O método INTERMED é um instrumento que classifica a complexidade biopsicossocial de pacientes em diversos níveis de assistência, qualifica o cuidado e melhora a comunicação interprofissional. Ele permite avaliar a complexidade do paciente através da investigação de quatro domínios: biológico, psicológico, social e sistema de saúde. Promove o cuidado integrado com foco no paciente e viabiliza práticas de gestão da clínica e de leitos hospitalares. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi realizar a tradução, adaptação transcultural e validação do método INTERMED para realidade hospitalar brasileira. Os objetivos secundários foram avaliar a consistência interna do método, estudar a interface dos resultados do INTERMED com dados sociodemográficos e verificar sua contribuição no gerenciamento de leitos hospitalares e gestão da clínica. O instrumento foi aplicado a um total de 300 pacientes, com mais de 5 dias de internação hospitalar, com idade >=a 21 anos e média de idade de 57,8 anos, sendo que 58,3% eram do sexo masculino. Esta amostra foi coletada entre setembro e dezembro de 2011 em três hospitais da cidade de São Paulo, a saber, um privado (A), um de ensino (B) e um público(C). A validação e adaptação transcultural ocorreram em cinco fases: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, avaliação e validação por um comitê de juízes e pré-teste. A validação da tradução pelo comitê de juízes foi realizada pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e a consistência interna do instrumento foi avaliada pelo coeficiente alpha de Crombach. A estrutura do documento foi estudada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman e a validade preditiva para tempo de internação, pela relação entre a pontuação total do score do INTERMED e o tempo de hospitalização dos pacientes. A validação da tradução foi de 94,2% de equivalência semântica, 94,3% equivalência idiomática e 86,6% de equivalência cultural entre o instrumento original e o traduzido. No pré-teste, obteve-se acima de 90% de compreensão em todos os itens do INTERMED. Os scores médios obtidos com o INTERMED foram de 15,20e 21 nas instituições A,B e C respectivamente. Isto significa, pela classificação, do instrumento, que nas três instituições os pacientes não eram complexos (<21 pontos). A consistência interna e precisão do instrumento foram consideradas boa para as três instituições. As correlações entre os domínios do instrumento foram positivas e significantes em sua maioria. Em relação à validade preditiva, tempos maiores de internação foram observados em pacientes com escores maiores. Os dados encontrados sugerem que para além da gravidade biológica, o tempo de internação pode estar relacionado aos aspectos psicológicos, sociais ou do sistema de saúde, como a espera para realização de procedimentos. A versão brasileira do INTERMED possui equivalência com o instrumento original; é confiável, uma vez que os itens do instrumento relacionam-se e são complementares entre si; é válida, pois é capaz de medir o objeto ao qual se propõe. Assim, recomenda-se sua incorporação como uma ferramenta de apoio a gestão de leitos e ao cuidado integral do paciente. / The INTERMED method is an instrument that classifies the biopsychosocial complexity of patients under various levels of healthcare. It also qualifies care and improves interprofessional communication. It also allows us to evaluate patient\'s complexity by means of the investigation of four domains: biological, psychological, social and healthcare. Apart from that, it promotes integrated care by focusing on the patient and by enabling clinical management practices and the availability of hospital beds. The main objective of this research was to translate, transculturally adapt and validate the INTERMED method to the Brazilian health system reality. As a secondary objective, INTERMED aimed at evaluating the internal consistency of the method by studying the interface of the INTERMED results along with sociodemographic data and by verifying its contribution to the availability of hospital beds and clinical management. That instrument was applied to a total of 300 inpatients who had been at hospital for more than 5 days. All of them were 21 years old or more and the average age was 57,8 years old, being 58,3% male patients. That sample was collected between September and December 2011 at three hospitals in São Paulo, being one private (A), one university hospital (B) and one public hospital (C). The validation and transcultural adaptation occurred on five stages: translation, synthesis, back-translation, evaluation and validation by a committee of judges and pre-test. The validation of the translation by the committee of judges was carried out by using the Content Validity Index and the internal consistency of the instrument was evaluated by the alpha Crombach coefficient. The structure of the document was studied by using the Spearman correlation coefficient and the predictive validity for length of stay was evaluated by the ratio between the INTERMED total score and the patients\' length of stay. The validation of the translation reached 94,2% of semantic equivalence, 94,3% of language equivalence and 86,6% of cultural equivalence when the original and the translated document were compared. During pre-test phase, more than 50% of comprehension was achieved in all INTERMED items. The average scores achieved by INTERMED were 15, 20 and 21 at institutions A, B and C, respectively. It means that according to the classification of the instrument at the three institutions patients were not considered complex (< 21 points). The internal consistency and the accuracy of the instrument were regarded as good for the three institutions. In general, the correlation among the domains of the instrument were positive and significant. As regards the predictive validity, longer lengths of stay were observed in patients with higher scores. The data found suggest that besides the biological seriousness, the length of stay may be related to psychological or social aspects or even to the health system in which the time patients wait for procedures may be long. The Brazilian version of INTERMED is equivalent to the original; it is reliable, since its items relate to each other and are complementary among themselves; it is valid, on the grounds that it is able to measure the object it is intended to. Having said that, its use is recommendable as a tool to support the patient\'s integrated care management as well as the availability of hospital beds.

Patient-centredness and patient empowerment have been gaining importance in health policy and society already since the 1990s (Fumagalli et al. (2015), Castro et al. (2016)). For example, increasing patient empowerment has been one of the declared national health objectives in Germany since 2003 because patient orientation and participation provide important impulses for a demand-oriented and efficient design of healthcare systems and services (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (2018)). A transition is taking place from an institution-based view of care provision to a more patient-based view that considers patients as co-managers of their individual care process and well-being (Kayser et al. (2019)). This transition also encompasses the developments towards integrated care1, i. e. a closer coordination between inpatient, outpatient and home care services, broadening the traditional focus from acute care to better integrate healthpromoting, preventive and post-treatment or palliative services as part of the whole continuum of care across sector boundaries (Minkman (2012), World Health Organization (2016), Expert Group on Health Systems Performance Assessment (2017)). These developments are particularly relevant for patients with long-term, chronic diseases or multimorbidities as their needs are often more complex and not exclusively medically determined (Smith and O’Dowd (2007), Hujala et al. (2016)).

In my thesis I focus on integration of the palliative care in the retirement home describing it through the practical cooperation of two organisations - The Homecoming and Domov Sue Ryder. In the theoretical part I deal with the term of palliative care first, and I also introduce the specifications of the geriatric palliative care. In the subsequent part I describe the residential institutions of social care and professions that are employed in them, as well as, the multi-disciplinary team offering specialised palliative care. I also present the term of shared care existing abroad together with the foreign models of palliative care integration in the retirement homes already used in Austria and Great Britain. The conclusion of the theoretical part explores the actual project of palliative care integration called that is currently taking place in the Czech Republic. In the practical part I offer the description of an actual cooperation, for which I used the notes put down by the employees of The Homecoming after each visit; interviews with the employees of the Sur Ryder home and The Homecoming; a so-called timeline created for each shared care patient; experience from the meetings; my own experience from the meetings and educational activities; formal and informal discussions; guidelines and...

Syfte: Syftet med studien har vart att granska litteratur om samverkan kring personer med samsjuklighet samt beskriva vilka hinder och framgångsfaktorer som presenteras. Metod: Föreliggande studie har genomförts med hjälp av en scopingmetodik som resulterade i 15 studier som har granskats. Resultat: I de analyserade studierna framkom flera hinder som försvårade samverkan, dessa var organisatoriska aspekter, ekonomiska aspekter och skillnader i kunskaper mellan huvudmännen. Analysen visar att genom en mer integrerad vård och behandling möjliggörs flera vägar för kommunikation, förståelse och för att dela information som alla är faktorer som underlättar för samverkan. Slutsats: Artiklarna har visat sig vara enhetliga i frågan kring samverkan mellan de berörda professionerna och dess hinder samt framgångsfaktorer för samverkan. Uppsatsförfattarna har identifierat en kunskapslucka där ytterligare forskning kring det berörda ämnet behövs samt där fokus på framtida forskning rekommenderas syfta till hur implementeringen av en god samverkan kan ske. / Aim: The aim of the study was to review literature on collaboration around people with comorbidity and to describe the obstacles and success factors that are presented.Method: The study was conducted with a scoping methodology where 15 studies were reviewed.Results: In the analysed studies, several obstacles emerged that complicate collaboration, these were organisational, financial and differences in knowledge between the professionals. The analysis shows that through more integrated care and treatment, several ways are made possible for communication, understanding and for sharing information that facilitates collaboration.Conclusion: The articles have proven to be uniform in the issue of collaboration between the professions concerned, its obstacles as well as success factors for collaboration. The essay authors have identified a knowledge gap where further research on the relevant subject is needed and where a focus on future research is recommended for the implementation of good collaboration to take place.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / People with severe mental illness (SMI) often suffer from comorbid physical conditions that result in chronic morbidity and early mortality. Physical health decision-making is one area that has been largely unexplored with the SMI population. This study aimed to identify what factors contribute to the physical healthcare decision-making autonomy preferences of persons with SMI, and to identify the impact of these autonomy preferences on medication adherence. Ninety-five adults with SMI were recruited from an integrated care clinic located in a community mental health center. Fifty-six completed a three-month follow-up. Multiple linear regression for hypothesis 1 (n=95) and hierarchical regression for hypothesis 2 (n=56) were used to analyze data on personal characteristics, physical health decision-making autonomy preferences and medication adherence. For the open-ended questions, thematic analysis was used to uncover facilitators and barriers to medication adherence. With this sample, being male predicted greater desired autonomy, and having less social support predicted less desired autonomy. When background characteristics were held constant, autonomy preferences and perceived autonomy support from the physician only contributed an additional 1% of the variance in medication adherence. Lastly, participants reported behavioral factors and having family/personal support to take medications as facilitators to medication adherence for physical health care, while citing financial and other resource limitations as barriers.

Dagens hälso- och sjukvård står inför utmaningar när det kommer till effektiv, hållbar och tillgänglig primärvård, vilket reformen god och nära vård skall verka för. Målet är en personcentrerad vård med hälsofrämjande och förebyggande insatser i fokus. Distriktssköterskan har en betydande roll i omställningen och studier visar att distriktssköterskans förskrivningsrätt leder till en möjlig personcentrering. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning som distriktssköterskor använder sin förskrivningsrätt och om de känner sig trygga i att använda den. Studien genomfördes med kvantitativ ansats och är en icke experimentell tvärsnittsstudie. En enkät besvarades vid ett tillfälle, av 36 distriktssköterskor verksamma på antingen vårdcentral, hemsjukvård eller barnavårdscentral. Resultatet visar att alla distriktssköterskor verksamma på vårdcentral och i hemsjukvård använder sin förskrivningsrätt för hjälpmedel och förskriver detta vid fler tillfällen, i jämförelse med deras läkemedelsförskrivning. Däremot visas att färre distriktssköterskor vid dessa verksamheter använder sin förskrivningsrätt för läkemedel och läkemedelsförskrivningar sker till färre antal tillfällen. Vidare visar resultatet att alla distriktssköterskor på barnavårdscentral använder sin förskrivningsrätt för läkemedel, men inte alls för hjälpmedel. Resultatet visar också att det finns en korrelation mellan hur trygga distriktssköterskorna känner sig med att använda sin förskrivningsrätt och hur länge de haft den inom samtliga tre verksamheter. Mer trygghet upplevs hos de distriktssköterskor som haft sin förskrivningsrätt mer än två år. När distriktssköterskan känner sig trygg så ökar förutsättningen för en effektiv och personcentrerad vård som främjar hälsa och lindrar lidande genom förskrivning. / Today's healthcare system faces challenges when it comes to effective, sustainable, and accessible primary care. The reform of integrated care will work for such a health care system. The goal is person centered care with a focus on health promotion and prevention. The district nurse has a significant role in the required conversion and studies show that the district nurse's right to prescribe leads to a possible person-centered care. More knowledge about how the district nurses administers their prescribing rights is needed. The purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent district nurses use their right to prescribe and whether they feel safe to use it. The study was conducted with a quantitative approach and is a non-experimental cross-sectional study. A total of 36 district nurses working at either community health centers, home care services or child health centers participated by answering a questionnaire on one occasion. The results show that all district nurses working at health centers and in home care prescribe medical equipment and supplies and on more occasions in comparison with their pharmaceuticals prescriptions. It shows that fewer district nurses at these operations use their right to prescribe pharmaceuticals and prescriptions are made on fewer occasions. Furthermore, the results show that all district nurses at child health care centers use their right to prescribe pharmaceuticals, but not at all for medical equipment and supplies. The results also show that there is a correlation between how safe district nurses feel to use their right to prescribe and for how long time they have had the right to prescribe in all three operations. More security is experienced by the district nurses who have had their right to prescribe for more than two years. When the district nurse feels safe, the prerequisite for an effective and person-centered care that promotes health and relieves suffering through prescription increases.

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<p>This research examined the barriers and facilitators involved in the development and sustainability of palliative care teams using a shared care model. Shared care is established when interdisciplinary specialist palliative care teams (usually comprised of a palliative care physician, an advanced practice nurse, a psychosocial spiritual advisor, a bereavement counselor, a case manager and an administrator) form partnerships with primary care providers (usually frontline family physicians and home care nurses) to support the complex needs of terminally-ill patients and their family members in the home setting. Palliative care teams overcome gaps in the current health care system, such as: lack of palliative care specialists; poor coordination and integration of care, and; a health care workforce with insufficient training in palliative care. This type of service delivery model is common in medical specialties such as mental health and obstetrics, and various forms of palliative shared care have been implemented in other countries such as the US, Australia, UK, Italy and Spain, where it has been shown to be cost-effective. There are few palliative care teams working in a shared care model in Canada; this provided the impetus to investigate the process of how this integrated approach is developed and sustained within the context of specific populations and geographies. A longitudinal case study in a Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) area in Southern Ontario, comprised of urban and rural communities, was conducted in order to evaluate barriers and facilitators in using a shared care model from the perspective of team members, key-informants and stakeholders. The evaluation of barriers and facilitators informed recommendations to guide the sustainability of palliative care teams working in a shared care model.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p><strong>Background </strong></p> <p>Integrated care programs are collaborations to improve health services delivery for patients with multiple conditions.</p> <p><strong>Objectives</strong></p> <p>This thesis investigated three issues in evaluation of integrated care programs: (1) quantifying integration for integrated care programs, (2) analyzing integrated care programs with substantial non-compliance, and (3) assessing bias when evaluating integrated care programs under different non-compliant scenarios.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>Project 1: We developed a method to quantity integration through service providers’ perception and expectation. For each provider, four integration scores were calculated. The properties of the scores were assessed.</p> <p>Project 2: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared the Children’s Treatment Network (CTN) with usual care on managing the children with complex conditions. To handle non-compliance, we employed the intention-to-treat (ITT), as-treated (AT), per-protocol (PP), and instrumental variable (IV) analyses. We also investigated propensity score (PS) methods to control for potential confounding.</p> <p>Project 3: Based on the CTN study, we simulated trials of different non-compliant scenarios. We then compared the ITT, AT, PP, IV, and complier average casual effect methods in analyzing the data. The results were compared by the bias of the estimate, mean square error, and 95% coverage.</p> <p><strong>Results and conclusions</strong></p> <p>Project 1: We demonstrated the proposed method in measuring integration and some of its properties. By bootstrapping analyses, we showed that the global integration score was robust. Our method has extended existing measures of integration and possesses a good extent of validity.</p> <p>Project 2: The CTN intervention was not significantly different from usual care on improving patients’ outcomes. The study highlighted some methodological challenges in evaluating integrated care programs in a RCT setting.</p> <p>Project 3: When an intervention had a moderate or large effect, the ITT analysis was considerably biased under non-compliance and alternative analyses could provide unbiased results. To minimize the bias, we make some recommendations for the choice of analyses under different scenarios.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)