The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyse the development of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan, the effect of their respective outlooks upon the various proposals for settlement brought forward by the United Nations or their own leaders, and the reasons for each subsequent failure to resolve the eighteen year deadlock. Twelve years ago, Michael Brecher concluded in The Struggle for Kashmir that both India and Pakistan had economic, strategic and political interests in the State; and of the three, those brought about by the two-nation theory and the conflicting religious and secular policies were deemed to be the most important. While one cannot disagree with Brecher's general conclusions, this writer feels that the specific importance of Kashmir to either India or Pakistan at any given time is not a constant factor but instead has been influenced by contemporary foreign and domestic events and has been in a perpetual state of change. What was considered of primary importance in 1947, therefore, does not necessarily hold the same position today. Indeed, to single out one factor as the reason for the continuation of the dispute would not only be inopportune, but incorrect. Because of the very nature of the dispute and its international and domestic.characteristics, one is faced by a plethora of material - including White Papers on correspondence; over one hundred Security Council debates; many pamphlets and some thousands of diplomatic newsletters. It has been necessary, therefore, to sift through all available evidence and to extract only that which is pertinent to the topic. It must be realized that because of the importance of Kashmir to both India and Pakistan;, all the information from governmental sources or written by their nationals contains the type of material calculated to present their case in the best possible light. Thus it becomes necessary in many cases - the Pathan incursions in October 1947, the Jinnah-Mountbatten talks and the Mohammed All-Nehru discussions, and the essence of the Nehru-Sheikh Abdullah proposals for federation - to read between the lines in order to trace developments. In the early stages of the dispute, one can sympathize with Pakistan's claim to Kashmir and her efforts to obtain a "free and impartial plebiscite." Unlike India, she accepted every practical proposal brought forward to settle the dispute. Although neither India nor Pakistan produced a statesman capable of resolving the deadlock, the former Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, must be singled out as the major contributor to the continuation of the dispute. It was not that his actions were incomparable with his Pakistani counterparts; but rather that as a statesman of such magnitude, willing to solve the world's problems - with or without invitation he could adopt a self-righteous "Babu" attitude when dealing with the State. Indeed, Nehru appears to have become emotionally incapable of treating Pakistan as an equal; hence the dispute continued in deadlock. India's intransigence has continued in open defiance of the United Nations and in complete contradiction to her earlier promises for self-determination in Kashmir. Notwithstanding the fact that Pakistan, in her effort to gain international support for her Kashmir policy, has virtually talked - herself out of any claim to the State, one can now sympathize with the Indian position. It is not that India is more right today than eighteen years ago, but rather that her interest in the State - originally a prestige issue - has now degenerated to the point where a plebiscite could possibly mean her internal collapse through the onslaught of communalism. She accepted and held Kashmir as a showplace for secularism and for the prestige offered by its geographic location; today she controls a monster within which could lie the seeds of her own destruction. The point of view taken in this thesis, therefore, is that the existing stalemate appears to be the only practical solution to the Kashmir dilemma, and that history may prove Nehru's negative attitude towards Kashmir to have been correct. Nevertheless, it is significant to note that the voice of Kashmiri nationalism has yet to be taken into account. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

"Changing Patterns of Family Life in Urban Gujarat" is primarily a descriptive analysis of the family lives of twelve employed Indian women. Data for the study are derived from formal and informal interviews conducted in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, between June 1968 and April 1969. Three areas of family life are examined: traditions of caste and sect, life-style, and intrafamilial relationships. For each area, the women's present behaviour and beliefs are compared to those evident in their recollections of childhood experiences, and to the behaviour and beliefs prescribed by Gujar-ati tradition. It is hypothesized that the changes in family life made by the employed women are congruent with the values and attitudes of modern individuals, values and attitudes which are said to be indicated by a dynamic and pragmatic approach to life, an individualistic view of self and others, and a cosmopolitan orientation. Analysis reveals that changes have occurred in the three areas of family life. Traditions of caste and sect pertaining to daily routine and life-cycle events have been abbreviated or omitted, while those pertaining to calendrical events are observed and some all-caste celebrations have been universalized and elaborated upon. In their life-style, the respondents are more mobile than were their parents, and more inclined to reside in suburban areas and in socially heterogeneous areas. The amount of living space has declined, while the number and variety of material possessions has increased. The respondents, their husbands, and their children spend less time in the home than did members of the respondents' families of orientation, but they spend more time together as a family. In their intrafamilial relationships, the respondents favour less hierarchical, more egalitarian modes of interaction. They follow traditional patterns of interaction if their relationship to a family member is strained or, in the case of husband's elders, if it is intermittent. But positive relationships within the household are characterized by reciprocal, relatively egalitarian behaviour. It is suggested that the reasons given by the respondents for the changes in family life are congruent with modern attitudes and values. Reasons given for several changes in traditions of caste and sect and in features of life-style indicate the operation of a dynamic, pragmatic approach to life or of a cosmopolitan orientation. Increased individualism is evident in the reasons given for other changes in tradition and life-style, and for changes in intrafamilial relationships. Women's employment appears to be an important factor influencing the direction of change, particularly in the area of traditions. Other variables such as the respondents' caste affiliation, type of marriage, household composition, and educational background are found to influence the extent of change. However, reason for employment does not appear significantly related to the direction or extent of change. The study is based on a small, atypical, and non-random sample of women. No major conclusions are reached, but the patterns of change and factors in change which are suggested raise questions for further research on a growing and influential element of India's population — that of the educated and employed woman. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

The subject examined in this thesis is the relationship between contemporary place-names and cultural regions. It was hypothesised that there would be a relationship between place-names and cultural regions, if place-names, as organized into toponymic systems, correlated with known cultural features of the inhabitants of the Chota Nagpur region of India. The organization of the place-names into toponymic systems was on the basis of spatial and statistical interdependence and interaction of selected terms denoting spaces with different attributes. The known cultural feature for correlation in this study was the spatial and statistical distribution of the languages spoken in the study area. A one-half sample of all the place-names in the Chota Nagpur was collected from 1:250,000 maps of the area, and divided into their component elements. Following subsequent ordering by computer, distribution maps and statistical tables were drawn up for selected denotative components, the element in the name used to distinguish a particular space in the environment in terms of its attributes. Data on the spatial and statistical distributions of the languages spoken in the area was obtained from G.A, Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India and the Census of India 1931, 1951 and 1961. The results obtained from a correlation of the toponymic systems which were identified and the distribution of languages did support the hypothesis. Five toponymic systems were identified within the study area, and their spatial extents corresponded to the distribution of three of the languages in the study area. The sectors of the study area within which no toponymic systems existed also corresponded to the distribution of two languages. This suggested that the principles used in organizing the environment differ between cultures, and that the methodology presented for the identification of toponymic systems has limited usefulness. It was concluded that place-names did bear a relationship to cultural regions, and that they could be used to delineate these cultural regions. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

Andhra Pradesh is one of the seventeen states of India, occupying about 8.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the nation and supporting the same percentage of population and forests. The per capita consumption of paper and paper products in India was 1.5 kg in 1965 and was planned to be raised to 7.0 kg by the end of the sixth five-year plan (1980-81). The expected growth of the pulp and paper industry appears to be much less than the probable future demand will be. This industry has grown slowly because of inadequate profit margins and lack of an assured supply of raw material. Although bamboo is the conventional raw material used for making writing paper in India, it is possible to produce a satisfactory grade of writing paper with a 20:80 mixture of bamboo and hard wood pulp. The provincial government (through its Forest Department) should attract capital and stimulate growth in the pulp and paper industry by offering incentives such as long leases on bamboo forests and tax concessions for improved utilization of land and raw material. The Forest Department also should initiate large scale bamboo plantations to bridge the widening gap between supply and demand. All the budget allotment towards plantations of quick growing species would have to be devoted to bamboo plantations to achieve the provincial targets of the fifth five-year plan in the state of Andhra Pradesh. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

We all claim to ‘know’, in some manner, what a child is and what the term ‘child’ means. As adults we designate how and when children should develop and decide what is ‘good’ for them. Worries that childhood is ‘disappearing’ in the global North but not ‘developing’ sufficiently in the South propel broader discussions about what ‘normal’ development, individual and national, local and global, should mean. The child is also associated across artistic and cultural forms with innocence, immediacy, and simplicity: in short with our modern sense of ‘interiority’, as Carolyn Steedman has shown. The child is a figure of the self and the future that also connotes what is prior to ‘civilised’ society: the animal, the ‘primitive’ or simply the unknown. The child is, according to Jacqueline Rose, the means by which we work out our relationship to language and to the world and, as Chris Jenks expresses it, ‘the very index of civilization’. In this study I begin with the question that Karin Lesnik-Oberstein asks: ‘why is the child so often portrayed as ‘discovered’, rather than “invented” or “constructed”?’. I am concerned with how the child is implicated as ‘knowable’ and with asking what we may lose or gain by applying paradigms of childhood innocence or development to the nation as it is imagined in British and Indian literature at the ‘zenith’ of the British Raj. In order to unpick the knot of factors that link the child to the nation I combine cultural constructivist approaches to the child with the resources of postcolonial theory as it has addressed subalternity, hybridity and what Elleke Boehmer calls ‘nation narratives’. In the period that I concentrate on, the 1880s-1930s, British and Indian discourses rely upon the child as both an anchor and a jumping off point for narratives of self and nation, as displayed in the versatile and varied children and childhoods in the writers that I focus on: Rudyard Kipling, Flora Annie Steel and Mulk Raj Anand. Chapter 1 begins with what have been called sentimental portrayals of the child in Kipling’s early work before critiquing the notion that his ‘imperial boys’, Mowgli and Kim, are brokers of inter-cultural compromise that anticipate a postcolonial concern with hybridity. I argue that these boys figure colonial relations as complicated and compelling but are caught in a static spectacle of empire in which growing up is not a possibility. Chapter 2 turns to the work of Flora Annie Steel, a celebrated author in her time and, I argue, an impressive negotiator between the positions of the memsahib (thought of as both frivolous and under threat) and the woman writer determined to stake her claim to ‘knowledge’ of India across genres. From Steel’s domestic manual, The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook, to her ‘historical’ novel of the Indian Mutiny, the child both enables the British woman to define her importance to the nation and connotes a weakness against which the imperial feminist defines her active role. In Chapter 3 I discuss the work of Mulk Raj Anand, a ‘founding father’ of the Indian-English novel, who worked to unite his vision of an international humanism with the Gandhian ideal of a harmonious, spiritually inflected Indian nation. I look at Anand’s use of the child as an aesthetic position taken by the writer from the colonies in relation to the Bloomsbury avant-garde; a means of chronicling suffering and inequality and a resource for an idiosyncratic modernist method that has much to say to current theoretical concerns both with cosmopolitanism and materiality.

This research focussed on the identification, evaluation and recommendation of passive design strategies suitable for housing design in hot and dry climates in India. The term 'passive' refers to those design techniques which, in order to enhance thermal comfort, utilize the favourable and mininimize the unfavourable elements of the local climate. The objective of the research was to determine means by which reliance on mechanical means of achieving comfort and associated socio-economic costs can be minimized. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part identifies and evaluates the passive design techniques used in the dwellings of pre-industrial and post-industrial cities located in hot and dry region in India. Climate, environmental problems (primarily cooling), and indoor comfort criteria were analysed to establish preliminary criteria for evaluating the thermal performance of design techniques. The main objective was to enable designers to identify those techniques which can be used in contemporary dwelling designs. The second part proposes strategies to incorporate passive techniques in contemporary housing design. General strategies recommended at various levels of design include the following: -minimize solar gain -minimize conductive heat flow -promote ventilation -minimize internal heat gains -promote radiant cooling -delay periodic heat flow -promote evaporative cooling -control high velocity wind -control glare These strategies, which recognize the comfort-related needs of dwelling occupants, promote the use of local construction practices. The application of passive techniques presents architects with a considerable scope for creativity in housing design. However, at the outset, it is necessary to define priorities in the selection of design strategies, and to ensure these priorities are addressed through each level of design. The strategies selected in this thesis emphasize the need for minimizing heat gain during day time, and maximizing heat loss at night. It is concluded from this research that the application of passive techniques in contemporary housing design allows for maintenance of most thermal comfort needs, thereby reducing reliance on mechanical means of control. At the same time, the use of passive techniques provides a potential for the housing designs to respond effectively to certain socio-cultural needs of the occupants. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Received degree under the name Bhatia / Graduate

This study focuses on the British wives of civil servants and army officers who lived in India from 1857 to 1939 to examine the translation of feminine discourses of bourgeois domesticity over imperial space. Three questions form the subject of this research. First, how were cultures of domesticity and imperialism intertwined in complex and often contradicatory ways over space? Second, did imperial rule, and the travel that it necessarily implied, challenge or reinforce the claim that 'there's no place like home'? Third, how and why were places both like and yet unlike 'home' produced by British women living in India? I start by examining the 'mutiny' of 1857-1858 as a period of domestic and imperial crisis, focusing on representations of and by British women at Cawnpore and Lucknow. Then, considering the place of British women in the post-'mutiny' reconstruction of imperial domesticity in India, I focus on two scales: first, home and empire-making on a household scale; and, second, seasonal travels by British women to hill stations in North India. In their travels both to and within India, British women embodied contested discourses of imperial domesticity. Throughout, I focus on the mobile, embodied subjectivities of memsahibs. While imperial histories have often neglected the roles played by British women in India, revisionist accounts have often reproduced stereotypical and / or celebratory accounts of memsahibs. In contrast, I examine the ambivalent basis of imperial and gendered stereotypes and conceptualise spatialised subjectivities in terms of embodiment, critical mobility, and material performativity. As members of an official elite, the British wives of civil servants and army officers came to embody many of the connections and tensions between domesticity and imperialism. Both during and after the 'mutiny,' the place of British women and British homes in India was contested. The place of British women and British homes in India reveal contradictions at the heart of imperial rule by reproducing and yet destabilizing imperial rule on a domestic scale / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Hundreds of reporters gather and interpret news for four English-language newspapers in India's second-largest urban area Kolkata, West Bengal's state capital, which is home to over 4 million people. Journalists from The Statesman, The Telegraph-Kolkata, The Hindustan Times and The Times of India discuss how they collect their stories in Bengali, Hindi, Urdu, and many other languages and write them in English targeting a small but emerging middle-class audience. Whether these articles focus on people-centric urban planning, armed vigilantes in community disputes, dowry death cases, or celebrity culture, all of the reporting involves cultural and ethical challenges. Using semi-structured interviewing and qualitative theme analysis, this study explores how gender, class, and religion affect the decision-making practices of 21 journalists working in Kolkata.

Orientador: Marília Vieira Soares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T15:18:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cippiciani_IranidaCruz_M.pdf: 6391076 bytes, checksum: 8e36d233f3e3ace0eae7ee4d908c58a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta dissertação estuda o conceito e a técnica do Abhinaya, elemento expressivo presente nas formas de dança-teatro indianas, investigando suas possíveis contribuições para a formação e treinamento de atores, bailarinos e performers contemporâneos. Para tanto, inicio este texto estudando o tratado mais relevante sobre o assunto: o Natyasastra, cuja autoria remonta ao sábio mítico Bharatamuni. Trata-se de uma compilação produzida entre os séculos IV a.C. e II d.C., na qual estão descritas as regras para a criação artística nas mais variadas linguagens, incluindo a linguagem dramática, cujo alicerce é a técnica do Abhinaya. Este é composto por quatro grandes grupos de treinamento: Angika (aspectos corporais), Vachika (aspectos discursivos), Aharya (aspectos plásticos/visuais) e Saatvika (aspectos psicofísicos).Meu ponto de partida são os capítulos 6, "The distinction between Sentiment and Emotional Fervour", e 7, "Exposition on Bhavas (Emotional Tracts and States)", em que estão descritos os conceitos de Bhava (estados emocionais) e Rasa (sentimento estético), fundamentos da teoria estética hindu e, em decorrência, da referida técnica. Todas essas informações se unem à experiência pessoal da autora com a técnica, delimitando o tripé que sustenta esta pesquisa: fundamentação teórica, treinamento e produção artística / Abstract: This dissertation is dedicated to the study of the concept and technique of Abhinaya, the expressive element present in all dramatic Dance forms of India, by investigating its possible contributions to the formation and training of contemporary actors, dancers and performers. These aspects are classified in four large training groups: Angika (physical aspects), Vachika (discursive aspects), Aharya (plastic/visual aspects) and Saatvika (psychophysical aspects). Therefore, I start this text studying the most relevant treatise on the subject: the Natyasastra; whose authorship goes back to the mythical sage Bharatamuni. This is a compilation produced between centuries 4 BC and 2 AC, where many of the rules for artistic creation in all the artistic fields are described, mostly about Dance and Drama. My research focuses on the chapters 6 "The distinction between Sentiment and Emotional Fervour" and 7 "Exposition on Bhavas (emotional tracts and states)", where the concepts of Bhava (emotional states) and Rasa (aesthetic pleasure) are described, composing the central part of the Hindu Aesthetic Theory. Such information allies the personal experience of the author with the technique, delimiting the tripod that supports this research: theoretical basis, training and artistic production / Mestrado / Teatro, Dança e Performance / Mestra em Artes da Cena

Tales of My Cities is a poetic observation of life in the cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, India. The documentary is an intimate first-person exploration of the culture in these cities. The viewer should find a surreal peace in the life and atmosphere of the cities where life extends from centuries old traditions to the current hi-tech pace of life.