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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Optimisation of liquid fuel injection in gas turbine engines

Comer, Adam Landon January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
62

Měření na panelu Common-rail / Measurement Panel Common-rail

HART, Petr January 2016 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with practical measurements on the fuel system of the diesel engine system Common rail. The thesis is divided into tvo basic parts. The first part is theoretical and has the task to familiarize the reader with the history of the diesel injection until after the system Common-rail, where the principle and part of this system will be explained. The second part is focused on the possibility of practical measurement to the fuel system Common-rail on the tutorial panel. Measurement tasks for students will be created on the basis of practical measurements, including the sample assignment, and the elaboration of the form of the protocol. Verification tasks on students and the evaluation of the thesis work will be carried out in the conclusion.
63

Numerical simulation of ignition in aeronautical combustion chambers / Simulation numérique de l'allumage dans les chambres de combustion aéronautiques

Barre, David 30 January 2014 (has links)
Pour des raisons évidentes d’opération et de sécurité, l’allumage est un problème essentiel dans les moteurs aéronautiques. La conception d’une chambre de combustion de turbine à gaz intègre de multiples objectifs contradictoires, l’un d’entre eux étant un allumage ou ré-allumage efficace des brûleurs. Parmi les paramètres dont disposent les ingénieurs dans la phase d’optimisation du design, le nombre de systèmes d’injection de carburant et leur espacement sont des points cruciaux qui doivent être fixés dès le début. En effet, de tels choix ont non seulement un impact sur le coût de fabrication et la taille de la chambre mais ils affectent aussi l’efficacité d’un moteur ainsi que ses caractéristiques d’allumage. Afin d’améliorer les connaissances relatives au processus l’allumage dans des moteurs réels, la recherche actuelle combine des expériences fondamentales de plus en plus complexes et des simulations numériques de haute fidélité. Ces actions se concentrent d’une part sur les premiers instants où le noyau de flamme apparaît et d’autre part sur la phase de propagation entre les différents brûleurs. Ces deux phases sont capitales mais restent difficiles à étudier simultanément. Le premier objectif de cette thèse vise à évaluer les modèles SGE sur un seul brûleur expérimental situé au CORIA (France) pour mettre en place une méthodologie fiable afin de réaliser numériquement une séquence d’allumage dans des conditions d’opération réelles et équivalentes aux premiers instants. Une telle étude met en jeu plusieurs phénomènes tels que les écoulement swirlés, l’allumage, l’extinction, la propagation de flamme et les interactions flamme/turbulence. Tous ces processus et mécanismes interagissent et augmentent de façon significative le niveau de difficulté, notamment pour modéliser la combustion turbulente d’un tel allumage. Ces modèles requièrent donc d’être évalués précisément. Ensuite, ce travail examine par la simulation numérique la phase de propagation en utilisant les expériences réalisées sur une chambre composée de plusieurs injecteurs. La comparaison des séquences d’allumage obtenues numériquement avec celles des données expérimentales montre que la SGE reproduit les bonnes tendances et s’avère prédictive. D’un point de vue global, les caractéristiques de propagation du front de flamme en direction des injecteurs voisins sont bien capturées par le numériquemontrant desmodes de propagation identiques à ceux obtenus expérimentalement (radial ou axial) et des temps d’allumage similaires. Pour finir, l’analyse détaillée de ces données numériques a permis d’identifier les mécanismes principaux qui sont à l’origine des différents modes de propagation. / For evident operational and safety reasons, ignition is a key feature of aeronautical gas turbine applications. In fact the design of a gas turbine combustion chamber imposes multiple contradicting objectives one of them being efficient ignition or re-ignition. Among all the parameters available to the engineers, the number of fuel injection systems and their spacing are crucial elements, that must be fixed early on in the design phase. Such choices however not only impact the manufacturing cost and size of the combustor but they also affect the operability of the engine as well as its ignition. To improve knowledge of the ignition process occurring in real engines, current research combines fundamental and increasingly complex experiments complemented by high fidelity numerical simulations. These actions focus on the one hand on the initial instants where the first flame kernel appears as well as the follow-on instants corresponding to the light-around phase or burner to burner flame propagation phase. Both phases are clearly important but are difficult to study simultaneously. The first purpose of this thesis aims at assessing LES models on a single experimental burner located at CORIA (France) to provide a reliable numerical methodology to achieve an ignition sequence in real engines. Indeed, various phenomena are involved in such numerical studies dedicated to real aeronautical combustion chambers and all need to be reproduced by numerics: swirling flows, ignition, quenching, flame propagation, flame/turbulence interactions. All of these processes interact and clearly raise the level of difficulty notably in terms of turbulent combustion modeling of an ignition transient. Having assessed the method on a single burner configuration, the work then investigates the second phase, using a multi-injector experiment simulated by LES to study the flame propagation during ignition. The comparison of numerical fully transient ignition sequences with experimental data shows that LES recovers features found in the experiment. Global events such as the propagation of the flame front to neighboring swirlers are well captured and correct propagation modes (radial or axial) as well as correct overall ignition time delay are obtained. Finally the detailed analysis of LES data allows to identify the driving mechanisms governing each of these propagation modes.
64

Injection Methods and Instrumentation for Serial X-ray Free Electron Laser Experiments

January 2015 (has links)
abstract: Scientists have used X-rays to study biological molecules for nearly a century. Now with the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), new methods have been developed to advance structural biology. These new methods include serial femtosecond crystallography, single particle imaging, solution scattering, and time resolved techniques. The XFEL is characterized by high intensity pulses, which are only about 50 femtoseconds in duration. The intensity allows for scattering from microscopic particles, while the short pulses offer a way to outrun radiation damage. XFELs are powerful enough to obliterate most samples in a single pulse. While this allows for a “diffract and destroy” methodology, it also requires instrumentation that can position microscopic particles into the X-ray beam (which may also be microscopic), continuously renew the sample after each pulse, and maintain sample viability during data collection. Typically these experiments have used liquid microjets to continuously renew sample. The high flow rate associated with liquid microjets requires large amounts of sample, most of which runs to waste between pulses. An injector designed to stream a viscous gel-like material called lipidic cubic phase (LCP) was developed to address this problem. LCP, commonly used as a growth medium for membrane protein crystals, lends itself to low flow rate jetting and so reduces the amount of sample wasted significantly. This work discusses sample delivery and injection for XFEL experiments. It reviews the liquid microjet method extensively, and presents the LCP injector as a novel device for serial crystallography, including detailed protocols for the LCP injector and anti-settler operation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2015
65

Modelling of injection of electrons by low-dimensional nanowire into a reservoir

Yakymenko, Ivan January 2018 (has links)
High-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) which resides at the interface between GaAs and AlGaAs layered semiconductors has been used experimentally and theoretically to study ballistic electron transport. The present project is motivated by recent experiments in magnetic electron focusing. The proposed device consists of two quantum point contacts (QPCs) serving as electron injector and detector which are placed in the same semiconductor GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. This thesis is focused on the theoretical study of electron flow coming from the injector QPC (a short quantum wire) and going into an open two-dimensional (2D) reservoir. The transport is considered for non-interacting electrons at different transmission regimes using the mode-matching technique. The proposed mode-matching technique has been implemented numerically using Matlab software. Electron flow through the quantum wire with rectangular, conical and rounded openings has been studied with and without an applied electric bias. We have found that the geometry of the opening does not play a crucial role for the electron flow propagation while the conical opening allows the electrons to travel longer distances into the 2D reservoir. When electric bias is applied, the electron flow also penetrates farther into the 2D region. The results of this study can be applied in designing magnetic focusing devices.
66

Contribution à l'étude de la formation des sprays / Contribution to the study of spray formation

Dos Santos, Fabien 10 December 2012 (has links)
Le travail de cette thèse a pour but de fournir et valider des outils permettant d'étudier et de comprendre les phénomènes mis en jeu lors de l'injection d'un carburant dans un moteur à combustion interne, principalement axé sur l'écoulement intra-injecteur. Ces outils sont numériques et permettent de simuler la formation d'un spray. Une première partie est axée sur la modélisation 0D. Les modèles permettant de prédire des caractéristiques de spray comme son angle, sa pénétration ou encore la longueur du corps liquide, sont comparés à des données expérimentales. Les conclusions sont que la modélisation 0D permet d'obtenir de bons résultats. Par contre une meilleure connaissance de l'influence de la cavitation sur le spray, qui passe par la compréhension de l'écoulement intra-injecteur, pourrait être bénéfique pour la prédiction de ces modèles. Une seconde étude sur l'écoulement intra-injecteur est alors menée en utilisant un modèle à équation barotrope. Une validation de celui-ci est effectuée de façon à vérifier qu'il est capable de prédire correctement l'écoulement dans un injecteur. Le modèle offre de bons résultats et peut être utilisé pour l'étude suivante. Enfin, dans la dernière partie, le modèle de cavitation qui a été validé est utilisé. Une géométrie d'injecteur mono-trou est utilisée avec des pressions comparables à celles utilisées actuellement en automobile. L'étude consiste à étudier l'influence de plusieurs paramètres géométriques sur l'apparition de la cavitation. Le mouvement de l'aiguille est aussi étudié et est comparé, après avoir offert au code la possibilité de maillage mobile, à des résultats in-stationnaires pour plusieurs levées d'aiguille. / The work of this thesis aims to provide and validate tools useful to study and understand the phenomena involved in the injection of fuel, mainly focused on intra-flow injector. These tools are numeric and simulate the formation of a spray. A first part focuses on zero-dimensional modelling. Models which predict these following characteristics of spray like the spray angle, the spray penetration or the liquid length are compared with experimental data. The conclusions are that zero-dimensional modelling provides good results very quickly in some cases. Although, a better understanding of the influence of cavitation on the spray, which requires an understanding of the intra-flow injector, could be beneficial for the prediction of these models. A second study is carried out to select a model of multi-dimensional cavitation. The chosen model is a barotropic equation model. A validation of this model is then performed to ensure that it is able to predict the cavitating flow inside a nozzle. The model provides good results and can be used for the next step. Finally, in the third part, the cavitation model previously validated is used. Single-hole nozzle geometry is used with an injection pressure comparable to that used in internal combustion engines with direct injection system. The study is done to investigate the influence of several geometrical parameters on the onset of cavitation. The movement of the needle is also studied and compared, after offering to the code the possibility of moving mesh, to the results of several stationary needle lifts.
67

Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of non-reacting diesel sprays at low and very high injection pressures

Giraldo Valderrama, Jhoan Sebastián 10 December 2018 (has links)
En la exploración de nuevos métodos para el mejoramiento de la eficiencia y rendimiento del motor diésel, es claro que un gran esfuerzo debe estar enfocado en el proceso de inyección de combustible. La eficiencia de la combustión y las emisiones, se ven muy afectadas por el proceso de atomización, y se ha demostrado que incrementos en presiones de inyección conllevan un gran potencial para mejorar el ahorro de combustible, producir mejores mezclas de aire y combustible, y por tanto menor generación de emisiones contaminantes. Últimamente, las presiones de inyección han aumentado de alrededor de 50 MPa en los años 70 hasta 250 MPa en los días actuales. Presiones de inyección muy altas (250-300 MPa) o incluso ultra altas (> 300 MPa) vienen siendo materia de investigación con el fin de ser implementadas de manera comercial en un futuro próximo. La estructura y desarrollo del spray diésel pueden ser caracterizados desde un punto de vista microscópico por medio de la medición del tamaño de gotas del spray y sus velocidades. En condiciones no-evaporativas, técnicas como el PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) vienen siendo utilizadas para la obtención de perfiles de diámetros y velocidades de gota con una alta resolución temporal. Desde el punto de vista macroscópico, existen parámetros específicos que permiten caracterizar a un chorro diésel, estos son: la penetración de vapor y líquida junto con el ángulo de apertura del chorro. La penetración líquida es un indicador claro de la capacidad de evaporación del combustible utilizado, mientras que la penetración de vapor, por su parte, es indicativo del proceso de mezcla y la probabilidad de colisión con las paredes de la cámara de combustión; factores claves a la hora de la generación de emisiones contaminantes. En esta tesis se estudia la influencia de presiones bajas, medias y muy altas presiones inyección, sobre un amplio espectro de condiciones y diagnósticos experimentales, y desde el punto de vista macroscópico y microscópico. Se realizaron experimentos para tres diferentes inyectores, 2 solenoides y un piezo eléctrico, este último con la capacidad de alcanzar presiones de inyección cercanas a 270 MPa. Las medidas incluyen una caracterización hidráulica, compuesta por tasa de inyección; una visualización de alta velocidad del chorro líquido isotermo; una visualización de alta velocidad del chorro inerte evaporativo, con captura simultánea de las fases líquida y vapor; y finalmente, una caracterización microscópica por medio de la obtención de distribución de tamaño de gotas y sus velocidades. Con respecto a los ensayos microscópicos, se desarrolló una metodología para el aislamiento y alineación de sprays con un error de medición muy bajo de 0,22°. Se llevaron a cabo mediciones de velocidad de gotas, cuyos resultados mostraron buen ajuste con perfiles teóricos de velocidad. De igual manera, una correlación para el tamaño de gota SMD se obtuvo mostrando un alto nivel de ajuste y siendo representativa para todo el rango de presiones de inyección estudiados. En el caso de la caracterización macroscópica del chorro isotermo, se han detectado variaciones macroscópicas en el desarrollo del chorro con propiedades de gas, inclusive en condiciones de motor comunes. Para estimar estos efectos y otros que las presiones de inyección muy altas tendrían sobre la estructura del chorro, se incentivó la aparición de ondas de choque controlando la velocidad del sonido del ambiente. Se usaron tres gases ambientales (SF6 N2 y CO2) con diferentes velocidades de sonido, promoviendo de esta manera chorros supersónicos en determinados casos. Al comparar ensayos con mismas densidades y diferentes gases ambientales, se encontró que todas las tendencias cercanas al estado transónico (0.8 <M <1.2) tenían una mayor penetración y menor ángulo de chorro. / En l'exploració de nous mètodes per al millorament de l'eficiència i rendiment del motor dièsel, és clar que un gran esforç s'ha enfocar en el procés d'injecció de combustible. L'eficiència de la combustió i les emissions, es veuen molt afectades pel procés d'atomització, i s'ha demostrat que increments en pressions d'injecció comporten un gran potencial per a millorar l'estalvi de combustible, produir millors mescles d'aire i combustible, i per tant menor generació d'emissions contaminants. Últimament, les pressions d'injecció han augmentat d'al voltant de 50 MPa en els anys 70 fins a 250 MPa en els dies actuals. Pressions d'injecció molt altes (250-300 MPa) o inclús ultra altes (> 300 MPa) vénen sent matèria d'investigació a fi de ser implementades de manera comercial en un futur pròxim. L'estructura i desenrotllament de l'esprai dièsel poden ser caracteritzats des d'un punt de vista microscòpic per mitjà del mesurament de la grandària de gotes de l'esprai i les seues velocitats. En condicions no-evaporatives, tècniques com el PDPA (Phase doppler particle analyzer) vénen sent utilitzades per a l'obtenció de perfils de diàmetres i velocitats de gota amb una alta resolució temporal. Des del punt de vista macroscòpic, hi ha paràmetres específics que permeten caracteritzar a un doll dièsel, estos són: la penetració de vapor i la penetració líquida junt amb l'angle d'obertura del doll. La penetració líquida és un indicador clar de la capacitat d'evaporació del combustible utilitzat, mentres que la penetració de vapor, per la seua banda, és indicatiu del procés de mescla i la probabilitat de col·lisió amb les parets de la cambra de combustió; factors claus a l'hora de la generació d'emissions contaminants. En esta tesi s'estudia la influència de pressions d' injecció baixes, mitges i molt altes, sobre un ampli espectre de condicions i diagnòstics experimentals, i des del punt de vista macroscòpic i microscòpic. Es van realitzar experiments per a tres injectors diferents, 2 solenoides i un piezo elèctric, este últim amb la capacitat d'aconseguir pressions d'injecció pròximes a 270 MPa. Les medides inclouen una caracterització hidràulica, composta per taxa d'injecció; una visualització d'alta velocitat del doll líquid isoterm; una visualització d'alta velocitat del doll inert evaporativo, amb captura simultània de les fases líquida i vapor; i finalment, una caracterització microscòpica per mitjà de l'obtenció de distribució de grandària de gotes i les seues velocitats. Respecte als assajos microscòpics, es va desenrotllar una metodologia per a l'aïllament i alineació d'esprais amb un error de mesurament molt davall de 0,22°. Es van dur a terme mesuraments de velocitat de gotes, els resultats van mostrar bon ajust amb perfils teòrics de velocitat. De la mateixa manera, una correlació per a la grandària de gota SMD es va obtindre mostrant un alt nivell d'ajust i sent representativa per a tot el rang de pressions d'injecció estudiats. En el cas de la caracterització macroscòpica del doll isoterm, s'han detectat variacions macroscòpiques en el desenrotllament del doll amb propietats de gas, inclusivament en condicions de motor comú. Per a estimar estos efectes i altres que altes pressions d'injecció tindrien sobre l'estructura del doll, es va incentivar l'aparició d'ones de xoc controlant la velocitat del so de l'ambient. Es van usar tres gasos ambientals (SF6, N2 i CO2) amb diferents velocitats de so, promovent d'esta manera dolls supersònics en determinats casos. Al comparar assajos amb mateixes densitats i diferents gasos ambientals, es va trobar que totes les tendències pròximes a l'estat transónic (0.8 < M < 1.2) tenien una major penetració i menor angle de doll. Respecte al doll evaporatiu, per a pressions d'injecció molt altes com 270MPa, els efectes dels paràmetres ambientals i d'injecció van romandre iguals respecte a totes les carac / In the exploration of new methods for improving the efficiency and performance of the diesel engine, it is clear that a great effort should be focused on the fuel injection process. The efficiency of combustion and emissions are greatly affected by the atomization process, and it is considered that injection pressures increments have a great potential to improve fuel economy, produce better air and fuel mixtures, and thus low generation of polluting emissions. Lately, injection pressures have increased from around 50 MPa in the 70's to 250 MPa in the current days, even very high injection pressures (250-300 MPa) or ultra high pressures (> 300 MPa) have been the subject of the scientific community in order to be implemented in future injection systems. The structure and development of the diesel spray can be characterized from a microscopic point of view by means of estimation of droplets size and velocities. At non-evaporative conditions, techniques such as PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) are being used to obtain diameters and velocity profiles a with high temporal resolution. From the macroscopic point of view, there are specific parameters that allow characterizing the diesel spray, these are: the liquid and vapor penetration along with the spray angle. The liquid penetration is a clear indicator of the evaporation capacity of the fuel used, whilst the vapor penetration, on the other hand, is an indicative of the mixing process and the probability of collision with the combustion chamber walls; key factors when generating polluting emissions. In this thesis the influence of low and very high injections pressures over the macro and micro characteristics of the diesel spray is studied, over a wide spectrum of conditions and experimental diagnoses. Experiments were carried out for three different injectors, two solenoids and one piezoelectric, the latter with the capacity to reach injection pressures close to 270MPa. The measurements include a hydraulic characterization; a high speed visualization of the liquid spray at isothermal conditions; a high-speed visualization of the evaporative spray, with simultaneous capture of the liquid and vapor phases; and finally, a microscopic characterization. Regarding the microscopic tests, a methodology was developed for the spray isolation and alignment with a very low measurement error of 0.22° Droplets velocity measurements were carried out, the results showed good adjustment with theoretical velocity profiles. Similarly, a correlation for SMD droplet size was obtained showing a high level of adjustment and being representative for the entire range of injection pressures studied. In the case of the macroscopic characterization of the isothermal spray, variations have been detected in the development of the jet with gas properties, even at common engine injection conditions. To estimate these effects and others that very high injection pressures would have on the spray structure, the apparition of shock waves was enhanced by controlling the speed of sound of the environment using three ambient gases with different speed of sound (SF6, N2 and CO2). When comparing tests with same densities and different ambient gases, it was found that all the tendencies near the transonic state (0.8 <M <1.2) had a higher penetration and lower spray angle. With respect to the evaporative jet, for very high injection pressures like 270MPa, the effects of the environmental and injection parameters remained the same with respect to all the macroscopic characteristics. / Giraldo Valderrama, JS. (2018). Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of non-reacting diesel sprays at low and very high injection pressures [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113643 / TESIS
68

Systém common rail pro šestiválcový vznětový motor / Common Rail for Six-cylinder CI Engine

Božik, Michal January 2013 (has links)
This thesis deals with the installation of high-pressure common rail injection system for six-cylinder tractor diesel engine. In the first part of the thesis is dismantled issue injection systems and related aspects. The next part is the installation of a fuel injection system, which involves placing components common rail system, the implementation of necessary interventions in engine design and the design of new components. The final section effect control calculations and stress analysis of new injection system components.
69

Systém common-rail pro čtyřválcový vznětový traktorový motor / Common-rail System for 4-cylinder CI-engine

Ošmera, Petr January 2008 (has links)
This diploma thesis with a view to „common rail system for 4-cylinder CI-engine“ deals with the application of modern injection system „common rail“ to already existing compression-ignition tractor engine. The diploma thesis treats of the most necessary adjustments related with the replacement of injection systems which was solved in the way of the minimum adjustments. This kind of solution deals with an economic aspect of the problem. The reconstruction contains the engineering design of development of high pressure components and the suitability of their placing on engine.The primary adjustment of the application of system „common rail“ for existing tractor engine confirmed the possibility of this reconstruction.
70

Systém Common Rail na šestiválcovém traktorovém motoru / Common Rail System for 6-cylinder Tractor Engine

Černoch, Josef January 2010 (has links)
This thesis deals with the installation of modern high pressure injection common rail system to six-cylinder tractor engine. This system replaces injection system with in-line fuel injection pump. Common Rail system installation on an existing engine is designed with minimal design changes to the engine block and engine head. It is advantageous to minimize production costs of the transition to high-pressure injection system. The thesis contains the design and stress analysis of the new component for high-pressure injection system.

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