BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in women, with 276,480 women diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States in 2020.1 Death from breast cancer is usually caused by metastasis to distant sites, rather than from the primary tumor itself.2 Regional spread of breast cancer to the tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLN) often precedes further dissemination to the rest of the body, and as such is an important prognostic tool during cancer diagnosis and staging.3 During tumor growth, multiple immune cells and stromal cells in both the primary tumor microenvironment (pTME) and the TDLN undergo changes that promote tumor growth, metastasis and immune evasion in the TDLN and to the rest of the body. Among breast cancer subtypes, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive, and is most likely to be resistant to traditional chemotherapies, has the worst 5-year survival percentage, regardless of stage.4 Additionally, human growth factor receptor-2 (Her2) positive breast cancers are aggressive breast cancers as well, and Her2+ breast cancers are most likely to metastasize to the TDLN.5 PROBLEM: Little is known about how breast cancer cells induce genetic or transcriptomic changes in immune cells and stromal cells in the lymph node microenvironment and pTME as cancer cells metastasize to the TDLN. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate changes observed in immune and stromal cells in the TDLN via single cell sequencing, and to quantify changes in exhaustion status of lymphocytes in the metastatic TDLN microenvironment that may be causal of lymph node metastasis. METHODS: With a bioinformatics approach on single cell RNA sequencing, and with flow cytometry, we will measure changes in the transcriptomes of cells in the primary tumor microenvironment and the TDLN and compare changes in the primary site, tumor draining lymph node, and a normal lymph node. We measure changes in the expression of canonical exhaustion markers and inhibitory receptors: Tim-3, Lag-3, Tigit, CTLA-4, PD-1, and CD160 in lymphocytes in the metastatic TDLN and nonmetastatic spleens in Balb/c mice with flow cytometry. Additionally, we measured changes in myeloid and lymphoid populations in the spleens and lymph nodes with flow cytometry. RESULTS: B cell accumulation was observed in both the single cell RNA sequencing analysis and via flow cytometry in both the metastatic TDLN itself and in the spleens of mice with metastasis to the TDLN. Increased RNA of exhaustion markers in CD8+ T cells was observed in the primary tumor samples. Additionally, a trend of increased Natural Killer cells, B cells, naive and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing canonical exhaustion markers was observed in both the metastatic TDLNs and the spleens of mice with cancer, indicating systemic immune suppression may occur as TNBCs and Her2+ breast cancers metastasize to the TDLN. / 2022-11-24T00:00:00Z

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune connective tissue disorder. SSc presents with severe pathological clinical manifestations, including vasculature abnormalities, dysregulation of the immune system, and excessive extracellular matrix deposition that results in tissue fibrosis. How immune system abnormalities impact SSc remains poorly understood. Here we sought to explore the role of co-inhibitory receptors (co-IRs), which are important regulators of autoimmune responses. Previous studies showed altered co-IR expression in various autoimmune diseases, including SSc. Here we show that T cells co-expressing the co-IRs programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) are expanded in lung tissue obtained from SSc patients, as compared to healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, we found a significant association between the frequency of PD-1+TIGIT+ CD4+ T cells and lung disease in SSc patients. In addition, PD-1+TIGIT- and PD-1+TIGIT+ CD4+ cells in SSc patients showed an altered balance in cytokine production, characterized by reduced secretion of Interferon-γ, a cytokine with known anti-fibrotic properties, and increased levels of Interleukin-4, which is known for its pro-fibrotic activities. To test the impact of this changed cytokine balance on fibroblast biology, we co-cultured PD-1+TIGIT- and PD-1+TIGIT+ CD4+ T cells with normal dermal fibroblasts and found that PD-1+TIGIT- and PD-1+TIGIT+ T cells from SSc patients showed a reduced capacity to suppress collagen production, compared to the same subsets from HC subjects. Thus, co-IR-expressing T cells from SSc patients show features of dysfunction and may have lost anti-fibrotic activities. To further define the phenotype and functions of co-IR-expressing T cells subsets in SSc patients, we next designed a comprehensive immunophenotyping panel for full spectrum flow cytometry (FSFC) that included detection of lineage-defining transcription factors. Using this novel panel and an unbiased analysis approach, we compared T cell subset composition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HC subjects, and SSc and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Our analysis revealed broad shifts such as a decrease in the naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartment in SSc and in SLE patients. Importantly, changes in specific T cell subsets that were discovered in SLE patients, but not SSc patients, had a broad increase in T helper (Th)1 and T cytotoxic (Tc)1 subsets and a decrease in Th2/Tc2 subsets compared to HC subjects. Interestingly, we found a distinct Tc1 subset with exhaustion characteristics that was significantly reduced in both SSc and SLE patients compared to HC subjects. In the γδ T cell population, we found that while T-bet+ Vδ2 cells were decreased in SSc and SLE patients, the T-bet+ Vδ1 subset showed proliferative characteristics and was increased in SLE. Importantly, our analysis revealed differences in specific T cell subsets between SSc patients treated with immunosuppressants vs untreated patients, including an increase in Th17 cells in diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) patients that were not treated with immunosuppressants, and an increase in memory regulatory T cells in both dcSSc and limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) patients that were not treated with immunosuppressants. Our study demonstrates the value of a multiparameter FSFC panel in the identification of differentially represented and novel subsets of T cells in SSc and other autoimmune diseases. We demonstrated that T cell subset composition is altered in the peripheral blood of SSc patients and show that features of specific T cell subsets’ dysfunction are potentially contributing to SSc pathophysiology.

abstract: Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and adolescents. Patients with metastatic osteosarcoma are typically refractory to treatment. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) limit the development of metastatic osteosarcoma. I have investigated the role of Programmed Death Receptor-1 (PD-1) in limiting the efficacy of immune mediated control of metastatic osteosarcoma. I show that human metastatic, but not primary, osteosarcoma tumors express the ligand for PD-1 (PD-L1) and that tumor infiltrating CTL express PD-1, suggesting this pathway may limit CTL control of metastatic osteosarcoma in patients. PD-L1 is also expressed on the K7M2 osteosarcoma tumor cell line that establishes metastases in mice, and PD-1 is expressed on tumor infiltrating CTL during disease progression. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions dramatically improves the function of osteosarcoma-reactive CTL in vitro and in vivo, and results in decreased tumor burden and increased survival in the K7M2 mouse model of metastatic osteosarcoma. My results suggest that blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in patients with metastatic osteosarcoma should be pursued as a therapeutic strategy. However, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade treated mice still succumb to disease due to selection of PD-L1 mAb resistant tumor cells via up-regulation of other co-inhibitory T cell receptors. Combinational α-CTLA-4 and α-PD-L1 blockade treated mice were able to completely eradicate metastatic osteosarcoma, and generate immunity to disease. These results suggest that blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in patients with metastatic osteosarcoma, although improves survival, may lead to tumor resistance, requiring combinational immunotherapies to combat and eradicate disease. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Molecular and Cellular Biology 2015

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a small RNA virus that progresses to chronicity in 50-80% of infected individuals. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are revolutionary treatments for HCV with 90-98% cure rates. However, over time, chronic HCV infections can result in advanced liver disease, including cirrhosis. Patients with advanced fibrosis experience a poor response to vaccination, recurrent infections and increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These outcomes are, in part, a consequence of immune dysfunction. Increased inhibitory receptor and Galectin-9 (GAL-9) expression is a possible mechanism promoting lymphocyte dysfunction. In this study, blood samples were collected from chronic HCV patients with different degrees of liver fibrosis. I conducted a 13-parameter flow stain on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of these patients. Next, I measured the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT and TIM-3) and GAL-9 on bulk T cell and NK cells of 15 chronic HCV patients with no to moderate fibrosis (F0-F2) and 15 with advanced fibrosis (F3-F4). To analyze receptor co-expression, I employed t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) analysis to dimensionally reduce the multi-parametric data. Notably, I found that F3-F4 patients had higher frequencies of >3 inhibitory receptor co-expression on NK cells. Moreover, t-SNE analysis of bulk T cells revealed that F3-F4 patients manifest a higher frequency of cells in the clusters with CD25+TIGITmed-hi CD4+ T cells and PD-1medLAG-3med-hiGAL-9med-hi CD4+ T cells. t-SNE analysis of NK cells also showed that F3-F4 patients manifest a higher frequency of cells in the cluster with CD25+TIGITmed-hiTIM-3med-hi CD56Dim NK cells and CCR7+ PD-1medLAG-3med-hiGAL-9med-hi CD56Dim NK cells. Lastly, the frequency of cells in these clusters was found to positively correlate with patient’s extent of liver damage. In conclusion, I identified phenotypes of immune dysregulation that could explain the increased susceptibility to infection and HCC in chronic HCV patients with advanced fibrosis. These phenotypes could identify targets for combinatorial checkpoint blockade therapy to potentially improve immune function in these patients.

Introduction. Après 40 ans de recherche, l’éradication de la pandémie mondiale à VIH n’est pas encore à notre portée. Si le Canada a connu une raréfaction des cas de transmissions verticales, en 2019 on compte plus de 1,8 million d’enfants infectés par le VIH. Durant l’infection à VIH, la thérapie antirétrovirale (TAR) et les réponses immunitaires à médiation cellulaire, y compris celles véhiculées par les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques CD8+ (CTL), jouent aussi un rôle important dans la limitation de la réplication virale. L’atteinte et le maintien d’une suppression virale soutenue (SVS) sous l’effet de la TAR sont associés à une limitation de taille du réservoir cellulaire du VIH pédiatrique. Si l’on possède beaucoup d’informations sur le développement et l’évolution des réponses immunitaires à médiation cellulaire dirigées contre le VIH chez l’adulte, ce n’est pas le cas au niveau pédiatrique. Cette thèse avait pour but de caractériser la complexité phénotypique et fonctionnelle de la réponse antivirale des cellules CD8+ chez les enfants et les adolescents infectés par le VIH-1. Objectifs : Caractériser les réponses anti-VIH-1 à médiation cellulaire chez les enfants et les adolescents infectés. Mesurer la réponse immunitaire dirigée spécifiquement contre la protéine Gag du VIH-1. Nous avons aussi étudié l’expression des marqueurs d’épuisement des cellules T chez l’enfant et l’adolescent infectés verticalement, ainsi que le transcriptome des cellules T CD8+ effectrices mémoires. Résultats : Les enfants et les adolescents sont capables de développer des réponses à médiation cellulaire dirigées spécifiquement contre le VIH-1, et cela malgré une longue période sous TAR. Les réponses observées sont influencées par l’âge et la proportion de vie cumulative sous SVS (cPLUS). Les réponses IFN- spécifiques au VIH sont augmentées avec l'âge en termes d'amplitude et de spectre de reconnaissance antigénique et sont diminuée avec une cPLUS plus faible, ce qui pourrait refléter une exposition moindre aux antigènes du VIH. Les mécanismes de l'expansion quantitative des réponses des lymphocytes T sont différents de ceux qui conduisent à l'élargissement du spectre de reconnaissance des antigènes viraux par les lymphocytes T de l’hôte. L’âge et la cPLUS exerçaient une influence sur l’expression des récepteurs inhibiteurs, ce qui pourrait contribuer à la difficulté d’atteindre et de maintenir une SVS ainsi que la progression plus rapide de l’infection chez les enfants vivant avec le VIH. Comparativement aux lymphocytes T CD4+, des fréquences plus élevées de lymphocytes T CD8+ exprimaient des récepteurs inhibiteurs et exprimaient un plus grand nombre de récepteurs différents. Cette tendance était influencée par l'âge. Cela indique que les lymphocytes T CD8+ sont plus épuisés que les lymphocytes T CD4+, ce qui pourrait contribuer à la persistance du VIH de l'enfance à l'âge adulte sous TAR. Cependant, les corrélations des fréquences de cellules exprimant des récepteurs inhibiteurs avec l'ampleur des réponses immunitaires à médiation cellulaire spécifiques au VIH suggèrent fortement que ces cellules n'étaient pas fonctionnellement épuisées. L’âge et la cPLUS exerçaient une influence déterminante sur l’expression de certains gènes. L’exploitation de technologies récentes pour l’étude du transcriptome des cellules T CD8+ mémoires au niveau unicellulaire nous ont permis d’obtenir une grande quantité de données à partir qu’un faible échantillon de cellules. Les participants avec une longue cPLUS avaient une fréquence plus grande de cellules exprimant CD69 et exprimant des gènes stimulés par l'interféron (ISG). Cependant, chez ces patients, on observait également une expression moindre des gènes associés à l’épuisement. Conclusion. Nous avons apporté des réponses quant aux mécanismes de la réponse immunitaire pédiatrique, mais aussi d’identifier les facteurs qui peuvent l’influencer. Cependant, l’écriture de la thèse a révélé une carence importante dans la compréhension des mécanismes de l’immunité au niveau pédiatrique au niveau de la littérature. Pour dépasser les limites des études pédiatriques, il existe un besoin constant de mettre en place des techniques de suivi immunitaire réalisables sur de petits échantillons biologiques. / Introduction. After 40 years of research, the eradication of the global HIV pandemic is not yet within our reach. While Canada has experienced a decline in cases of vertical transmission, in 2019 there were more than 1.8 million children infected with HIV. During HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cell-mediated immune responses, including those mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), also play an important role in limiting viral replication. The achievement and maintenance of sustained viral suppression (SVS) under the effect of ART are associated with a limitation in the size of the cellular reservoir of HIV at the pediatric level. While there is a lot of information on the development and evolution of cell-mediated immune responses against HIV, this is not the case at the pediatric level. This thesis aimed to characterize the phenotypic and functional complexity of the antiviral response of CD8+ cells in children and adolescents infected with HIV-1. Objectives: To characterize cell-mediated anti-HIV-1 responses in infected children and adolescents. To measure the immune response directed specifically against the Gag protein of HIV-1. To study the expression of T cell exhaustion markers in vertically infected children and adolescents, as well as the transcriptome of effector memory CD8+ T cells. Results: Children and adolescents are able to develop cell-mediated responses specifically directed against HIV, despite SVS under ART. The immune responses observed are influenced by age and the proportion of cumulative life on SVS (cPLUS). HIV-specific IFN- responses are increased with age in terms of amplitude and antigen recognition spectrum and are decreased with lower cPLUS, which may reflect shorter exposure to HIV antigens. Two distinct mechanisms of T cell responses were observed. On one hand quantitative expansion of T cell responses and on the other hand the broadening of the T cells spectrum of viral antigens recognition. Age and cPLUS exerted an influence on the expression of inhibitory receptors, which could contribute to the difficulty of achieving and maintaining SVS as well as the more rapid progression of infection in children living with HIV. Compared to CD4+ T cells, higher frequencies of CD8+ T cells expressed inhibitory receptors and expressed more different type of receptors. This trend was influenced by age. This indicates that CD8+ T cells are more depleted than CD4+ T cells, which may contribute to the persistence of HIV from childhood to adulthood on ART. However, correlations of frequencies of cells expressing inhibitory receptors with the magnitude of HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses strongly suggest that these cells were not functionally exhausted but rather recently activated. Age and cPLUS exerted a determining influence on the expression of certain genes. The exploitation of recent technologies for the study of the transcriptome of memory CD8+ T cells at the single-cell level has enabled us to obtain a large amount of data from only a small biological sample. Participants with long cPLUS had a higher frequency of cells expressing CD69 and ISGs. However, in these patients, there was also a lower expression of genes associated with exhaustion. Conclusion. We have provided answers as to the mechanisms of the pediatric immune response but also identify the factors that can influence it. However, the writing of the thesis revealed an important deficiency in the understanding of the immunity mechanisms at the pediatric level in current literature. To overcome limits in pediatric studies, there is a constant need to set up immune monitoring techniques that can be performed on small biological samples Keywords: HIV, perinatal infection, inhibitory receptors, immune response, sustained viral suppression.

In last decades, with expansion of immunological and biological methods are developed new diagnostical and treatment processes, which enable stratification of patients into sanative groups and trend to individual therapy. Absolutely transparent are effects relevant to leukemia. Present treatment procedures enable not only longer survivance of patients, but often their stable sanation. In present time is in progress intesive research imunotherapy NK cells, which could be able to finish minimal residual disease after chemotherapeutical treatment, which is evoke by persistant malignant cells. Next advantage of this treatment procedure is elimination of system disease in cosequence of exactly pointed cure. In this work he attended in vitro testing to possibility of utilization imunotherapeutic treatment by NK cells acute and chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic lymfoblastic leukemia. Using flow cytometry methods we detected activation and inhibitory ligands which are recognized by NK cells on the cell surface of leukemia blasts. These are members of MHC complex HLA-E, molecules derived from MHC class I (MICA, MICB), UL16-binding proteins (ULBP-1, ULBP -2, ULBP -3, ULBP -4) and also Hsp70 protein according to the newest observation. We also atended to detection of expression inducible heat shock...

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