Com a tendência em se construírem edifícios selados por motivos de climatização, controle de ruído e estéticos, acabou provocando um aumento nos casos de problemas relacionados à qualidade do ar de interiores (QAI) de tais ambientes. Os principais problemas relacionados à má qualidade do ar interno são a ventilação inadequada (maior parte dos casos), seguido de contaminantes do ar externo, contaminantes do ar interno (gerados internamente) e, em menor escala, materiais de construção e micro-organismos. No caso específico de uma edificação hospitalar, a qualidade do ar pode exercer uma influência direta e significativa na ocorrência de infecções hospitalares. O nível de contaminação é influenciado principalmente pelo tipo de sistema de condicionamento de ar. Daí a necessidade de um controle intenso dos contaminantes presentes no ar desse local. Assim, os sistemas de distribuição de ar desempenham uma tarefa fundamental em uma sala cirúrgica para a garantia da segurança e conforto térmico ao paciente, equipe cirúrgica. O retorno de ar também exerce uma função muito importante na eliminação do ar contaminado gerado no interior de uma sala cirúrgica. Esse retorno ocorre através das chamadas grelhas de retorno. Dado à limitação dos estudos analíticos e o alto custo das investigações experimentais, é grande relevância uma investigação numérico-computacional do escoamento do ar de uma sala cirúrgica, visando analisar o comportamento do fluxo de ar e da temperatura do ar. O foco desse trabalho é verificar, via simulação computacional em CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), a efetividade do sistema de distribuição de ar usado em centros cirúrgicos no que diz respeito ao controle do ar, com o intuito de se alcançar uma qualidade do ar adequada. Para validar o modelo computacional, realizou-se também a parte experimental, na qual foram feitas medições e coletas de dados em campo para comparação com os resultados das simulações. O estudo de caso considerado nesse trabalho foi uma das salas do centro cirúrgico do Hospital Universitário (HU) da Universidade de São Paulo. / Due the trend to construct sealed buildings for air conditioning purposes, noise control and aesthetics, problems regarding interior air quality (IAQ) of such environments have been occured. The main issues related to bad indoor air quality are inadequate ventilation (most part of the cases), followed by outdoor air contaminants, indoor air contaminants (internally generated) and, in a smaller scale, construction materials and microorganisms. In the specific case of a hospital building, air quality can have a direct and significant influence on the occurrence of nosocomial infections. The level of contamination is mainly influenced type air conditioning system. Hence the need for intensive control of contaminants in local air. Therefore, the air distribution systems play a fundamental task inside a surgical room for safety and thermal comfort of the patient and surgical team. The return air also plays a very important role in eliminating contaminated air generated within an operating room. This return takes place through so-called return grills. Due to the limitation of analytical studies and the high cost of experimental research, it is very relevant a numerical-computational investigation of the air flow of an operating room in order to analyze the air flow behavior and the air temperature. The focus of this study is to verify, via computer simulation based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), the effectiveness of the air distribution system used in surgical centers regarding the control of air, in order to achieve a proper quality of air. To validate the computer model, field measurements have been carried out and data have been collected for comparison with the simulation results. The case study to be considered for this project is the surgical room of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo.

Cabines de veículos automotores recém-manufaturados podem ser consideradas críticas quando se avalia a qualidade do ar interno, pois concentrações de compostos orgânicos voláteis encontram-se em níveis mais altos que os ambientes externos. Determinadas substâncias presentes no ar da cabine podem ser prejudiciais ao ser humano em função da sua toxicidade, pricipalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. A avaliação do ar da cabine automotiva se faz necessária. Nesse estudo, foi feita uma avaliação da qualidade do ar interno da cabine de 7 veículos populares recém-manufaturados contendo materiais de acabamento interno iguais. Um total de 46 compostos orgânicos voláteis foi identificado, sendo que 14 deles são compostos carbonílicos e 32 são hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos, compostos halogenados e um nitrogenado. Os compostos carbonílicos foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia a líquido e os outros VOCs apenas identificados por GC-MS. No ar interno da cabine dos veículos estudados, as concentrações médias encontradas para os compostos carbonílicos (µg/m3) em ordem decrescente foram: formaldeído (165,3); acetona (67,5); acetaldeído (56,8); isovaleraldeído (40,8); propionaldeído (21,1); butiraldeído (17,9); crotonaldeído (14,9); hexaldeído (14,9) valeraldeído (9,8); 2.5- dimetilbenzaldeído (9,3); otolualdeído (8,4); p/m tolualdeído (6,8); acroleína (4,2) e benzaldeído (3,8). Com relação aos outros VOCS foram identificados o metilbutano, que apresentou a maior porcentagem de abundância relativa, 8,5%, seguido de outros hidrocarbonetos com abundância relativa entre 5 e 2% , como, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2,2,6-trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentano, 3,6-dimetilundecano, 4-metildodecano, 4,6- dimetildodecano, 3,6-dimetildecano e 1,2-dimetilbenzeno. Dois derivados de hidrocarbonetos halogenados também foram encontrados, sendo que o triclorofluormetano foi o majoritário com 5,7%, e um composto nitrogenado, a acetonitrila com 5,4%. Os compostos derivados do benzeno identificados foram: 1,2-dimetilbenzeno, etilbenzeno, metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3- metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3-metilbenzeno e 1,3,5-trimetilbenzeno que perfazem 6,6 % de abundância relativa. O mais abundante entre os aromáticos foi o 1,2-dimetilbenzeno (2,5%). Os resultados experimentais revelaram também a liberação de VOCs pelos materiais de acabamento interno dos veículos automotores recém-manufaturados. / New motor vehicles cabins may be critical when considering the internal air quality, because concentrations of volatile organic compounds are at levels higher than the outdoors. Certain substances present in the cabin air can be harmful to humans according to their toxicity, mainly in the big cities. Assessment of the cabin air becomes necessary. In this study, cabin air quality was assessed and 7 popular new vehicles containing same interior trim materials were evaluated. A total of 46 volatile organic compounds were identified, with 14 of them were carbonylic compounds and 32 are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and a nitrogenated compound. The carbonylic compounds were identified and quantified by the liquid chromatography and other VOCs only identified by GC-MS. Cabin air vehicles studied showed the following average concentrations found for carbonylic compounds ( µg/m3) in a descending order: formaldehyde (165.3), acetone (67.5); acetaldehyde (56.8); Isovaleraldehyde ( 40.8); propionaldehyde (21.1); butyraldehyde (17.9); crotonaldeído (14.9); hexaldeído (14.9) Valeraldehyde (9.8); dimetilbenzaldeído-2.5 (9.3); the - tolualdeído (8.4), p / m - tolualdeído (6.8); acrolein (4.2) and benzaldehyde (3.8). Concerning the other VOCs the following compounds were identified: methylbutane, which had the highest percentage of relative abundance, 8.5%, followed by other hydrocarbons with relative abundance between 5 and 2%, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2.2 ,6- Trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentane, 3.6-dimetilundecano, 4- metildodecano, dimetildodecano-4.6, 3.6 and 1.2-dimetildecano-dimetilbenzeno. Two halogenated hydrocarbons were also found, and triclorofluormetano had the biggest relative abundance percentage 5.7%, and a nitrogen compound, the acetonitrile with 5.4%. The benzene compounds identified were: 1.2-dimetilbenzeno, ethylbenzene, methylbenzene, 1- ethyl-3-methyl, ethyl-1-and 3-methyl 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene which comprise 6.6% of relative abundance. 1.2-dimetilbenzeno was the most abundant aromatic compound with relative abundance 2.5%. Results also showed that VOCs were released by studied vehicles interior trim materials.

No presente trabalho, é avaliada a qualidade do ar interno com ênfase na concentração de aerodispersóides presentes em edifícios comerciais e residenciais com sistema de ventilação natural ou condicionamento de ar. De fato, algumas doenças de origem ocupacional são causadas pela inalação de aerodispersóides nocivos à saúde. O método utilizado para avaliar a qualidade do ar interno nos edifícios comerciais e residenciais consistiu primeiramente em caracterizar os medidores de aerodispersóides e em seguida passou-se para a análise das concentrações e das características ambientais. A pesquisa mediu a concentração de aerodispersóides em edifícios com sistemas de ventilação diferentes (1a fase), e identificou as principais fontes de emissão de aerodispersóides em um apartamento residencial (2a fase). Observou-se que as concentrações obtidas na pesquisa estão acima dos valores recomendados na RE n° 9 (ANVISA, 2003) e por Morawska et al. (1999) que atribuem valores de 80 µg/m³ e 7.400 part./cm³, para concentrações médias em massa e em número, respectivamente. Com base nas observações acima, chegou à conclusão que as concentrações médias em massa e em número de aerodispersóides, durante as atividades domésticas (cozimento, reforma, limpeza, entre outras), foram várias vezes maiores do que as concentrações obtidas em ambientes com atividades profissionais ou com menor ocupação durante o dia. / This paper is the result of quality evaluation of indoor air quality with emphasis on the concentration of aerodispersoid in commercial and residential buildings with natural ventilation or air conditioning systems. In fact, some of the occupational diseases are caused by the inhalation of aerodispersoids hazardous to health. The method applied to evaluate the indoor air quality in commercial and residential buildings consisted firstly of characterizing the aerodispersoid measuring devices and subsequently analyzing the concentration levels and environmental characteristics. This research measured the concentration of aerodispersoids in buildings equipped with a variety of ventilation systems (phase1) and next it identified the main emission sources in a residential apartment (phase 2). It was observed that the concentration levels measured were above the specifications recommended by RE n° 9 (ANVISA, 2003) and by Morawska et al. (1999) which attribute values of 80 µg/m³ and 7.400 part./cm³, for average concentration in mass and number respectively. Based on the above information it was concluded that the average concentration levels of aerodispersoids in mass and number in home related activities (cooking, restoration, cleaning, etc) were many times higher than the concentration levels found in business environments or in environments with less occupation during the day.

A aplicação de sistemas de climatização com distribuição de ar pelo piso tem aumentado em países desenvolvidos, o que também tem ocorrido no Brasil. Em paralelo, tem crescido o interesse pela qualidade do ar interior e os seus efeitos no bem estar, saúde e produtividade dos ocupantes de uma edificação. Diversos estudos têm apontado para as vantagens deste sistema em relação à remoção de contaminantes do ambiente interior. Este sistema tem figurado nos programas de certificação ambiental de edificações como uma alternativa vantajosa para a melhoria da qualidade do ar interior e o conforto térmico com preservação da eficiência energética, recebendo pontuação adicional. Com o crescente interesse por este tipo de sistema, estudos que aprimorem o seu projeto visando à melhor eficiência global mostram-se essenciais. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo verificar experimentalmente a contribuição de um sistema de climatização com distribuição de ar pelo piso para a qualidade do ar interior de um ambiente, sendo este uma sala de aula para 48 alunos situada no Departamento de Engenharia de Construção Civil da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, em condições reais de uso. Para isso, foram medidas as concentrações de partículas em suspensão na zona de respiração para pessoas sentadas (a 1,10 m do piso), e no retorno do ar (a 2,60 m do piso) simultaneamente, sob seis diferentes valores de temperatura do ar na zona ocupada (a 0,60 m do piso), previamente escolhidos. Estas concentrações permitiram o cálculo e a análise do índice de efetividade na remoção de contaminantes IERC no ambiente, para partículas e CO2 (segunda etapa das medições). Simultaneamente, foram realizadas medições de variáveis de conforto térmico no ambiente, temperatura do ar e velocidade do ar, em seis diferentes alturas e quatorze pontos do ambiente. As baixas concentrações de partículas em suspensão (inferiores a 0,035 mg/m³) mostraram que este sistema não dispersa contaminantes no ar interior. Os IERC próximos ou superiores à unidade em todas as condições de operação do sistema, tanto para partículas em suspensão como para CO2, comprovaram a sua eficiência na remoção de contaminantes do ambiente interior. / The use of underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems is growing in developed countries, and this is also observed in Brazil. Besides, the interest in indoor air quality and its effects on the well being, health and productivity of the occupants in a building is an important issue nowadays. Many studies have related the advantages of UFAD systems in removing indoor air contaminants from the ambient as compared to overhead systems. In the building certification systems, they figure as good alternatives to promote better indoor air quality and thermal comfort, preserving energy efficiency, which corresponds to additional points. With the expanding interest in this technology, studies that enhance its project, keeping as a goal its global efficiency, are very welcome. The aim is to experimentally verify the contribution of an UFAD system to the indoor air quality of a classroom used by 48 students at the Civil Construction Department of the Engineering School of the University of São Paulo Brazil. The study has been conducted in a non-steady state condition. In order to perform this evaluation, the levels of indoor air-borne particles were measured at the breathing zone for seated people (1.10m from the ground), and at the exhaust (2.60m from the ground) simultaneously, under six different pre-defined values of air temperature at the occupied zone (0.60m from the ground). These concentration levels have allowed calculating the contaminant removal effectiveness index, CRE, in many points of the ambient. A similar analysis was developed for the concentrations of CO2 in the second part of the experiment. At the same time, the air temperature and air velocity were measured in six different levels and at fourteen points of the ambient. The low concentration levels of total suspension particle (under 0.035 mg/m³) have shown that this system doesn\'t disperse air contaminants indoors. The CRE indexes near or above 1.0, for both total suspension particle and CO2, have confirmed the ventilation effectiveness of this underfloor air distribution system under all the operational conditions.

Materiais de construção como: adesivos, selantes, aglomerados, compensados, carpetes, revestimentos de parede, isolamentos, forros acústicos etc., emitem compostos orgânicos volateis (COVs) em ambientes internos (Niu e Burnett, 2001). No caso da tinta no Brasil, Salasar (2006) indica que \"as tintas à base de solventes emitem 520 vezes mais COVs em relação às tintas à base de água\". Consequentemente aumentos significativos na concentração de poluentes químicos e biológicos do ar em ambientes internos são provocados pelas baixas taxas de troca de ar em conjunto com a emissão de COVs originados pelos materiais de construção dos ambientes internos (Gioda & Neto, 2003). O objetivo nesta pesquisa é identificar compostos orgânicos volateis nas emissões de tintas imobiliárias usadas em ambientes internos na cidade de São Carlos. O laboratório foi realizado com o equipamento de cromatografia gasosa acoplado a espectrometria de massas, com siglas GC/MS, junto com o aparelho para extração da amostra chamado de micro extração de fase sólida (SPME), para duas amostras de cada tinta sendo uma fresca (úmida) e outra seca. O laboratório GC/MS quando é utilizado com micro extração de fase sólida (SPME) é o método mais aproximado do ideal, já que permite qualificar os COVs contidos nas amostras de tinta com maior eficiência que qualquer outro método (Koziel & Pawliszym, 2001). A escolha das tintas, esmaltes e o verniz foram determinadas como aquelas de maior uso e venda entre os pintores e lojas de tintas, respectivamente, na cidade de São Carlos. Os resultados mostraram que as tintas podem chegar a emitir juntas mais de 61 compostos orgânicos voláteis, a maior parte deles causa irritação respiratória e cinco desses compostos são suspeitos de desenvolver câncer, a concentração de cada composto não foi determinada. Uma suposição é que a saúde dos pintores pode estar sendo afetada, pois eles têm contato constante com as emissões das tintas, neste sentido é preocupante que esses trabalhadores da construção civil sejam informais, pois nesta condição o risco à sua saúde pode ser agravado devido à falta de capacitação necessária sobre a utilização do material que estão manipulando. Parte do resultado da pesquisa mostra também por meio de um questionário, as marcas de tintas imobiliárias comumente usadas na cidade de São Carlos, assim como uma noção sobre as doenças que as tintas produzem. O questionário foi elaborado para 40 pessoas entre pintores e vendedores de lojas de tinta na cidade de São Carlos. As fichas de segurança de produtos químicos FISPQ correspondentes para cada tinta omitem informações sobre alguns ingredientes considerados de risco encontrados nas amostras de tintas, como por exemplo, compostos suspeitos de desenvolver câncer. É importante para o Brasil a criação com urgência de um selo ambiental confiável que garanta a baixa concentração de emissão de COVs nas tintas como produto, mediante valores quantificáveis. Se similar ao selo \"Green Seal\", o mesmo daria não só uma forma de controle sobre a emissão de COVs nos prédios senão confiabilidade e garantia. O selo será um parâmetro de exigência nas certificações ambientais para confirmar as baixas emissões de COVs nos materiais das edificações sustentáveis, que até agora são inexistentes. / Building materials such as: Adhesives, sealants, plywood, carpeting, wall coverings, insulation, acoustic ceilings etc., emit volatiles organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments (Niu e Burnett, 2001). In the case of the paint in Brazil, Salasar (2006) indicates that \"solvent-based paints emit VOCs 520 times as compared to water-based paint.\". Consequently significant concentration of chemical and biological pollutants from indoor air, are caused by low rates of air exchange in conjunction with the emission of VOCs originating from the construction of the indoor materials (Gioda & Neto, 2003). The objective of this research is to identify volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from architectural coatings used indoors in São Carlos. The laboratory was performed with gas chromatography equipment coupled to mass spectrometry with acronyms GC/MS, with the instrument for sample extraction called solid phase micro extraction (SPME) for two samples of each paint: a fresh (wet) and a dry. The GC/MS laboratory when used with solid phase micro extraction (SPME) is the closest to the ideal method, allows to qualify the VOCs contained in the paint samples more efficiently than any other method (Pawliszym & Koziel, 2001). The choice of paints, enamels and varnish were determined as those of greater use and sale among painters and paint stores, respectively, in the city of São Carlos. The results showed that the paint can issue more than 61 volatile organic compounds, most of them cause respiratory irritation and five of these compounds are suspected of developing cancer, the concentration of each compound was not determined. One of the hypotheses is that the health of painters may be being affected, as they have constant contact with emissions from paints,in this respect it is wrong that these workers of the construction are informal, because in this condition the risk to your health can be aggravated due to lack of necessary training on the use of the material. Part of the search result also shows by means of a questionnaire , the marks of paints commonly used in the city of São Carlos, as well as a notion about the diseases that produce the paints. The questionnaire was designed in 40 people between painters and sellers of paint shops in the city of São Carlos. Safety data sheets for chemicals corresponding MSDS for each paint omit some information about ingredients considered risk in samples of paints, such as examples, compounds suspected of developing cancer. It is important for Brazil to urgently create a reliable environmental seal that ensures low emission concentration of VOCs in paints and product through quantifiable values . If the seal is similar to the seal \"Green Seal\", it would not only a form of control over the emission of VOCs in buildings too reliability and warranty The stamp will be a requirement parameter in environmental certifications to confirm low emissions of VOCs in materials of sustainable buildings , which until now are nonexistent.

La qualité de l’air à l’intérieur des bâtiments basse consommation devient une problématique préoccupante dans le contexte actuel de règlementations thermiques de plus en plus exigeantes. Une des solutions envisagées pour concilier qualité de l’air intérieur et performance énergétique dans les bâtiments est l’intégration de systèmes d’épuration dans les réseaux de ventilation. Peu de retour d’expériences in situ permettent d’évaluer l’intérêt de ces systèmes pour répondre à la problématique. La solution envisagée dans ces travaux est l’évaluation par la simulation numérique. Ce choix a nécessité le développement d’un outil numérique capable de représenter de façon couplée les phénomènes thermiques, aérauliques et ceux liés à la qualité de l’air intérieur par une représentation multipolluant, à l’échelle d’un bâtiment ou d’une partie d’un bâtiment. Cet outil a été développé dans l’environnement Dymola sous le langage Modelica. Des expérimentations ont été menées dans ces travaux dans le but de compléter l’outil numérique par des lois empiriques caractérisant, d’une part les phénomènes de sorption des polluants gazeux par les matériaux de revêtement intérieur, d’autre part le comportement, à la fois énergétique et sanitaire, de six solutions d’épuration. Pour illustrer la capacité d’étude acquise grâce aux développements numériques et expérimentaux qui ont été réalisés dans le cadre des travaux de thèse, une zone de bureaux d’un bâtiment tertiaire a été simulée pour deux zones climatiques et pour deux types de pollution extérieure sur une année type complète. Les trois solutions d’épuration ayant montrées des performances tangibles lors de la phase expérimentale ont été simulées sous plusieurs conditions de fonctionnement puis comparées à deux cas de surventilation des locaux (sans épuration de l’air). Un indice global combinant performance sanitaire et énergétique a été ainsi défini dans le but de hiérarchiser les différentes stratégies simulées. Les résultats obtenus permettent de valider la méthodologie employée, notamment en montrant à la fois l’intérêt de contextualiser les solutions envisagées pour les évaluer, et l’importance de travailler, lors des expérimentations, à des conditions représentatives de la réalité des environnements intérieurs. Plusieurs voies d’amélioration de l’outil numérique développé sont également proposées en conclusion, ainsi que différents points de discussion qui méritent l’attention de travaux futurs dans le domaine. / Indoor air quality in low-energy buildings has become these recent years an important topic with the rigorous performance expectations in terms of envelope airtightness and energy consumption set by the RT2012 thermal building code. One possible solution to conciliate indoor air quality and energy performance is to integrate air-cleaning systems in the building ventilation system. Because of the lack of scientific results regarding the suitability of those systems to solve this problematic, an investigation using numerical simulation has been conducted in the present work. This choice led to the development of a numerical tool that resolves in a coupled way, the heat and mass transfers, considering a multi-pollutant representation at the scale of the building/rooms. This tool was developed in the Dymola environment, using the Modelica programming language. Several experiments were also performed in the present work to acquire complementary data about the sorption of gaseous pollutants by indoor covering materials and about the cleaning effectiveness and energy consumption of six air-cleaning systems. To illustrate the capabilities of the numerical tool, simulations have been performed for an office building zone. The building has been located in two climatic zones and submitted to two levels of outdoor pollution, for a whole year. Three of the tested solutions that have shown the best air-cleaning performances in the experimental phase have been simulated under various operating conditions. Two cases of higher amount of fresh air, i.e. without any air-cleaning system, have been also included to the study. One index has then been defined to compare the performance of the different solutions considering both the exposure reduction to eight pollutants and the induced energy consumption. The results obtained in the present study confirm the adequacy of the proposed methodology. In particular, the importance of evaluating the solutions in their real context and not simply relying on their intrinsic performances to judge their performances when applied to indoor environments has been demonstrated. Another important issue is the need to conduct experimental characterizations of sorption processes and air-cleaning system under environmental conditions representative of real indoor spaces, i.e. low pollutant concentration and adequate air temperature, humidity and velocity. Future developments needed to improve the capabilities of the numerical tool are presented in conclusion as well as some important issues that would need a careful attention for further works in the domain.

The workers are exposed to aerosol particles in a coal strip mine. These particles are usually generated by the Bucket-wheel excavators which break the mined rock. The goal of the thesis thesis was to compare the concentrations of atmospheric aerosol particles - PM on the Bucket-wheel excavator Schrs 1320, the Stacker ZPDH 6300 and the Bucket- wheel excavator K 800/N2 in the coal quarry Doly Nástup Tušimice, and then to answer the questions what is the main cause of increased concentration PMx and whether the mining machines are different from each other. The measurement was realized stepwise on every mining machine in the time period from 12. 8. to 2. 9. 2016. The concentrations of PM1, PM2,5 and PM10 were measured by two portable laser nephelometers in the cab drivers and the outdoor walkway of the mining machines with the integration time of 1 minute. The air temperature and the relative humidity were monitored in both types of settings in every five minutes. The PMx concentrations variability is usually determined by the type of work and by the type of smoking. Consequently, PM concentrations on the mining machines were compared at the morning exchanges and evening exchanges, during the outdoor cleaning by sweeping, the indoor cleaning by hoovering and during the smoking. The highest...

Les bâtiments longtemps considérés comme des milieux clos protecteurs, font aujourd’hui l’objet d’avancées scientifiques démontrant leurs impacts climatiques, énergétiques et sanitaires. En tentant de réduire certains de ces impacts, le droit s’étoffe : des obligations juridiques sont créées. Or, l’appréhension juridique de la performance énergétique et de la qualité de l’air intérieur impacte la responsabilité des professionnels du bâtiment. Cette dernière s’inscrit dans plusieurs régimes de responsabilité en fonction de la qualité juridique de la personne qui va chercher à l’engager. Il peut s’agir autant de la puissance publique que du cocontractant des professionnels. Ainsi, la responsabilité des professionnels peut découler, de manière unique ou cumulative, de contrôles régaliens comme de la responsabilité civile, et plus particulièrement du droit des contrats. La présente thèse de doctorat vise à rechercher si les nombreux fondements et régimes de responsabilité permettent de sanctionner l’absence de respect des obligations et donc d’améliorer les qualités énergétiques et sanitaires des bâtiments / Buildings have long been considered closed-in self-protected environments. Today, however, numerous scientific innovations show how they affect climate, energy and health related issues. By trying to reduce their impact on these issues, the law is made more complex, new obligations are created. As it happens, the way the law takes into account energy efficiency and indoor air quality affects building professionals liability. This liability covers several levels of responsibility depending on the legal status of the individual looking to institute the proceedings, whether it be the public sphere or a professional cocontractant. Thus professional liablility may be a result, unique, successive, or cumulative, of state control as well as civil responsability, and more specifically of contract law. This doctoral thesis looks to determine whether the numerous foundations and levels of responsibility enable us to sanction unfulfilled obligations, thus improving buildings'energy and sanitary efficiency

Les caractéristiques des fluctuations des concentrations de polluants dans un environnement intérieur normalement occupé dépendent fortement de plusieurs paramètres, en particulier des occupants et de leurs activités et comportement, qui altèrent de manière considérable la nature statistique de leur variabilité temporelle. Ces fluctuations sont rarement disponibles et décrites dans la littérature. La mise à disposition de mesures en continu de la concentration en formaldéhyde et en particules (de 0,35 à 20 µm de diamètre) dans l’air d’un environnement de bureau et d’une maison expérimentale sur plusieurs mois avec un pas de temps fin (entre 1 min et 1 heure) a permis d’engager une réflexion sur la nature de ces fluctuations et leur prévisibilité. L’objectif de la thèse se décline en trois axes de recherche : (i) la caractérisation des fluctuations des concentrations des polluants cible ; (ii) la mise en évidence des sources de variabilité de ces fluctuations et (iii) la prévision des concentrations de ces polluants. Le premier axe concerne la détermination des caractéristiques communes partagées par les différents polluants. Le deuxième axe porte, à l'aide des approches par séparation aveugle des sources, sur l'estimation des déterminants des sources de variabilité. Le troisième axe est consacré à la prévision des fluctuations de concentration des polluants. L'analyse des séries temporelles pour ce type de données (hautes fréquences) doit prendre en compte l’échelle de temps sur laquelle évoluent plusieurs microstructures. Plusieurs outils ont été employés : l'analyse spectrale (dépendance à long terme par la mesure fractale et la statistique R/S), la mesure de l’oméga-prédictibilité, ainsi que la décomposition des séries en composantes latentes par STL (seasonal trend decomposition using Loess), SSA (singular spectrum analysis) et SBD (spectral band decomposition).L'identification des sources de variabilité de particules a été abordée par les méthodes de séparation aveugle des sources basées sur une factorisation matricielle en profils et contributions, sous contrainte statistique d'indépendance (ACI) ou de non-négativité (NNMF ou PMF). Les factorisations ont été appliquées à la matrice constituée des séries temporelles de différentes gammes de taille des particules. Certains profils ou contributions des sources ont pu été interprétés grâce aux variables exogènes "traceurs" de certaines sources (comme le CO2 indicateur de la présence de la source occupants).Concernant la prévision des concentrations de polluants, le choix des modèles a été basé sur la structure de la série temporelle, mise en évidence lors de l’étape de caractérisation. On constate de meilleures performances de prévisions sur la série ayant subi un prétraitement statistique de décomposition STL, SSA ou SBD. Plusieurs types de modèles stochastiques (linéaires ou non linéaires) ont été appliqués ensuite à ces composantes et le résultat final de la prévision est donné par leur combinaison. La caractéristique de non-linéarité qui apparaît sous forme de changements abrupts de concentration causée en grande partie par la manipulation des ouvrants et qui se greffe sur l'évolution régulière du système dynamique mérite un traitement spécial. Un nouveau type de modèles de prévision a été développé pour répondre aux exigences de la nature des données hautes fréquences présentant ce type de non linéarité. Ce modèle associe une étape de décomposition des séries en bandes spectrales (SBD) couplée avec une étape de modélisation par des modèles autorégressifs à seuil (TAR) ou par la dynamique du chaos : FFT-(TAR/Chaos).Les résultats montrent que le prétraitement par décomposition en bandes spectrales ou STL améliore sensiblement la prévision des concentrations de formaldéhyde et des particules fines jusqu’à un horizon de 10 heures pour le formaldéhyde (pas de temps 1 minute) et de 1 à 4 jours pour les particules selon leur taille (pas de temps horaire) / The time fluctuation features of particulate concentrations in a real occupied indoor environment are strongly dependent of several parameters and in particular the occupation and occupants’ activities and behaviors. These parameters considerably alter the statistical variability of the time series dynamics. These fluctuations are rarely available and described in the literature. These types of fluctuations are rarely available and described in the literature. The availability of continuous measurements of concentrations of formaldehyde and particulate matter (from 0.35 to 20 µm of diameter) in an indoor environment (office and a test house) during several months with a fine time resolution (from 1 min to 1 hour) permitted to initiate a process of reflection on the nature of these fluctuations and their predictability. The aim of the thesis follows three main axis of research: (i) characterizing indoor environment pollutant concentrations variability; (ii) revealing the sources of variability of these fluctuations and (iii) forecasting the pollutant concentrations in a real indoor environment. The first axis concerns the determination of the common features shared by the different pollutants. The second axis focuses on the sources variability estimating using a Blind Source Separation (BSS) approach. Lastly, the third axis focuses on the forecasting of pollutant concentrations. The time series analysis for this type of data (high frequency) should take into account the time scale on which microstructures evolve. Several tools were employed, such as the spectral analysis (long-range dependency by fractal dimension measures and R/S statistic), the omega-predictability, as well as the time series decomposition into latent components by STL (Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess), SSA (Singular Spectrum Analysis) and SBD (Spectral Band Decomposition).The identification of the sources of particles concentrations is developed using BSS based methods which are based on a matrix factorization as profiles and contributions under a statistical independence constraint (ICA) or a non-negativity constraint (NNMF or PMF). The factorizations were applied to the matrix of the time series of different particle size bins. Some profiles or source contributions could be interpreted using exogenous variables as fingerprints of some sources (such as CO2 concentrations used as indicator of the “occupation”).Concerning the pollutant concentrations forecasting, the model selection was made in agreement with the time series structures, highlighted in the characterization stage. One can notice better performances forecasts when using the series having been preprocessed by decomposition: STL, SSA or decomposition in spectral bands (based Transform Fourier), SBD. Several types of stochastic models (linear or nonlinear) were then applied to these components and the final forecast result is given by their combination. A special type of nonlinearities involving a special treatment is the abrupt concentration changes in time series concentrations due mainly to windows manipulation and graft on the regular evolution of the dynamic system. A new type of forecast models has been developed in adequacy with the requirements of the nature of high-frequency data. This model combine spectral band decomposition step (SBD) coupled with a modeling stage based on autoregressive switching threshold model (TAR) or chaos dynamic: FFT- (TAR / Chaos).The results show that the pretreatment by spectral band decomposition or STL improves significantly formaldehyde and fine particles concentrations forecast on 10-hour horizon for formaldehyde (sampled every minute) and on a horizon of 1 to 4 days for the particles (sampled every hour), depending on their size bins

Avec le développement des bâtiments basse consommation de plus en plus hermétiques, la nécessité de renouveler l’air intérieur à l’aide de système de ventilation mécanique s’est accrue. Or, les concentrations en polluants dans les environnements urbains augmentent continuellement, favorisant ainsi le transfert de polluants atmosphériques dans l’air intérieur. Ces travaux de thèse porte sur l’étude de procédés pour l’élimination combinée des principaux polluants de l’air extérieur urbain entrant dans les logements individuels via les systèmes de ventilation. A l’issue d’un état de l’art des polluants de l’air, des systèmes de ventilation et des procédés de traitement, les procédés de filtration par médias fibreux et d’adsorption ont été choisis pour traiter l’air urbain caractérisé par les PM₁₀, les PM₂ ₅, les aérosols microbiens, les BTEX et les NOₓ. Une méthodologie a été mise en œuvre pour sélectionner parmi différents matériaux étudiés et selon des critères de performances la solution de traitement la mieux adaptée, à savoir un filtre F7-combiné en fibres de verre et contenant des grains de charbon actif. Après étude, une stratégie de chauffage journalier du filtre à 70°C durant 1h30 a été proposée pour régénérer partiellement l’adsorbant afin de prolonger sa durée de vie et pour limiter la croissance microbienne sur le filtre notamment par dessiccation de ce dernier. Une campagne expérimentale en conditions de génération multi-polluants contrôlées a permis de quantifier les performances de traitement du filtre F7-combiné. Le traitement thermique utilisé a permis de maintenir une efficacité d’adsorption du toluène de 40% et de limiter la prolifération microbienne sur le filtre. Des interactions entre les polluants ont été observées, notamment une augmentation de l’efficacité de filtration des PM₁₀ par la présence de PM₂ ₅ qui permettent rapidement le passage à la phase de filtration en surface. En outre, le mélange toluène/NO₂ entraine une diminution de l’adsorption du NO₂ au profit du toluène. Enfin, une campagne expérimentale en conditions réalistes a été menée pendant 3 mois afin notamment d’étudier les performances du traitement thermique. Les niveaux de concentration des polluants dans la zone péri-urbaine de l’étude étaient faibles. Le traitement thermique appliqué au filtre F7-combiné, pour les conditions opératoires étudiées et après 3 mois de suivi, a permis de limiter significativement la croissance fongique sur le filtre mais pas d’améliorer de façon significative l’adsorption des COV et des NOₓ. / The development of low energy buildings, which are more and more hermetic, leads to the necessity of indoor air renewal with mechanical ventilation system. However, the concentration of pollutants in urban environments increases continually, which promotes the pollutant transfer from the outdoor to the indoor air. This PhD thesis consists in the study of processes for the combined purification of the main urban outdoor air pollutants coming in individual dwellings through the ventilation systems.Out of a state of the art of the air pollutants, the ventilation systems and the treatment processes, filtration with fibrous media and adsorption were the two processes chosen to treat the urban air characterized by PM₁₀, PM₂ ₅, microbialaerosol, BTEX and NOₓ. A methodology was setup to select, through the different studied materials and with some performance criterion, the most suitable treatment solution i.e. a combined-F7 filter with glass fiber and granular activated carbon. A daily heating strategy of the combined-F7 filter at 70°C for 1h30 was proposed to partially regenerate the adsorbent in order to improve its lifetime and to limit the microbial growth on the filter, inparticular by desiccation.An experimental campaign in controlled conditions with multi-pollutant generation permitted to quantify the performances of the combined-F7 filter. The thermal treatment permitted to maintain the adsorption efficiency of the toluene at 40% and to limit the microbial proliferation. Competitions within pollutants were observed, in particular an increase of the filtration efficiency of PM₁₀ with the presence of PM₂ ₅ by promoting the cake filtration stage. Moreover the mix toluene/NO₂ leads to a decrease of the NO₂ adsorption in favor of the toluene.Finally, an experimental campaign in realistic conditions was conducted for 3 months in particular to study the performances of the thermal treatment. Concentration levels of the pollutants in the suburban area of the study were low. The thermal treatment applied to the combined-F7 filter, with the operating conditions studied and after 3month of follow-up, permitted to significantly limit the fungal growth on the filter but it did not permit to improve significantly the VOC and NOₓ adsorption.