Diese Doktorarbeit behandelt neue Methoden der numerischen Evolution von Systemen mit binären Schwarzen Löchern. Wir analysieren und vergleichen Evolutionen von verschiedenen physikalisch motivierten Anfangsdaten und zeigen Resultate der ersten Evolution von so genannten 'Thin Sandwich' Daten, die von der Gruppe in Meudon entwickelt wurden. <br /> Zum ersten Mal wurden zwei verschiedene Anfangsdaten anhand von dreidimensionalen Evolutionen verglichen: die Puncture-Daten und die Thin-Sandwich Daten. Diese zwei Datentypen wurden im Hinblick auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften während der Evolution verglichen. <br /> Die Evolutionen zeigen, dass die Meudon Daten im Vergleich zu Puncture Daten wesentlich mehr Zeit benötigen bevor sie kollidieren. Dies deutet auf eine bessere Abschätzung der Parameter hin. Die Kollisionszeiten der numerischen Evolutionen sind konsistent mit unabhängigen Schätzungen basierend auf Post-Newtonschen Näherungen die vorhersagen, dass die Schwarzen Löcher ca. 60% eines Orbits rotieren bevor sie kollidieren. / This thesis presents new approaches to evolutions of binary black hole systems in numerical relativity. We analyze and compare evolutions from various physically motivated initial data sets, in particular presenting the first evolutions of Thin Sandwich data generated by the Meudon group. <br /> For the first time two different quasi-circular orbit initial data sequences are compared through fully 3d numerical evolutions: Puncture data and Thin Sandwich data (TSD) based on a helical killing vector ansatz. The two different sets are compared in terms of the physical quantities that can be measured from the numerical data, and in terms of their evolutionary behavior. <br /> The evolutions demonstrate that for the latter, "Meudon" datasets, the black holes do in fact orbit for a longer amount of time before they merge, in comparison with Puncture data from the same separation. This indicates they are potentially better estimates of quasi-circular orbit parameters. The merger times resulting from the numerical simulations are consistent with independent Post-Newtonian estimates that the final plunge phase of a black hole inspiral should take 60% of an orbit.

This study follows student teachers from initial teacher education into their first teaching jobs, with the aim of gaining insights how student teachers become teachers of mathematics and science. The study has in two stages. In the first part focus, the focus is on the beliefs and conceptions – termed here as ’personal didactics’- that student teachers have about teaching and learning mathematics and science. These are captured by open-ended interviews on completion of initial teacher education. Stage 1 is thus subject specific. Findings indicate that student teachers have an applied approach to mathematics and science. Findings of the study challenge teacher education to develop mathematics and science as a more democratic, moral and cultural enterprise. It is suggested that closer connections are needed between different parts of initial teacher with a continued discussion about how and in what areas subject teaching can develop in teacher education. The second stage of research - two years later – involved data collection through observation, field notes and post-observation interviews. This stage is a follow-up study building on the stage 1 and has a more sociological emphasis inspired by Bernstein’s concept of educational codes. The research shows how the structure of schools influences teachers and their possibilities to enact teaching that is consistent with their understanding of mathematics and science as school subjects. Schools have different codes and teachers’ practices were constrained by the opportunities that each school offered as well as each teacher’s personal didactics. Most of the teachers in the study worked in schools organised in such a way that new teachers have considerable autonomy over their own teaching. After two years of practise teachers generally felt freer to organise science teaching and put more planning and preparation of science lessons as compared to mathematics. The overall study illuminates the relationship between initial teacher education and school practice, and suggests an enhancement of initial teacher education and professional development as a unity.

I denna uppsats utreds varumärkesrättens tillämpning på domännamnstvister i USA och Norden. Frågan om denna tillämpning är enhetlig med den traditio-nella varumärkesrätten, och om denna traditionella rätt är tillräcklig eller lämp-lig för att hantera domännamnstvister, belyses. Det grundläggande syftet inom både nordisk och amerikansk varumärkesrätt är skyddandet av konsumenter genom förhindrandet av användning av förväx-lingsbart varumärke, och skyddandet av det upparbetade värdet i välkända va-rumärken. Trots rättsenhetlighet inom dessa två läror har USA också utvecklat en lära om initial intresseförväxling, vilket inte finner någon motsvarighet i Norden. Denna lära fokuserar på risken för en förväxling före köpet som skingras innan detta genomförs. Domännamn finnes vara lätta att registrera och ha en särskiljande funktion lik-nande varumärkens. Detta har lett till ett antal domännamnstvister i främst USA, men även Danmark har haft flertalet dylika tvister. I Norge och Sverige har domstolarna endast behandlat ett fåtal domännamnstvister. Kollisioner mellan domännamnsregistrerare och varumärkesinnehavare uppstår på grund av dessa båda företeelsers likhet i särskiljnings- och identifierings-funktion. Antalet tvister ökar då både varumärken och domännamn har en stor och ökande vikt i dagens samhälle både ekonomiskt och ideellt. I rättspraxis kring domännamnstvister har ofta varumärkesinnehavare tillmätts ett långtgående skydd vilket bör ses som en utvidgning av deras rätt jämfört med praxis i verkliga världen. Domstolarna har ibland bortsett från väsentliga krav uppställda i lagtexten samt från hur Internets flyktiga natur påverkar lämp-ligheten i tillämpningen av vissa läror. För att få en mer korrekt och lämplig praxis bör viss ny lagstiftning skapas, men viktigast är en korrekt tillämpning av traditionell varumärkesrätt. / In this paper it is investigated if the trade mark laws application on domain name disputes in the U.S. and Nordic correspond with the traditional trade mark law. The question if this doctrine is enough and suitable for domain name disputes are also illuminated. The fundamental purpose within both Nordic and American trade mark law is the protection of consumers by the prevention of use of confusing trade marks, and the protection of the worked up value in famous trade marks. De-spite a large unity in these two doctrines the U.S. has also developed an initial interest confusion doctrine which has no correspondence in the Nordic. This doctrine focuses on the risk of a pre-sale confusion dispelled before the pur-chase is conceived. Domain names are easy to register and has a distinctive function similar to trade marks function. This fact has led to an amount of domain name disputes in foremost the U.S., but Denmark has also faced several disputes of that kind. In Norway and Sweden the courts have been faced with only a few domain name disputes. Collisions between domain name registrars and trade mark holders come up due to these both phenomenons’ similarity in distinction and identification function. The amount of disputes concerning domain names are increasing be-cause both trade marks and domain names play an important and increasing role in today’s society both economically and idealistically. In the domain name case law the trade mark holder often has apportioned an extensive protection which should be considered as an expansion compared with their rights in the real world. The courts have occasionally disregarded es-sential requirements in the trade mark acts and how the volatile nature of Internet influences the appropriateness in the application of some doctrines. For a more correct and adequate praxis some new legislation need to be founded, but most important is to applicate the trade mark law correct.

The concept of grandstanding comes from Gompers (1996), in his article, he defined “to grandstand” as “to act or conduct oneself with a view to impressing onlookers”. The idea of grandstanding does not only apply solely to venture capital but also could apply to underwriters of IPOs industry as well. IPOs activities provide huge revenues for underwriters, so underwriters compete with each other for IPO business. China’s stock market grows explosively after 2006, and it has the highest underpricing, as well as more and more underwriters have emerged recently, so our paper is constrained under Chinese stock market environment. We empirically examine whether inexperienced underwriters grandstand when they conduct IPOs in order to achieve more market shares, for example by deliberate underpricing or charging lower fee rates. This study is conducted from the underwriter’s perspective. We use two kinds of reputation measurement methods to define “inexperienced” and “prestigious underwriters” and employ a quantitative approach to analyze the data. Evidence from a sample of 392 IPOs from June 19, 2006 to March 24, 2010 suggests that inexperienced underwriters do not have incentives to grandstand. The number of IPOs that underwriters have conducted and recent IPO performance do not always contribute to a gain of market share directly. Therefore, inexperienced underwriters do not provide more underpriced IPOs nor do they charge lower fee rates. Evidence also marginally supports that underwriters do not intend to conduct small offer sized IPOs.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det förkommer underprissättning och om den består de första fem månaderna samt finna sannolikheten för en positiv utveckling efter börsintroduktionen. Eftersom vi har studerat kursförändringar efter börsintroduktioner har vi valt att använda en kvantitativ metodansats i form av en eventstudie. Teorierna behandlar främst förklaringar till varför en underprissättning sker samt hur publicitet och informations asymmetri påverkar prissättningen. Teorier som berörs är bland annat ”Winners Curse”, ”Cascade theory” och ”Signalling theory”. Våra empiriska data kommer främst från bolagens prospekt samt kursinformation från Affärsvärlden och Stockholmsbörsen. Prospekten har visat kursintervall och introduktionsdatum, val av garant med mera. Affärsvärlden visar branschtillhörighet samt bransch- och indexhistorik. Stockholmsbörsen tillför slutkurser för samtliga bolag samt information om noteringskrav och -process. Studien visar att de nyintroducerade bolagen har varit underprissatta med i genomsnitt 2,17% under perioden 2001-2006, vilket är betydligt lägre än vad tidigare studier visat. Detta beror främst på att de tidigare studierna har baserats på den amerikanska marknaden och under en tidsperiod då större underprissättning har förekommit än under 2001-2006. Den genomsnittliga utvecklingen efter 5 dagar, 1 månad, 3 månader, 5 månader respektive 1 år har varit 2,40%, 2,46%, 3,06%, 3,73% respektive 5,01%. Det har även förkommit stora skillnader mellan olika branscher, garanter, introduktionsår, introduktionspris och överteckningsgrad. / The purpose of this essay is to examine if it occurs under pricing and if it last the first five month and find the probability of a positive share development after a initial public offering. Since we have studied exchange fluctuation after initial public offerings have we chosen to use an quantitative method approach. The theories consider explanations to why under pricing occurs and how publicity and information asymmetry affect the price determination. ”Winners Curse”, ”Cascade theory” and ”Signalling theory” are some of the theories that are mentioned. Our empirical data is mainly captured from the companies prospects and share price information from Affärsvärlden and the Stockholm Exchange. The prospects has shown share price intervals, initial public offering dates, underwriter etc. Affärsvärlden show type of business and index history. The Stockholm Exchange contribute closing prices for all of the studied companies and information about demands for quotation and the process regarding initial public offerings. Our study show that initial public offerings have been under priced with an average of 2,17% during the period 2001-2006, which is considerably lower than earlier studies. The reason is mainly because the earlier studies has based on the American stock market and under a period when larger under pricing have existed. The average development after 5 days, 1 month, 3 months, 5 months respectively 1 year has been 2,40%, 2,46%, 3,06%, 3,73% respectively 5,01%. It has also occurred big differences between different type of business, underwriters, year of introduction, oversubscribtion and initial share price.

This research is based on native companies and underwriters¡¦ perspectives to discuss the advantages and decision making process of listing a company¡¦s stocks in Taiwan capital market or in oversea markets. It further analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of Taiwan and Hong Kong capital markets in legal and trading aspects, when also taking the costs into consideration. By analyzing the advantages/disadvantages of each capital market and the encourage policies of both governments, it illustrates the factors that influence a company to choose a favorable market in order to maximize its value. This research compares the following issues¡G A. The IPO regulations of Taiwan and Hong Kong capital markets B. The scales of Taiwan and Hong Kong capital markets C. The costs for IPO in Taiwan and Hong Kong capital markets By referring related articles, it induces the following results¡G A. Common benefits from IPO¡GMore convenient channels for fund raise, increasing international reputation, enhancing internal control system and management, brain gain, more Merger & Acquisition opportunities, and providing shareholders flexible financial planning. B. Planning IPO in local or foreign markets, a company¡¦s consideration would be different. The differentiation is mainly from¡G 1. different goals and strategies 2. different costs and benefits 3. different requirements and qualification for going public. C. The reasons for low management fee are¡G 1. Since underwriters mainly focus on capital gain, not management fee, there is not enough motivation for them to adjust the rate of management fee. 2. numerous underwriters result fierce price competition 3. management fee is related to industry/economy growth and recession 4. Investors might doubt whether the probability of their participating in security allocations is not equal to others. Last, this research provides the conclusion and recommendations. Via comparing these two capital markets, we look for the best solution to change the inferior position of Taiwan capital market and underwriters, and at least provide useful information for our government authorities, underwriters, and companies who are interested in going public in Hong Kong.

A perfect duality exists between the problem of space-based orbit determination from line-of-sight measurements and the problem of designing an interplanetary autonomous navigation system. Mathematically, these two problems are equivalent. Any method solving the first problem can be used to solve the second one and, vice versa. While the first problem estimates the observed unknown object orbit using the known observer orbit, the second problem does exactly the opposite (e.g. the spacecraft observes a known visible planet). However, in an interplanetary navigation problem, in addition to the measurement noise, the following "perturbations" must be considered: 1) light-time effect due to the finite speed of light and large distances between the observer and planets, and 2) light aberration including special relativistic effect. These two effects require corrections of the initial orbit estimation problems. Because of the duality problem of space-based orbit determination, several new techniques of angles-only Initial Orbit Determination (IOD) are here developed which are capable of using multiple observations and provide higher orbit estimation accuracy and also they are not suffering from some of the limitations associated with the classical and some newly developed methods of initial orbit determination. Using multiple observations make these techniques suitable for the coplanar orbit determination problems which are the case for the spacecraft navigation using visible planets as the solar system planets are all almost coplanar. Four new IOD techniques were developed and Laplace method was modified. For the autonomous navigation purpose, Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is employed. The output of the IOD algorithm is then used as the initial condition to extended Kalman filter. The two "perturbations" caused by light-time effect and stellar aberration including special relativistic effect also need to be taken into consideration and corrections should be implemented into the extended Kalman filter scheme for the autonomous spacecraft navigation problem.

Using 196 reverse leveraged buyout (RLBO) transactions between 1981 and 2006, I examine the operational benefits to leveraged buyouts (LBO). Operational drivers of firm value are defined as: increases in gross profits, operating income, return on assets, net income, working capital management, and cash flow generation. Initial analysis supports the literature of minimal deterioration of post-IPO performance. Where most studies analyze RLBOs as a whole, I find that when broken into top and bottom performance group pre-IPO, data show performance increases for bottom performers and performance decreases for top performers. Top performing firms pre-IPO lose up to 50% of industry adjusted performance by five years after going public, consistent with the hypothesis that LBO structures increase efficiency.

The flying-wing is a type of configuration which is a tailless airplane accommodating all of its parts within the outline of a single airfoil. Theoretically, it has the most aerodynamic efficiency. The fuel consumption can be more efficient than the existed conventional airliner. It seems that this configuration can achieve the above mentioned requirements. According to these outstanding advantages, many aircraft companies did a great deal of projects on the flying-wing concept. However, the application was only for sport and military use; for airliner, none of them entered production. FW-11 is a flying-wing configuration airliner which is a design cooperation between Cranfield University and Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). Aiming the spatial economic and environmental needs, this 200-seat airliner would attract attention from airline companies for cost saving and environmental protection. Before start, this program is designated for a new generation commercial aircraft to compete with the existing same capability airliner, such as Airbus A320 and Boeing 767. As the first team of this program, the aim is to finish the conceptual design and prepare the relevant document for next two teams that will perform preliminary and detail design. As a member of FW-11 program and as part of the GDP, the author has been through the four conceptual design stages: engine manufacturers, aircraft family issues, structure design and the establishment of 3-D CAD model. The aim of IRP study is to focus on the initial fuselage design.

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