method leads to the development of the pupils'...

This thesis deals with adolescence of individual in the context of a family milieu of step family. It is focused on perceiving of contentment of an adolescent with his life in a step family as a determinant in relation to the start of independent life. The thesis consists of theoretical and empirical character. The introduction deals with the theoretical anchoring of each key concept. Individual chapters are dedicated to the step family concept definition. This is done from point of view of terminology, meaning of content, typology and related problems, theoretical framework of adolescence process and definition of basic theoretical life-satisfaction concept. The empirical part is devoted to the quantitative survey which was carried out through a questionnaire survey. The aim of this research was to find out whether the satisfaction/dissatisfaction of adolescent with the life in a step family influences the tendency to start an independent life. Key words: Stepfamily, adolescent, well - being, become independent

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The aim of this research is to highlight both the conceptual and practical factors that constrain attempts to link humanitarian assistance and development aid in political emergencies in Southern Africa by using the case study of Mozambique in the period between 1975-1995. Extensive use and reference to Norwegian relief and development aid during the above-mentioned period is made. Although cross-reference is made to other donor countries such as the Like-minded Group (comprising of Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland) and UN agencies that supported Mozambique's transition from war to peace, the major focus is on Norway as she has traditionally been the sixth largest bilateral donor by the early 1990's and incorporated long-term development priorities in her programs. / South Africa