Studiens syfte är att beskriva några klasslärares uppfattningar om hur stödet kan se ut till de elever som befaras inte nå målen i svenska som andraspråk i skolår tre på grund av bristande språkkunskaper. För att undersöka detta har jag utgått från frågeställningarna:Vilket stöd upplever lärarna att de kan ge dessa elever i klassen? Vilket stöd upplever lärarna att dessa elever får av speciallärare och lärare i svenska som andraspråk? Hur beskriver klasslärarna att deras samarbete med andra lärare på skolan ser ut kring dessa elever? Samt vilka stödåtgärder beskriver lärarna att de kan formulera i dessa elevers åtgärdsprogram?  Studien bygger på intervjuer med fem klasslärare som arbetar på tre olika skolor. Majoriteten av eleverna på dessa skolor har ett annat modersmål än svenska. Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån en sociokulturell ansats. Resultatet visar att: Stödet till dessa elever såg olika ut på de tre olika skolorna där lärarna arbetade. Det skilde sig både i grad av medvetenhet om sociokulturellt stödjande språkundervisning hos klasslärarna och i organisationen kring de elever som behövde mest språkligt stöd. Organisationen av olika lärarkategorier kring de elever som fick språkligt stöd skilde sig beroende på om lärarna och skolorna praktiserade ett sociokulturellt stödjande arbetssätt i klasserna. Det fanns också ett samband mellan ett sociokulturellt sätt att se på språkundervisning och ett relationellt sätt att se på specialundervisning. Avsaknaden av sociokulturellt arbetssätt ledde till mer kompensatoriska stödåtgärder. Bedömningen av vilka elever som skulle läsa mot kursplanen i svenska som andraspråk och urvalet av vilka elever som skulle få arbeta i liten grupp hos en lärare utbildad i svenska som andraspråk såg olika ut både mellan lärarna och mellan skolorna. Det var vanligt att lärarna talade om svenska som andraspråk som stödundervisning. Åtgärdsprogram användes inte som ett arbetsverktyg för att planera en mer sociokulturellt stödjande undervisning för de elever som behövde språkligt stöd. En slutsats som jag drar är att om lärare på ett medvetet sätt använder sociokulturellt grundade arbetssätt i sin undervisning i klassen skulle det kunna leda till att färre elever behöver få stödundervisning utanför klassens ram. Detta för att sociokulturellt perspektiv på undervisning i andraspråk leder till ett mer relationellt perspektiv på specialundervisning. / The aim of this study is to describe some teachers' views on support for language development for those students who risked not achieve the objectives of Swedish as a second language in grade three because of lack of language skills. To investigate this, the following questions are addressed: What support do the teachers feel that they can give these students in the class? What support do the teachers experience that these students receive from special education teachers and teachers of Swedish as a second language? What kind of collaboration with other teachers at the school do the teachers describe? And what support do the teachers describe that they can formulate in these students' individual development plans?The study is based on interviews with five teachers who work at three different schools. The majority of students at these schools have a mother tongue other than Swedish. The interviews were analyzed from a socio cultural approach.The results show that: The support for these students was different on the three different schools where the teachers worked. It was different both in degree of awareness of the socio cultural perspective on teaching and in the organization around these students. The organization of the various categories of teachers around the students who needed language support differed depending on whether teachers and schools practiced a socio culturally supportive teaching. There was also a correlation between a socio cultural approach to language teaching and a relational approach to special education. The lack of socio cultural practices led to more compensatory measures. The assessment of which students would be taught by the curriculum of Swedish as a second language and the selection of students who would be working in small groups looked different between teachers and between schools. It was common for teachers to speak of Swedish as a second language as support programs. Individual development plans were not used as a tool for planning a more socio cultural supportive education. One conclusion I make is that if teachers practice more socio cultural based teaching in class it may mean that fewer students need to get remedial education outside the class. This is because the socio cultural perspective on the teaching of second language leads to a more relational perspective on special education.

Riksdagen beslutade att från och med höstterminen 2008 införa skriftliga omdömen från första klass. Detta har lett till en samhällsdebatt kring frågor om hur de skriftliga omdömena ska utformas, samt om och hur lärarna bör bedöma yngre elever. Inom pedagogisk forskning har bedömning framhållits som en viktig del av lärandet. Istället för att mäta kunskap ska bedömning gynna och skapa mening för lärandet. Skriftliga omdömen bör genom formativ bedömning bidra till tydligare information för elev och vårdnadshavarna. Författarnas syfte är att skapa förståelse för vilken innebörd rektorer och lärare i undersökningen ger individuell utvecklingsplan med skriftliga omdömen, samt vilka förutsättningar som skapats för implementeringen. Tillvägagångssättet är kvalitativa intervjuer med rektorer och lärare. Undersökningen visade att samtliga rektorer och lärare framhåller att skriftliga omdömen förtydligar informationen kring elevens utveckling, samt att bra förutsättningar har skapats i form av tid och utbildning. / Parliament decided that in the beginning of the autumn semester of 2008, written discernments were to be implemented for every student from the first grade. This has led to public debate surrounding questions as how written discernments are to be designed and how teachers can and should evaluate younger students. In the field of pedagogical research the evaluation of students has been accentuated as a significant part of teaching. Instead of “measuring” knowledge, evaluations are meant to benefit learning and create meaning for teaching. Written discernments should through formative assessment contribute clearer information to student and caregiver. The purpose of the writers is to create understanding for the significance that headmaster and teacher, in the study, bring to individual development plans with written discernments and which conditions were created for implementation. The procedure is qualitative interviews with headmasters and teachers. The study showed that all headmasters and teachers call attention to that written discernments clarify the information concerning the students’ progress and that good prerequisites have been produced in the form of time and education.

<p>Riksdagen beslutade att från och med höstterminen 2008 införa skriftliga omdömen från första klass. Detta har lett till en samhällsdebatt kring frågor om hur de skriftliga omdömena ska utformas, samt om och hur lärarna bör bedöma yngre elever. Inom pedagogisk forskning har bedömning framhållits som en viktig del av lärandet. Istället för att mäta kunskap ska bedömning gynna och skapa mening för lärandet. Skriftliga omdömen bör genom formativ bedömning bidra till tydligare information för elev och vårdnadshavarna. Författarnas syfte är att skapa förståelse för vilken innebörd rektorer och lärare i undersökningen ger individuell utvecklingsplan med skriftliga omdömen, samt vilka förutsättningar som skapats för implementeringen. Tillvägagångssättet är kvalitativa intervjuer med rektorer och lärare. Undersökningen visade att samtliga rektorer och lärare framhåller att skriftliga omdömen förtydligar informationen kring elevens utveckling, samt att bra förutsättningar har skapats i form av tid och utbildning.</p> / <p>Parliament decided that in the beginning of the autumn semester of 2008, written discernments were to be implemented for every student from the first grade. This has led to public debate surrounding questions as how written discernments are to be designed and how teachers can and should evaluate younger students. In the field of pedagogical research the evaluation of students has been accentuated as a significant part of teaching. Instead of “measuring” knowledge, evaluations are meant to benefit learning and create meaning for teaching. Written discernments should through formative assessment contribute clearer information to student and caregiver. The purpose of the writers is to create understanding for the significance that headmaster and teacher, in the study, bring to individual development plans with written discernments and which conditions were created for implementation. The procedure is qualitative interviews with headmasters and teachers. The study showed that all headmasters and teachers call attention to that written discernments clarify the information concerning the students’ progress and that good prerequisites have been produced in the form of time and education.</p>

The problem was the lack of effective succession planning strategies to facilitate the transfer of technical expertise from retiring employees to younger employees. A rebound of oil exploration activities in Nigeria would adversely affect the drilling sector due to lack of preparation and succession planning to meet the demand for technical expertise. The purpose of this case study was to explore how a succession planning program contributes to knowledge transfer and development of expertise for business continuity and prevents loss of knowledge in the oil-drilling sector in Nigeria. Twenty-four participants from one oil-drilling contractor in Nigeria participated in the study. The conceptual framework was guided by knowledge creation theory, succession planning concepts, and transformational leadership theory. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews supplemented with document review. Data analysis involved a traditional text method where data coder pace each piece of data into various categories by hand. This study revealed 4 themes: individual development program, mentoring, on-the-job training, and 360-degree communication. Findings may affect oil-drilling practices by contributing to enhanced succession planning and knowledge transfer initiatives. The implication for positive social change may include the development of individuals for leadership roles and could add to the organization talent bench, and reduce knowledge gaps while ensuring business continuity.

Since 2006 Swedish compulsory school teachers are required to use individual developmentplans (IDPs) as part of their assessment practices. The IDP has developed through two major reforms and is currently about to undergo a third in which requirements for documentation are to be reduced. The original purpose of IDP was formative: a document containing targets and strategies for the student's future learning was to be drawn up at the parent-pupil-teacher meetingeach semester. The 2008 reform added requirements for written summative assessments/grade-like symbols to be used in the plan. This thesis aims to generate knowledge of the IDP as a tool in terms of what characterizes IDP documents as well as teachers' descriptions of continuous IDP work. It contains four articles. The first two are based on 379 collected IDP documents from all stages of compulsoryschool, and the last two build on interviews with 15 teachers. Throughout, qualitative content analysis has been used for processing data. The analytical framework comprises Latour's conceptual pair inscription – translation, Wartofsky's notions of primary/secondary/tertiary artifacts, and Wertsch's distinction between mastery and appropriation, which together provide an overall framework for understanding how the IDP becomes a contextually shaped tool that mediates teachers' actions in practice. Moreover, the activity theoretical concept of contradictionis used to understand and discuss dilemmas teachers experience in relation to IDP. In article 1, targets and strategies for future learning given to students are investigated and discussed in relation to definitions of formative assessment. Concepts were derived from the data and used for creating a typology of target and strategy types related either to being aspects (students' behavior/attitudes/personalities) or to subject matter learning. In article 2, the distribution of being and learning targets to boys and girls, respectively, is investigated. The results point to a significant gendered difference in the distribution of being targets. Possible reasons for the gendered distribution are discussed from a doing-gender perspective, and the proportion of being targets in IDPs is discussed from an assessment validity point of view. In article 3, teachers' continuous work with IDPs is explored, and it is suggested that IDP work develops in relation to perceived purposes and the contextual conditions framing teachers' work. Three qualitatively different ways of perceiving and working with IDP are described in a typology. Article 4 elaborates on dilemmas that teachers experience in relation to IDP, concerning time, communication, and assessment. A tentative categorization of dilemma management strategies is also presented. Results are synthesized in the final part of the thesis, where the ways in which documents are written and IDP work is carried out are discussed as being shaped in the intersection between rules and guidelines at national, municipal and local school level, and companies creating solutions for IDP documentation. Various purposes are to be achieved with the help of the IDP, which makes it a potential field of tension that is not always easy for teachers to navigate. Several IDP-related difficulties, but also opportunities and affordances, are visualized in the studies of this thesis. / <p>Svensk sammanfattning: s. 111-126.</p>

Syftet med min studie var att undersöka lärares uppfattning om sina elevers taluppfattning och vad lärares uppfattningar indikerar avseende elevers taluppfattning.  För att få svar på mina frågor har jag skickat ut en digital enkät till undervisande lärare i matematik i grundskolan.  Resultatet visar att elevers taluppfattning är relativt god när det gäller de mest grundläggande aspekterna. Vidare indikerar resultatet att de tillfrågade lärarna arbetar regelbundet och varierat med att utveckla elevers taluppfattning. Alla respondenter utom en svarar att särskilda åtgärder vidtas, om bristande taluppfattning upptäcks, t.ex. särskilt stöd av specialpedagog/speciallärare, åtgrdsprogram och enskild undervisning.  Min slutsats är att de tillfrågade lärarna regelbundet arbetar varierat med taluppfattning i klassrummet och att de elever som har svårigheter av olika slag uppmärksammas och får det stöd de har rätt till. / The purpose of my study was to investigate teachers' perceptions of their individual students' number sense. It is also to find out if and how teachers actively work with number sense in elementary school, and if the curriculum guidelines to give support to students with special needs are met.  I have distributed a digital questionnaire to teachers in mathematics about their students' number sense.  The result of the questionnaire shows that there are some gaps in some students' number sense, but it is relatively small when it comes to the fundamental aspects of number sense. Further, the result indicates that the teachers work consciously för the students to be able to develop their sense of numbers frequently in varies ways.  All of the respondents - except one - states that specific measures are taken if a students' lack of number sense is detected, for example: support from a teacher for special needs education; individual development plans; and individual tutoring.