Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kleber dos santos.pdf: 727034 bytes, checksum: a536df14c79434848f7ad1edefcc2f78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-14 / This research aimed to verify whether there are differences between the returns of companies listed on the BOVESPA and the level of corporate governance established by the BOVESPA in December 2000 in order to differentiate between companies that voluntarily adopt additional corporate governance practices. The main goal since the process is to improve transparency between investors and companies, thereby reducing the information asymmetry. To perform this research was first conducted a literature review on information asymmetry, transaction cost theory, agency theory and a history of corporate governance in the world and in Brazil. To check whether there are differences between the returns of the companies listed in IBOVESPA and different levels of corporate governance used the statistical model ANOVA and t test on a sample of all listed companies in IBOVESPA they had in stock 31/03/2011 negotiated between 2006 and 2010 which are the last five years of implementation of the levels of governance in Brazil. As a result it was found that firms listed on the Novo Mercado and Level 1 have higher returns than traditional listed companies in the market. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar se existe diferença entre os retornos das Empresas listadas no IBOVESPA e nos Níveis de Governança Corporativa criados pela BOVESPA em dezembro de 2000, visando diferenciar as empresas que voluntariamente adotassem práticas adicionais de governança corporativa. O principal objetivo desde processo é melhorar a transparência entre o investidor e as empresas, reduzindo assim a assimetria de informação. Para efetuar esta pesquisa primeiramente foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a assimetria da informação, teoria dos custos de transação, teoria da agência e um histórico da governança corporativa no mundo e no Brasil. Para verificar se existe diferença entre os retornos das empresas listadas no IBOVESPA e nos níveis diferenciados de governança corporativa utilizou-se o modelo estatístico ANOVA e Teste t em uma amostra composta por todas as empresas listadas no IBOVESPA em 31/03/2011 que tiveram ações negociadas entre 2006 e 2010 que são os últimos cinco anos da implantação dos níveis de governança no Brasil. Como resultado obteve-se que as empresa listadas no Novo Mercado e no Nível 1 possuem maior retorno que as empresas listadas no mercado tradicional.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar o mercado de saúde suplementar no Brasil e avaliar as regulamentações da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar – ANS, órgão regulador do setor, no contexto da teoria da informação assimétrica. Para tanto, utilizou-se a teoria da informação assimétrica através dos problemas de seleção adversa e risco moral a fim de analisar os problemas regulatórios. Também foram levantados dados e referenciais teóricos do mercado de planos de saúde no Brasil, principalmente no que se refere a sua regulação e suas implicações. A revisão bibliográfica deste trabalho indica que diversos estudos já evidenciaram a presença de assimetria de informação no mercado de saúde suplementar. A avaliação econômica de quatro resoluções normativas da ANS também corrobora para com essa evidência e explicam a presença de seleção adversa e risco moral evidenciados da literatura. Este trabalho conclui que a regulação desse mercado falhou, no que tange a redução das falhas de mercado, mais precisamente com relação com relação à assimetria de informação, onde sua presença tornou-se mais acentuadas com suas constantes intervenções, comprometendo a sustentabilidade do mercado e reduzindo o nível de bem-estar econômico. / The objective of this dissertation was to analyze the health insurance market in Brazil and evaluate the regulations of the National Health Agency - ANS, regulatory agency, in the context of the theory of asymmetric information. Therefore, we used the theory of asymmetric information through the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard in order to analyze the regulatory problems. Also data and theoretical of the health insurance market benchmarks in Brazil, especially in relation to regulation and its implications were raised. The literature review of this work indicates that several studies have demonstrated the presence of asymmetric information in the supplementary health market. The economic evaluation of four legislative resolutions ANS also corroborates with this evidence and explain the presence of adverse selection and moral hazard evidenced literature. This paper concludes that the regulation of the market has failed, as regards the reduction of market failures, specifically with respect with respect to information asymmetry, where their presence has become more pronounced with their constant interventions, compromising the sustainability of the market and reducing the level of economic welfare.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar o mercado de saúde suplementar no Brasil e avaliar as regulamentações da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar – ANS, órgão regulador do setor, no contexto da teoria da informação assimétrica. Para tanto, utilizou-se a teoria da informação assimétrica através dos problemas de seleção adversa e risco moral a fim de analisar os problemas regulatórios. Também foram levantados dados e referenciais teóricos do mercado de planos de saúde no Brasil, principalmente no que se refere a sua regulação e suas implicações. A revisão bibliográfica deste trabalho indica que diversos estudos já evidenciaram a presença de assimetria de informação no mercado de saúde suplementar. A avaliação econômica de quatro resoluções normativas da ANS também corrobora para com essa evidência e explicam a presença de seleção adversa e risco moral evidenciados da literatura. Este trabalho conclui que a regulação desse mercado falhou, no que tange a redução das falhas de mercado, mais precisamente com relação com relação à assimetria de informação, onde sua presença tornou-se mais acentuadas com suas constantes intervenções, comprometendo a sustentabilidade do mercado e reduzindo o nível de bem-estar econômico. / The objective of this dissertation was to analyze the health insurance market in Brazil and evaluate the regulations of the National Health Agency - ANS, regulatory agency, in the context of the theory of asymmetric information. Therefore, we used the theory of asymmetric information through the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard in order to analyze the regulatory problems. Also data and theoretical of the health insurance market benchmarks in Brazil, especially in relation to regulation and its implications were raised. The literature review of this work indicates that several studies have demonstrated the presence of asymmetric information in the supplementary health market. The economic evaluation of four legislative resolutions ANS also corroborates with this evidence and explain the presence of adverse selection and moral hazard evidenced literature. This paper concludes that the regulation of the market has failed, as regards the reduction of market failures, specifically with respect with respect to information asymmetry, where their presence has become more pronounced with their constant interventions, compromising the sustainability of the market and reducing the level of economic welfare.

In this article, the author tell us regarding the main function of the consumer protection system, which is to maximize the making good decisions consumption by consumers. Likewise, he tells us about the  information asymmetry and how it should be considered, as well as the inequality between a consumer and a seller. To end, he points out the discussion of whom and why would be considered as consumers as well as the effects of this decision. / En el presente artículo, el autor nos habla sobre la principal función del sistema de protección al consumidor, que es la de maximizar la toma de buenas decisiones de consumo por parte de los consumidores. Asimismo, el autor nos habla acerca de la asimetría de la información y cómo debe ser tomada en cuenta, así como de la desigualdad entre un consumidor y un vendedor. Finalmente, plantea la discusión acerca de quiénes y por qué deben ser considerados como consumidores así como los efectos de esta decisión.

Syfte: Tidigare forskning har fokuserat främst på hur användandet av IFRS separat påverkar transparens i redovisningen samt redovisningskvalité. Däremot finns det inte lika mycket forskning kring hur IFRS 15 påverkar relationen mellan transparens och redovisningskvalité. Syftet med studien är därmed att belysa IFRS 15:s påverkan på sambandet mellan transparens och redovisningskvalité.   Frågeställningar: Vilka faktorer i användandet av IFRS 15 påverkar transparensen och redovisningskvalitén? Hur påverkas redovisningskvalitén av att transparensen förändras?  Metod: Studien har utgått från ett hermeneutiskt och socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Med hjälp av en abduktiv forskningsansats har teori och empiri arbetats fram genom en fallstudie med grunden i en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Insamlingen av primärdata och analysen i studien har använt tematisk analys som inspirationskälla för tillvägagångssättet.  Resultat & slutsats: Studien tyder på att IFRS 15 har en påverkan på sambandet mellan transparens och redovisningskvalité. Den mest centrala förståelsen som funnits under denna studie är att när öppenheten kring transparensen förändras så blir det en positiv effekt på redovisningskvalitén där upplysningskraven ses som en väsentlig aspekt att beakta. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi har i denna studie studerat sambandet mellan redovisningskvalité och transparens utifrån IFRS 15 innan ikraftträdandedatumet. Det vore därför intressant att studera detta samband efter ikraftträdandet av IFRS 15 för att på så sätt få fram konkreta effekter.  Uppsatsens bidrag: Ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv bidrar denna studie till att belysa hur användandet av IFRS 15 påverkar transparens och kvalité inom redovisningen. Ur ett praktiskt perspektiv bidrar den även till en ökad förståelse för behovet av redovisningskvalité i den finansiella informationen. / Aim: Prior research has focused primarily on how the use of IFRS separately affects transparency in accounting and accounting quality. Nevertheless, more research focusing on how IFRS 15 affects the relationship between transparency and accounting quality. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to illustrate the effect of IFRS 15 on the relationship between transparency and accounting quality Research questions: Which factors in the use of IFRS 15 affects the transparency and the accounting quality? How will the accounting quality be affected if the transparency changes? Method: This thesis is based on a hermeneutic and social constructivist perspective. With the help of an abductive method, theory and empirical work have been developed through a case study with the basis of a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews. When collecting and analyzing the empirical material the thesis has been inspired by thematic analysis. Result & Conclusions: This thesis indicates that IFRS 15 has an impact on the relationship between transparency and accounting quality. The most central understanding in this thesis is that when transparency is changed, it has a positive effect on accounting quality, where disclosure requirements has been seen as an essential aspect to consider. Suggestions for future research: In this thesis, we have examined the relationship between transparency and accounting quality based on the use of IFRS 15 before the effective date. Therefore, for future research it would be interesting to examine this relationship after the effective date of IFRS 15. Contribution of the thesis: From a theoretical point of view, this thesis contributes to highlight how the use of IFRS 15 can affect the transparency and quality of accounting. From a practical point of view, this thesis contributes to an increased understanding of the need for accounting quality in the financial information.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o efeito da assimetria da informação no custo de capital próprio das empresas negociadas em bolsa de valores no Brasil. O tema está em constante debate sobre a existência dessa relação e até mesmo sobre sua relação com o custo de capital ser favorável ou não. A assimetria da informação foi estimada através da Probability of informed trading (PIN), mensurando de forma direta a existência de negociações com informação privilegiada para a confrontação com custo de capital das empresas brasileiras. O resultado encontrado não apresentou relação estatisticamente significante a 5% entre a PIN e o custo de capital, de forma que não foi possível verificar a relação entre assimetria da informação e o custo de capital. Adicionalmente, o coeficiente encontrado para a PIN no modelo adotado indica uma possível correlação negativa da variável estudada e o custo de capital, deste modo o estudo corrobora com a conclusão de Lambert et al. (2012), segundo a qual, em mercados líquidos, a assimetria da informação não exerce papel relevante e sim a quantidade e a qualidade da informação disponível, não importando a forma de entrada da informação no mercado. / The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the effect of information asymmetry on the cost of equity of companies traded in stock exchanges in Brazil. It is constantly debated whether this relationship exists and also whether information asymmetry\'s effect on the cost of equity is favorable or not. Information asymmetry has been estimated using the PIN (Probability of Informed Trading), directly measuring the existence of insider trading for confrontation with the cost of equity of Brazilian companies. The result obtained did not show a statistically significant relationship at the 5% level between the PIN and the cost of equity; therefore, it was not possible to ascertain the relationship between information asymmetry and cost of equity. Additionally, the coefficient found for the PIN on the selected model indicates a possible negative correlation between the studied variable and the cost of equity, which indicates that the study corroborates the conclusion of Lambert et al. (2012), according to which information asymmetry does not exert a significant role in liquid markets but rather this role is exerted by the quantity and quality of available information, regardless of how information reaches the market.

In January 2018, the regulations Mifid 2 & Mifir were introduced, which affect the securities market and thus the corporate bond market. The purpose of the introduction of the rules was, among other things, to increase transparency in the market as it was considered lacking. Transparency affects liquidity in later turn, as lower transparency can result in reduced liquidity. The study aims to see if there has been any change in liquidity since the transparency rules were introduced. To study this, a combination of quantitative and qualitative data is used. The quantitative data consists of 141 observations and the qualitative data consists of three interviews, this to generate a deeper analysis. The results of the study suggest that liquidity is generally good in the market, however, the results also indicate a decrease in liquidity. The results of the study thus contribute to future research and discussions regarding the regulations and possible improvements to make the market more transparent and liquid. / I januari år 2018 infördes regelverken Mifid 2 & Mifir, vilka berör värdepappersmarknaden och därmed företagsobligationsmarknaden. Syftet med reglernas införande var bland annat att öka transparensen på marknaden då den ansågs bristande. Transparensen påverkar i sin tur likviditeten då en lägre transparens kan resultera i att likviditeten minskar. Studien syftar tillatt se om det förekommer någon förändring i likviditeten sedan transparensreglerna infördes. För att studera detta används en kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ data. Kvantitativadata består av 141 observationer och kvalitativa data består av tre intervjuer, detta för attgenerera en djupare analys. Studiens resultat antyder att likviditeten generellt sett är god påmarknaden, dock indikerar även resultaten på en minskad likviditet. Resultaten i studien bidrar således till framtida forskning och diskussioner gällande regelverken och eventuella förbättringar för att marknaden ska bli mer transparent och likvid.

Introduction Due diligence or “företagsbesiktning” as it is called in Swedish is an approach to collect and review information about a company's characteristics and risks prior to negotiation and decision on a significant business transaction regarding the acquisition object. A due diligence is often carried out in connection with company transfers and in most cases buyers or sellers hire a law firm or auditing firm for the implementation. There are various forms of due diligence, of which the usual forms are commercial, financial and legal due diligence. Together, the forms of due diligence cover a wide area and are usually sufficient to succeed in identifying the most significant risks that a target company is covered by. In the implementation of company acquisitions, there is an information asymmetry between buyers and sellers. This means that salespeople who have the target company in their possession have more access to knowledge and information about the company's condition. A seller's information advantage can be reduced by a due diligence. The purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate and describe how due diligence is carried out in practice by law firms and auditing firms and whether it can be related to how the process is presented in the literature. The purpose is also to study whether the information asymmetry between buyers and sellers is reduced if a more thorough due diligence is carried out in a company acquisition. In addition, the goal is also to describe the way in which representatives of law firms and auditing firms in Sweden handle the information asymmetry between buyers and sellers in company acquisitions. Method The study's approach has been a qualitative method where qualitative data has been generated via 6 interviews with representatives of law firms and auditing firms in Sweden. The study is based on essential and existing literature that is proven through collected empirical data where own conclusions are drawn, thus the study applies a deductive approach. The conclusion The conclusion that can be drawn in this study is that due diligence in company acquisitions is carried out in practice much like Sevenius' (2021) description of the process where five steps are included; preparation, information gathering, analysis, reporting and implementation. The conclusion is also that the information asymmetry between buyers and sellers is reduced with a more thorough due diligence according to all representatives of law firms and auditing firms. Representatives of law firms and audit firms handle the information asymmetry between two parties through, for example, confidentiality agreements or that the advisers act as agents for the client and receive information about the target company. / Inledning Due diligence eller företagsbesiktning som det heter på svenska är ett angreppssätt för att insamla och granska information om ett företags egenskaper och risker inför förhandling och beslut om en betydande affärstransaktion beträffande förvärvsobjektet. En due diligence genomförs ofta i samband med företagsöverlåtelser och i de flesta fall anlitar köpare eller säljare en advokat- eller revisionsbyrå för genomförandet. Det finns olika former av due diligence, varav de sedvanliga formerna är kommersiell, finansiell och legal due diligence. Gemensamt täcker due diligence-formerna ett brett område och är oftast tillräckligt för att lyckas identifiera de mest väsentliga risker som ett målföretag omfattas av. Vid genomförandet av företagsförvärv föreligger en informationsasymmetri mellan köpare och säljare. Detta innebär att säljare som har målföretaget i sin besittning har mer tillgång till kunskap och information om företagets tillstånd. En säljares informationsövertag kan reduceras genom användningen av en due diligence. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera hur due diligence genomförs i praktiken av advokat- och revisionsbyråer samt om det kan relateras till hur processen framställs i litteraturen. Syftet är även att studera om informationsasymmetrin mellan köpare och säljare reduceras om en mer grundlig due diligence genomförs vid ett företagsförvärv. Därutöver är målet också att beskriva på vilket sätt företrädare för advokat- och revisionsbyråer i Sverige hanterar informationsasymmetrin mellan köpare och säljare vid företagsförvärv. Metod Studiens tillvägagångssätt har varit en kvalitativ metod där kvalitativa data har genererats via 6 intervjuer med företrädare för advokat- och revisionsbyråer i Sverige. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i väsentlig och befintlig litteratur som styrks genom insamlad empiri där egna slutsatser dras, således tillämpar studien en deduktiv ansats. Slutsats Slutsatsen som kan dras i denna studie är att due diligence vid företagsförvärv genomförs i praktiken ungefär som Sevenius (2021) beskrivning av processen där det ingår fem steg; förberedelse, informationsinsamling, analys, rapportering och implementering. Slutsatsen är även att informationsasymmetrin mellan köpare och säljare reduceras med en mer grundlig due diligence enligt samtliga företrädare för advokat- och revisionsbyråer. Företrädare för advokatoch revisionsbyråer hanterar informationsasymmetrin mellan två parter genom exempelvis sekretessavtal eller att rådgivarna fungerar som ombud för klienten och erhåller information om målbolaget.

Bakgrund: Hållbarhetsrapportering omfattar företagets redovisning av miljömässiga, ekonomiska och sociala påverkan. Enligt svensk lag är det obligatoriskt för större företag att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport men det finns även mindre företag som väljer att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport trots att de inte omfattas av detta lagkrav. Trots tidigare forskning inom hållbarhetsrapportering och dess olika motiv går det inte att precisera varför mindre företag väljer att frivilligt hållbarhetsredovisa och vilka de främst riktar sig till. De flesta studier som genomförts inom området riktas mot större företag och med en kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka motiv som ligger till grund för svenska mindre företags val att frivilligt upprätta hållbarhetsredovisning. Studien syftar också till att identifiera vilka intressenter som företagen tar hänsyn till vid upprättandet och riktar sina rapporter mot. Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod och genomfört olika typer av intervjuer med representanter för 6 mindre företag. Urvalet grundas på mindre svenska företag som väljer att upprätta en hållbarhetsredovisning trots att de inte är skyldiga till detta enligt lag. För att analysera materialet har en tematisk analys genomförts. Slutsats: Studien fann att en anledning till att mindre företag väljer att hållbarhetsredovisa är av legitimitetsskäl. De vill förmedla att de arbetar för ett hållbart och fungerande samhälle där de tar sin del av det gemensamma ansvaret. En annan orsak är för att minska den informationsasymmetri som finns mellan företaget och dess intressenter. Informationen som redovisas anpassas efter de huvudsakliga intressenterna för företaget, som för mindre företag visade sig vara kunder, leverantörer och anställda. / Background: Sustainability reporting includes the company's disclosure of environmental, economic and social impacts. According to Swedish law, it’s mandatory for larger companies to prepare a sustainability report, but there are also smaller companies that choose to prepare a sustainability report even though they are not covered by this legal requirement. Despite previous research in sustainability reporting and its various motives, it’s not possible to specify why smaller companies choose to voluntarily report on sustainability and which stakeholders they mainly target. Most studies conducted in the field are aimed at larger companies and with a quantitative research method. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate what motives is the basis for Swedish small companies' choice to voluntarily produce sustainability reports. The study also aims to identify which stakeholders the companies take into account when establishing and direct their reports to. Method: We have used a qualitative method and conducted various types of interviews with representatives of 6 smaller companies. The selection is based on smaller Swedish companies that choose to produce a sustainability report even though they are not obliged to do so by law. To analyze the material, a thematic analysis has been implemented. Conclusion: The study found that one reason why smaller companies choose to report sustainability is for legitimacy reasons. They want to show that they work for a sustainable and functioning society where they take their share of the joint responsibility. Another reason is to reduce the information asymmetry that exists between the company and its stakeholders. The information that’s reported is adapted to the main stakeholders for the company, which for smaller companies turned out to be customers, suppliers and employees.

This study examines the relationship between firm innovation and Initial Public Offering (IPO) underpricing in the Swedish stock market by examining 287 firms that went public on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and Nasdaq First North during the years 2010 – 2020. An OLS regression model is utilized to analyze the relationship between underpricing, measured as the initial returns, and firm innovation, measured as patents and Research and Development (R&D). The average initial returns for the sample were (+8,16 %) showing that IPOs are, on average, underpriced in the Swedish stock market. While the connection between patents and underpricing was negligible, the results indicated that firms that reported R&D expenditures separately, specifying how much of their expenditures were spent on R&D, experienced a small decrease in IPO underpricing. Also, a slightly larger decrease in IPO underpricing was found for the firms that both had patents and reported their IPO expenditures separately. Thus, these results indicate that firms with a higher level of innovation are “leaving less money on the table”.